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Carzaniga L, Amari G, Rizzi A, Capaldi C, De Fanti R, Ghidini E, Villetti G, Carnini C, Moretto N, Facchinetti F, Caruso P, Marchini G, Battipaglia L, Patacchini R, Cenacchi V, Volta R, Amadei F, Pappani A, Capacchi S, Bagnacani V, Delcanale M, Puccini P, Catinella S, Civelli M, Armani E. Discovery and Optimization of Thiazolidinyl and Pyrrolidinyl Derivatives as Inhaled PDE4 Inhibitors for Respiratory Diseases. J Med Chem 2017; 60:10026-10046. [PMID: 29200281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) is a key cAMP-metabolizing enzyme involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory disease, and its pharmacological inhibition has been shown to exert therapeutic efficacy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Herein, we describe a drug discovery program aiming at the identification of novel classes of potent PDE4 inhibitors suitable for pulmonary administration. Starting from a previous series of benzoic acid esters, we explored the chemical space in the solvent-exposed region of the enzyme catalytic binding pocket. Extensive structural modifications led to the discovery of a number of heterocycloalkyl esters as potent in vitro PDE4 inhibitors. (S*,S**)-18e and (S*,S**)-22e, in particular, exhibited optimal in vitro ADME and pharmacokinetics properties and dose-dependently counteracted acute lung eosinophilia in an experimental animal model. The optimal biological profile as well as the excellent solid-state properties suggest that both compounds have the potential to be effective topical agents for treating respiratory inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Carzaniga
- Chemistry Research and Drug Design, ∥Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Pharmacokinetics Biochemistry and Metabolism, †Analytics and Early Formulations, #Project Leader Corporate Drug Development, and ⊥Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D Director, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A , Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Gabriele Amari
- Chemistry Research and Drug Design, ∥Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Pharmacokinetics Biochemistry and Metabolism, †Analytics and Early Formulations, #Project Leader Corporate Drug Development, and ⊥Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D Director, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A , Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Rizzi
- Chemistry Research and Drug Design, ∥Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Pharmacokinetics Biochemistry and Metabolism, †Analytics and Early Formulations, #Project Leader Corporate Drug Development, and ⊥Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D Director, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A , Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Carmelida Capaldi
- Chemistry Research and Drug Design, ∥Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Pharmacokinetics Biochemistry and Metabolism, †Analytics and Early Formulations, #Project Leader Corporate Drug Development, and ⊥Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D Director, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A , Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Renato De Fanti
- Chemistry Research and Drug Design, ∥Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Pharmacokinetics Biochemistry and Metabolism, †Analytics and Early Formulations, #Project Leader Corporate Drug Development, and ⊥Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D Director, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A , Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Eleonora Ghidini
- Chemistry Research and Drug Design, ∥Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Pharmacokinetics Biochemistry and Metabolism, †Analytics and Early Formulations, #Project Leader Corporate Drug Development, and ⊥Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D Director, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A , Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Gino Villetti
- Chemistry Research and Drug Design, ∥Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Pharmacokinetics Biochemistry and Metabolism, †Analytics and Early Formulations, #Project Leader Corporate Drug Development, and ⊥Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D Director, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A , Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Chiara Carnini
- Chemistry Research and Drug Design, ∥Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Pharmacokinetics Biochemistry and Metabolism, †Analytics and Early Formulations, #Project Leader Corporate Drug Development, and ⊥Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D Director, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A , Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Nadia Moretto
- Chemistry Research and Drug Design, ∥Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Pharmacokinetics Biochemistry and Metabolism, †Analytics and Early Formulations, #Project Leader Corporate Drug Development, and ⊥Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D Director, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A , Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Facchinetti
- Chemistry Research and Drug Design, ∥Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Pharmacokinetics Biochemistry and Metabolism, †Analytics and Early Formulations, #Project Leader Corporate Drug Development, and ⊥Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D Director, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A , Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Paola Caruso
