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Klaric M, Winkler J, Vojnits K, Meganathan K, Jagtap S, Ensenat-Waser R, Hescheler J, Sachinidis A, Bremer-Hoffmann S. Current status of human pluripotent stem cell based in vitro toxicity tests. Front Biosci (Schol Ed) 2013; 5:118-133. [PMID: 23277040 DOI: 10.2741/s361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The present review assesses the current status of in vitro tests based on human pluripotent stem cell-derived toxicologically relevant target cells. The majority of the evaluated test systems are in the phase of test development. In particular the success rates of differentiation protocols and their reproducibility are varying depending on different culture conditions but also on the assessed marker panel and the functional evaluation of the cells. However, the amount of differentiated cells decreases in relation to their maturation status. No harmonization has been achieved yet about the required maturation status of the cellular models to be used for toxicological applications. Even with an established cellular model, the selection of appropriate readouts is challenging. Some areas of toxicity, such as developmental toxicity, suffer from insufficient knowledge on predictive biomarkers which leads to difficulties in the selection of the most appropriate endpoints. In this heterogeneous context the rapidly increasing knowledge about 'omics' technologies, might lead to an improvement of the current situation and allow the establishment of more predictive human in vitro toxicity tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Klaric
- Systems toxicology unit, ECVAM, European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods, IHCP, JRC, European Commission, Ispra, VA, Italy
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Krug AK, Kolde R, Gaspar JA, Rempel E, Balmer NV, Meganathan K, Vojnits K, Baquié M, Waldmann T, Ensenat-Waser R, Jagtap S, Evans RM, Julien S, Peterson H, Zagoura D, Kadereit S, Gerhard D, Sotiriadou I, Heke M, Natarajan K, Henry M, Winkler J, Marchan R, Stoppini L, Bosgra S, Westerhout J, Verwei M, Vilo J, Kortenkamp A, Hescheler J, Hothorn L, Bremer S, van Thriel C, Krause KH, Hengstler JG, Rahnenführer J, Leist M, Sachinidis A. Human embryonic stem cell-derived test systems for developmental neurotoxicity: a transcriptomics approach. Arch Toxicol 2012. [PMID: 23179753 PMCID: PMC3535399 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0967-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) and many forms of reproductive toxicity (RT) often manifest themselves in functional deficits that are not necessarily based on cell death, but rather on minor changes relating to cell differentiation or communication. The fields of DNT/RT would greatly benefit from in vitro tests that allow the identification of toxicant-induced changes of the cellular proteostasis, or of its underlying transcriptome network. Therefore, the ‘human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived novel alternative test systems (ESNATS)’ European commission research project established RT tests based on defined differentiation protocols of hESC and their progeny. Valproic acid (VPA) and methylmercury (MeHg) were used as positive control compounds to address the following fundamental questions: (1) Does transcriptome analysis allow discrimination of the two compounds? (2) How does analysis of enriched transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) and of individual probe sets (PS) distinguish between test systems? (3) Can batch effects be controlled? (4) How many DNA microarrays are needed? (5) Is the highest non-cytotoxic concentration optimal and relevant for the study of transcriptome changes? VPA triggered vast transcriptional changes, whereas MeHg altered fewer transcripts. To attenuate batch effects, analysis has been focused on the 500 PS with highest variability. The test systems differed significantly in their responses (<20 % overlap). Moreover, within one test system, little overlap between the PS changed by the two compounds has been observed. However, using TFBS enrichment, a relatively large ‘common response’ to VPA and MeHg could be distinguished from ‘compound-specific’ responses. In conclusion, the ESNATS assay battery allows classification of human DNT/RT toxicants on the basis of their transcriptome profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne K. Krug
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz (UKN), 78457 Constance, Germany
| | - Raivo Kolde
- OÜ Quretec (Qure), Limited Liability Company, 51003 Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, 50409 Tartu, Estonia
| | - John A. Gaspar
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne (UKK), Robert-Koch-Str. 39, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Eugen Rempel
- Department of Statistics, TU Dortmund University , 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Nina V. Balmer
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz (UKN), 78457 Constance, Germany
| | - Kesavan Meganathan
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne (UKK), Robert-Koch-Str. 39, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Kinga Vojnits
- Commission of the European Communities (JRC) Joint Research Centre, 1049 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathurin Baquié
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Medical Faculty, University of Geneva (UNIGE), 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Waldmann
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz (UKN), 78457 Constance, Germany
| | - Roberto Ensenat-Waser
- Commission of the European Communities (JRC) Joint Research Centre, 1049 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Smita Jagtap
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne (UKK), Robert-Koch-Str. 39, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Stephanie Julien
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Medical Faculty, University of Geneva (UNIGE), 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Hedi Peterson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Medical Faculty, University of Geneva (UNIGE), 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Dimitra Zagoura
- Commission of the European Communities (JRC) Joint Research Centre, 1049 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Suzanne Kadereit
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz (UKN), 78457 Constance, Germany
| | - Daniel Gerhard
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University (LUH), Institute for Biostatistics, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Isaia Sotiriadou
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne (UKK), Robert-Koch-Str. 39, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Heke
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne (UKK), Robert-Koch-Str. 39, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Karthick Natarajan
