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Nowakunda K, Khakasa E, Ceballos H, Kenneth A, Tumuhimbise R, Bugaud C, Asasira M, Uwimana B, Bouniol A, Nuwamanya E, Forsythe L, Marimo P, Dufour D, Tushemereirwe W. East African highland cooking banana: towards an efficient selection of hybrids with user-preferred food quality traits. J Sci Food Agric 2023. [PMID: 37872774 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Determinants of culinary qualities of East African highland cooking bananas (EAHCB) are not well known. This constrains the inclusion of user-preferred traits in breeding. The present study aimed to quantify key indicators of user-preferred characteristics to enable selection of acceptable hybrids. RESULTS Qualitative characteristics that drive preference were big bunches (15-34 kg), long straight/slightly curved fingers (12-23 cm), yellowness and soft texture. Descriptive sensory analysis of the intensity of colour and texture the 23 genotypes revealed that landraces Kibuzi, Mbwazirume, Nakitembe and Mpologoma had higher intensity of yellowness and lower intensity of hardness (softer) and a low score (≤ 1.0) of astringency taste. A preference test showed that they had higher acceptability scores. Biochemical, instrumental and sensory data revealed correlations between sensory firmness and instrumental hardness (r = 0.5), sensory firmness and amylopectin (r = -0.54), suggesting that qualitative descriptions can be predicted by instrumental and biochemical indicators. Significant (P < 0.05) variations in amylose and total starch content were observed in different varieties. Moderate correlations between instrumental hardness and firmness in mouth (r = 0.55), cohesiveness and firmness in the mouth (r = 0.57), and adhesiveness and firmness in the mouth (r = 0.64) were observed. Surprisingly, carotenoids content was not correlated with yellowness in cooked matooke. However, positive correlations were observed between chroma (b*) parameters of raw matooke and sensorial assessed color on cooked samples. CONCLUSION Qualitative characteristis; the bunch, pulp colour and texture; that drive users-preference in the EAHCB were quantified, paving way for breeders to use them to select genotypes with these attributes early in the breeding process. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kephas Nowakunda
- National Agricultural Research Laboratories (NARL), Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Akankwasa Kenneth
- Rwebitaba Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | - Robooni Tumuhimbise
- Rwebitaba Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | - Christophe Bugaud
- Qualisud, University of Montpellier, Institut Agro, CIRAD, Avignon Université, Univ. de la Réunion, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, Montpellier, France
| | - Moreen Asasira
- National Agricultural Research Laboratories (NARL), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Brigitte Uwimana
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Alexandre Bouniol
- Qualisud, University of Montpellier, Institut Agro, CIRAD, Avignon Université, Univ. de la Réunion, Montpellier, France
- Laboratore de Sciences des Aliments, Faculté des Sciences Agronomique, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Jericho, Benin
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Ephraim Nuwamanya
- National Crops Resources Research Institute, (NaCRRI), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lora Forsythe
- Natural Resources Institute (NRI), University of Greenwich, London, UK
| | - Pricilla Marimo
- Alliance of Bioversity International and International Centre for Tropical Agriculture, CIAT, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Dominique Dufour
- Qualisud, University of Montpellier, Institut Agro, CIRAD, Avignon Université, Univ. de la Réunion, Montpellier, France
- Alliance of Bioversity International and International Centre for Tropical Agriculture, CIAT, Kampala, Uganda
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Akankwasa K, Marimo P, Bouniol A, Tumuhimbise R, Asasira M, Kisakye S, Khakasa E, Tinyiro E, Mukasa Y, Tukashaba L, Namuddu MG, Ssenyonga PB, Dufour D, Tushemereirwe W, Nowakunda K. Analysis of association of sensory and laboratory assessments for quality and consumer acceptability of steamed East Africa highland bananas. J Sci Food Agric 2023. [PMID: 37824735 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relevance of several characteristics for the acceptability of steamed East Africa bananas (matooke) was assessed using consumer-preferred characteristics, the overall liking scores, check-all-that-apply (CATA) and the Just About Right scale. The study was conducted in rural and urban locations in three banana growing regions of Uganda. Two landraces and two hybrids were processed into matooke. Twelve trained panellists evaluated color, taste and texture sensory characteristics. RESULTS Consumers scored matooke from landraces as the most liked. The CATA test showed that the most important characteristics were: smooth mouthfeel, soft to the touch, not sticky, moldable, deep yellow color, attractive, good matooke taste and smell. Principal component analysis confirmed that most of the preferred sensory characteristics were associated with the local genotypes, whereas the less preferred characteristics were associated with hybrids. Correlation analysis revealed strong positive correlations between the consumer assessed characteristics, hardness by touch, softness to touch and yellowness, as well as quantitative laboratory characteristics (moldable, hardness by touch, softness and yellowness) of the steamed matooke. Color assessed by consumers was strongly correlated with the laboratory-assessed color indicators. CONCLUSION The strong associations observed between laboratory-assessed and consumer-based characteristics (moldable by touch and yellowness) suggest the possibility of predicting consumer characteristics using quantitative laboratory sensory assessments. Matooke taste as assessed by consumer panel is strongly associated with smooth texture and deep yellow color, which were the characteristics associated with landraces in the laboratory sensory assessment. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Akankwasa
- National Agricultural Research Laboratories (NARL), Kampala, Uganda
- Rwebitaba Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | - Pricilla Marimo