- Chemistry Research and Drug Design, ∥Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Pharmacokinetics Biochemistry and Metabolism, †Analytics and Early Formulations, #Project Leader Corporate Drug Development, and ⊥Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D Director, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A , Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Gessica Marchini
- Chemistry Research and Drug Design, ∥Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Pharmacokinetics Biochemistry and Metabolism, †Analytics and Early Formulations, #Project Leader Corporate Drug Development, and ⊥Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D Director, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A , Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Loredana Battipaglia
- Chemistry Research and Drug Design, ∥Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Pharmacokinetics Biochemistry and Metabolism, †Analytics and Early Formulations, #Project Leader Corporate Drug Development, and ⊥Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D Director, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A , Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Riccardo Patacchini
- Chemistry Research and Drug Design, ∥Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Pharmacokinetics Biochemistry and Metabolism, †Analytics and Early Formulations, #Project Leader Corporate Drug Development, and ⊥Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D Director, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A , Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Valentina Cenacchi
- Chemistry Research and Drug Design, ∥Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Pharmacokinetics Biochemistry and Metabolism, †Analytics and Early Formulations, #Project Leader Corporate Drug Development, and ⊥Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D Director, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A , Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Roberta Volta
- Chemistry Research and Drug Design, ∥Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Pharmacokinetics Biochemistry and Metabolism, †Analytics and Early Formulations, #Project Leader Corporate Drug Development, and ⊥Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D Director, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A , Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Francesco Amadei
- Chemistry Research and Drug Design, ∥Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Pharmacokinetics Biochemistry and Metabolism, †Analytics and Early Formulations, #Project Leader Corporate Drug Development, and ⊥Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D Director, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A , Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Alice Pappani
- Chemistry Research and Drug Design, ∥Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Pharmacokinetics Biochemistry and Metabolism, †Analytics and Early Formulations, #Project Leader Corporate Drug Development, and ⊥Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D Director, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A , Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Silvia Capacchi
- Chemistry Research and Drug Design, ∥Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Pharmacokinetics Biochemistry and Metabolism, †Analytics and Early Formulations, #Project Leader Corporate Drug Development, and ⊥Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D Director, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A , Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Valentina Bagnacani
- Chemistry Research and Drug Design, ∥Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Pharmacokinetics Biochemistry and Metabolism, †Analytics and Early Formulations, #Project Leader Corporate Drug Development, and ⊥Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D Director, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A , Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Maurizio Delcanale
- Chemistry Research and Drug Design, ∥Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Pharmacokinetics Biochemistry and Metabolism, †Analytics and Early Formulations, #Project Leader Corporate Drug Development, and ⊥Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D Director, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A , Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Paola Puccini
- Chemistry Research and Drug Design, ∥Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Pharmacokinetics Biochemistry and Metabolism, †Analytics and Early Formulations, #Project Leader Corporate Drug Development, and ⊥Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D Director, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A , Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Silvia Catinella
- Chemistry Research and Drug Design, ∥Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Pharmacokinetics Biochemistry and Metabolism, †Analytics and Early Formulations, #Project Leader Corporate Drug Development, and ⊥Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D Director, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A , Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Maurizio Civelli
- Chemistry Research and Drug Design, ∥Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Pharmacokinetics Biochemistry and Metabolism, †Analytics and Early Formulations, #Project Leader Corporate Drug Development, and ⊥Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D Director, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A , Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Armani
- Chemistry Research and Drug Design, ∥Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Pharmacokinetics Biochemistry and Metabolism, †Analytics and Early Formulations, #Project Leader Corporate Drug Development, and ⊥Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D Director, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A , Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