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne (UKK), Robert-Koch-Str. 39, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Margit Henry
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne (UKK), Robert-Koch-Str. 39, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Johannes Winkler
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne (UKK), Robert-Koch-Str. 39, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Rosemarie Marchan
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Technical University of Dortmund, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Luc Stoppini
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Medical Faculty, University of Geneva (UNIGE), 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Sieto Bosgra
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek (TNO), 2628 VK Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Westerhout
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek (TNO), 2628 VK Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Miriam Verwei
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek (TNO), 2628 VK Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jaak Vilo
- OÜ Quretec (Qure), Limited Liability Company, 51003 Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, 50409 Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Jürgen Hescheler
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne (UKK), Robert-Koch-Str. 39, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ludwig Hothorn
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University (LUH), Institute for Biostatistics, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Susanne Bremer
- Commission of the European Communities (JRC) Joint Research Centre, 1049 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christoph van Thriel
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Technical University of Dortmund, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Krause
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Medical Faculty, University of Geneva (UNIGE), 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Jan G. Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Technical University of Dortmund, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jörg Rahnenführer
- Department of Statistics, TU Dortmund University , 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marcel Leist
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz (UKN), 78457 Constance, Germany
| | - Agapios Sachinidis
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne (UKK), Robert-Koch-Str. 39, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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Ding X, Lin Q, Ensenat-Waser R, Rose-John S, Zenke M. Polycomb Group Protein Bmi1 Promotes Hematopoietic Cell Development from Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:121-32. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2010.0539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Ding
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Qiong Lin
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Roberto Ensenat-Waser
- Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, In Vitro Methods Unit, European Commission, Ispra, Italy
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Martin Zenke
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Vojnits K, Ensenat-Waser R, Gaspar JA, Meganathan K, Jagtap S, Hescheler J, Sachinidis A, Bremer-Hoffmann S. A tanscriptomics study to elucidate the toxicological mechanism of methylmercury chloride in a human stem cell based in vitro test. Curr Med Chem 2012; 19:6224-6232. [PMID: 23244585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Traditional approaches in evaluating the hazard of drug candidates on the developing offspring are often time-consuming and cost-intensive. Moreover, variations in the toxicological response of different animal species to the tested substance cause severe problems when extrapolating safety dosages for humans. Therefore, more predictive and relevant toxicological systems based on human cell models are required. In the presented study the environmental toxicant methylmercury chloride (MeHgCl), known to cause structural developmental abnormalities in the brain, was used as reference compound to develop a concept contributing to a mechanistic understanding of the toxicity of an investigated substance. Despite the fact, that there are significant data available from animal studies and from poisonings in Japan and Iraq, uncertainties on the mechanism of MeHgCl during human development are still remaining and qualify the substance for further analysis. Transcriptomics analysis in combination with a human cell based in vitro model has been used in order to elucidate the toxicity of MeHgCl at molecular level. Differentiating neural precursor cells that have been exposed continuously to non- and low-cytotoxic concentrations of MeHgCl were investigated. Quantitative change in the mRNA expression profiles of selected genes demonstrated the sensitivity of the cell model and its qualification for a transcriptomics study screening changes in the expression profile of the complete human genome of MeHgCl-treated human neural cells. Potential biomarkers were identified and these candidate marker genes as well as their involvement in a possible toxic mechanism of MeHgCl during the human neurulation process are hereby introduced. The study confirmed the hypothesis that a cellular model based on a human stem cell line can be applied for elucidating unknown mode of actions of developmental toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Vojnits
- Systems Toxicology, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection (IHCP), Joint Research Centre (JRC) - European Commission, Italy
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Ensenat-Waser R, Santana A, Paredes B, Zenke M, Reig JA, Roche E. Embryonic Stem Cell Processing in Obtaining Insulin-Producing Cells: A Technical Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1089/cpt.2006.9997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Ensenat-Waser
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering–Cell Biology, University Medical School/Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alfredo Santana
- Genetic and Cytogenetic Unit, Childhood Hospital of Canary Islands, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Beatriz Paredes
- Institute of Bioengineering, University Miguel Hernandez, Alicante, Spain
| | - Martin Zenke
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering–Cell Biology, University Medical School/Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Juan Antonio Reig
- Institute of Bioengineering, University Miguel Hernandez, Alicante, Spain
| | - Enrique Roche
- Institute of Bioengineering, University Miguel Hernandez, Alicante, Spain
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