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Villetti G, Carnini C, Battipaglia L, Preynat L, Bolzoni PT, Bassani F, Caruso P, Bergamaschi M, Pisano AR, Puviani V, Stellari FF, Cenacchi V, Volta R, Bertacche V, Mileo V, Bagnacani V, Moretti E, Puccini P, Catinella S, Facchinetti F, Sala A, Civelli M. CHF6001 II: a novel phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, suitable for topical pulmonary administration--in vivo preclinical pharmacology profile defines a potent anti-inflammatory compound with a wide therapeutic window. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 352:568-78. [PMID: 25576073 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.220558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
CHF6001 [(S)-3,5-dichloro-4-(2-(3-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-4-(difluoromethoxy)phenyl)-2-(3-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-4-(methylsulfonamido)benzoyloxy)ethyl)pyridine 1-oxide] is a novel phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor designed for use in pulmonary diseases by inhaled administration. Intratracheal administration of CHF6001 to ovalbumin-sensitized Brown-Norway rats suppressed the antigen-induced decline of lung functions (ED50 = 0.1 µmol/kg) and antigen-induced eosinophilia (ED50 = 0.03 µmol/kg) when administered (0.09 μmol/kg) up to 24 hours before antigen challenge, in agreement with CHF6001-sustained lung concentrations up to 72 hours after intratracheal treatment (mean residence time 26 hours). Intranasal, once daily administration of CHF6001 inhibited neutrophil infiltration observed after 11 days of tobacco smoke exposure in mice, both upon prophylactic (0.15-0.45 µmol/kg per day) or interventional (0.045-0.45 µmol/kg per day) treatment. CHF6001 was ineffective in reversing ketamine/xylazine-induced anesthesia (a surrogate of emesis in rat) up to 5 µmol/kg administered intratracheally, a dose 50- to 150-fold higher than anti-inflammatory ED50 observed in rats. When given topically to ferrets, no emesis and nausea were evident up to 10 to 20 µmol/kg, respectively, whereas the PDE4 inhibitor GSK-256066 (6-[3-(dimethylcarbamoyl)phenyl]sulfonyl-4-(3-methoxyanilino)-8-methylquinoline-3-carboxamide) induced nausea at 1 µmol/kg intratracheally. A 14-day inhalation toxicology study in rats showed a no-observed-adverse-effect level dose of 4.4 µmol/kg per day for CHF6001, lower than the 0.015 μmol/kg per day for GSK-256066. CHF6001 was found effective and extremely well tolerated upon topical administration in relevant animal models, and may represent a step forward in PDE4 inhibition for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gino Villetti
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Parma, Italy (G.V., C.C., L.B., L.P., P.T.B., F.B., P.C., M.B., A.R.P., V.P., F.F.S., V.C., R.V., Vi.B., V.M., Va.B., E.M., P.P, S.C., F.F., M.C.); Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (A.S.); and Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy (A.S.)
| | - Chiara Carnini
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Parma, Italy (G.V., C.C., L.B., L.P., P.T.B., F.B., P.C., M.B., A.R.P., V.P., F.F.S., V.C., R.V., Vi.B., V.M., Va.B., E.M., P.P, S.C., F.F., M.C.); Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (A.S.); and Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy (A.S.)
| | - Loredana Battipaglia
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Parma, Italy (G.V., C.C., L.B., L.P., P.T.B., F.B., P.C., M.B., A.R.P., V.P., F.F.S., V.C., R.V., Vi.B., V.M., Va.B., E.M., P.P, S.C., F.F., M.C.); Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (A.S.); and Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy (A.S.)
| | - Laurent Preynat
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Parma, Italy (G.V., C.C., L.B., L.P., P.T.B., F.B., P.C., M.B., A.R.P., V.P., F.F.S., V.C., R.V., Vi.B., V.M., Va.B., E.M., P.P, S.C., F.F., M.C.); Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (A.S.); and Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy (A.S.)
| | - Pier Tonino Bolzoni
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Parma, Italy (G.V., C.C., L.B., L.P., P.T.B., F.B., P.C., M.B., A.R.P., V.P., F.F.S., V.C., R.V., Vi.B., V.M., Va.B., E.M., P.P, S.C., F.F., M.C.); Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (A.S.); and Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy (A.S.)
| | - Franco Bassani
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Parma, Italy (G.V., C.C., L.B., L.P., P.T.B., F.B., P.C., M.B., A.R.P., V.P., F.F.S., V.C., R.V., Vi.B., V.M., Va.B., E.M., P.P, S.C., F.F., M.C.); Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (A.S.); and Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy (A.S.)
| | - Paola Caruso
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Parma, Italy (G.V., C.C., L.B., L.P., P.T.B., F.B., P.C., M.B., A.R.P., V.P., F.F.S., V.C., R.V., Vi.B., V.M., Va.B., E.M., P.P, S.C., F.F., M.C.); Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (A.S.); and Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy (A.S.)
| | - Marco Bergamaschi
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Parma, Italy (G.V., C.C., L.B., L.P., P.T.B., F.B., P.C., M.B., A.R.P., V.P., F.F.S., V.C., R.V., Vi.B., V.M., Va.B., E.M., P.P, S.C., F.F., M.C.); Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (A.S.); and Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy (A.S.)
| | - Anna Rita Pisano
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Parma, Italy (G.V., C.C., L.B., L.P., P.T.B., F.B., P.C., M.B., A.R.P., V.P., F.F.S., V.C., R.V., Vi.B., V.M., Va.B., E.M., P.P, S.C., F.F., M.C.); Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (A.S.); and Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy (A.S.)
| | - Veronica Puviani
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Parma, Italy (G.V., C.C., L.B., L.P., P.T.B., F.B., P.C., M.B., A.R.P., V.P., F.F.S., V.C., R.V., Vi.B., V.M., Va.B., E.M., P.P, S.C., F.F., M.C.); Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (A.S.); and Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy (A.S.)
| | - Fabio Franco Stellari
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Parma, Italy (G.V., C.C., L.B., L.P., P.T.B., F.B., P.C., M.B., A.R.P., V.P., F.F.S., V.C., R.V., Vi.B., V.M., Va.B., E.M., P.P, S.C., F.F., M.C.); Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (A.S.); and Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy (A.S.)
| | - Valentina Cenacchi
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Parma, Italy (G.V., C.C., L.B., L.P., P.T.B., F.B., P.C., M.B., A.R.P., V.P., F.F.S., V.C., R.V., Vi.B., V.M., Va.B., E.M., P.P, S.C., F.F., M.C.); Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (A.S.); and Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy (A.S.)
| | - Roberta Volta
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Parma, Italy (G.V., C.C., L.B., L.P., P.T.B., F.B., P.C., M.B., A.R.P., V.P., F.F.S., V.C., R.V., Vi.B., V.M., Va.B., E.M., P.P, S.C., F.F., M.C.); Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (A.S.); and Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy (A.S.)
| | - Vittorio Bertacche
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Parma, Italy (G.V., C.C., L.B., L.P., P.T.B., F.B., P.C., M.B., A.R.P., V.P., F.F.S., V.C., R.V., Vi.B., V.M., Va.B., E.M., P.P, S.C., F.F., M.C.); Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (A.S.); and Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy (A.S.)
| | - Valentina Mileo
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Parma, Italy (G.V., C.C., L.B., L.P., P.T.B., F.B., P.C., M.B., A.R.P., V.P., F.F.S., V.C., R.V., Vi.B., V.M., Va.B., E.M., P.P, S.C., F.F., M.C.); Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (A.S.); and Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy (A.S.)
| | - Valentina Bagnacani
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Parma, Italy (G.V., C.C., L.B., L.P., P.T.B., F.B., P.C., M.B., A.R.P., V.P., F.F.S., V.C., R.V., Vi.B., V.M., Va.B., E.M., P.P, S.C., F.F., M.C.); Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (A.S.); and Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy (A.S.)
| | - Elisa Moretti
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Parma, Italy (G.V., C.C., L.B., L.P., P.T.B., F.B., P.C., M.B., A.R.P., V.P., F.F.S., V.C., R.V., Vi.B., V.M., Va.B., E.M., P.P, S.C., F.F., M.C.); Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (A.S.); and Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy (A.S.)
| | - Paola Puccini
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Parma, Italy (G.V., C.C., L.B., L.P., P.T.B., F.B., P.C., M.B., A.R.P., V.P., F.F.S., V.C., R.V., Vi.B., V.M., Va.B., E.M., P.P, S.C., F.F., M.C.); Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (A.S.); and Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy (A.S.)
| | - Silvia Catinella
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Parma, Italy (G.V., C.C., L.B., L.P., P.T.B., F.B., P.C., M.B., A.R.P., V.P., F.F.S., V.C., R.V., Vi.B., V.M., Va.B., E.M., P.P, S.C., F.F., M.C.); Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (A.S.); and Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy (A.S.)
| | - Fabrizio Facchinetti
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Parma, Italy (G.V., C.C., L.B., L.P., P.T.B., F.B., P.C., M.B., A.R.P., V.P., F.F.S., V.C., R.V., Vi.B., V.M., Va.B., E.M., P.P, S.C., F.F., M.C.); Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (A.S.); and Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy (A.S.)
| | - Angelo Sala
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Parma, Italy (G.V., C.C., L.B., L.P., P.T.B., F.B., P.C., M.B., A.R.P., V.P., F.F.S., V.C., R.V., Vi.B., V.M., Va.B., E.M., P.P, S.C., F.F., M.C.); Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (A.S.); and Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy (A.S.)
| | - Maurizio Civelli
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Parma, Italy (G.V., C.C., L.B., L.P., P.T.B., F.B., P.C., M.B., A.R.P., V.P., F.F.S., V.C., R.V., Vi.B., V.M., Va.B., E.M., P.P, S.C., F.F., M.C.); Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (A.S.); and Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy (A.S.)
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