- Alliance of Bioversity International and International Centre for Tropical Agriculture - (CIAT), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Alexandre Bouniol
- Laboratoire de Sciences des Aliments, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Jéricho, Benin
- CIRAD, UMR QUALISUD, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Robooni Tumuhimbise
- Rwebitaba Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | - Moreen Asasira
- National Agricultural Research Laboratories (NARL), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sarah Kisakye
- National Agricultural Research Laboratories (NARL), Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Edgar Tinyiro
- National Agricultural Research Laboratories (NARL), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Yusuf Mukasa
- National Agricultural Research Laboratories (NARL), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Living Tukashaba
- National Agricultural Research Laboratories (NARL), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mary G Namuddu
- National Agricultural Research Laboratories (NARL), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Peter B Ssenyonga
- Rwebitaba Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | - Dominique Dufour
- CIRAD, UMR QualiSud, Montpellier, France
- QualiSud, Univ Montpellier, Avignon Université, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Université de La Réunion, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Kephas Nowakunda
- National Agricultural Research Laboratories (NARL), Kampala, Uganda
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Milton A, Muhanguzi D, Male A, Kajubi A, Buah S, Kubiriba J, Tumuhimbise R. Analysis of Genetic Diversity of Banana Weevils (Cosmopolites sordidus) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Using Transcriptome-Derived Simple Sequence Repeat Markers. J Econ Entomol 2022; 115:637-646. [PMID: 35021224 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is an economically important insect pest of bananas. It causes up to 100% yield losses and substantial lifespan reduction in bananas. Advances in genomics, proteomics, and sequencing technologies have provided powerful pathways to genotyping disastrous pests such as C. sordidus. However, such technologies are often not available to the majority of rural subtropical African banana growers and pest control managers. This study was therefore motivated by the need to create cheap and easily accessible C. sordidus genotyping methods that could be deployed by banana pest control managers to the benefit of C. sordidus control programs in the tropics where such advanced technologies are not readily accessible. We used an in-house C. sordidus transcriptome from the an-ongoing study from which we mined an array of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Of these, six highly polymorphic transcriptome-derived SSR markers were used to successfully genotype within and among banana weevil population genetic diversity of 12 C. sordidus populations collected from four banana-growing agro-ecological zones (AEZs) in Uganda. The developed transcriptome-derived SSR markers can be used by researchers in population genetics for characterization of the C. sordidus and identification of new genes that are linked to traits of particular interest. The significant genetic diversity revealed in C. sordidus provides pertinent information for integrated pest management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Milton
- National Agricultural Research Laboratories-Kawanda, Kampala, Uganda
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Dennis Muhanguzi
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Allan Male
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ali Kajubi
- National Agricultural Research Laboratories-Kawanda, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Stephen Buah
- National Agricultural Research Laboratories-Kawanda, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jerome Kubiriba
- National Agricultural Research Laboratories-Kawanda, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Robooni Tumuhimbise
- Rwebitaba Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Fort-Portal, Uganda
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Waniale A, Swennen R, Mukasa SB, Tugume AK, Kubiriba J, Tushemereirwe WK, Uwimana B, Gram G, Amah D, Tumuhimbise R. Use of timelapse photography to determine flower opening time and pattern in banana (Musa spp.) for efficient hand pollination. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19480. [PMID: 34593839 PMCID: PMC8484589 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98500-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterility and low seed set in bananas is the main challenge to their conventional genetic improvement. The first step to seed set in a banana breeding program depends on pollination at the right time to ensure effective fertilization. This study aimed at determining bract opening time (BOT) to enhance efficient pollination and seed set in bananas. A Nikon D810 digital camera was set-up to take pictures of growing banana inflorescences at five-minute intervals and time-lapse movies were developed at a speed of 30 frames per second to allow real-time monitoring of BOT. Genotypes studied included wild banana (1), Mchare (2), Matooke (4), Matooke hybrid (1), and plantain (1). Events of bract opening initiated by bract lift for female flowers (P < 0.01) started at 16:32 h and at 18:54 h for male flowers. Start of bract rolling was at 18:51 h among female flowers (P < 0.001) and 20:48 h for male flowers. Bracts ended rolling at 02:33 h and 01:16 h for female and flowers respectively (P < 0.05). Total time of bract opening (from lift to end of rolling) for female flowers was significantly longer than that of male flowers (P < 0.001). On average, the number of bracts subtending female flowers opening increased from one on the first day, to between one and four on the fourth day. The number regressed to one bract on day eight before start of opening of bracts subtending male flowers. There was a longer opening interval between bracts subtending female and male flowers constituting spatial and temporal separation. Bract rolling increased from partial to complete rolling from proximal to the distal end of the inflorescence among female flower. On the other hand, bracts subtending male flowers completely rolled. Differences in BOT of genotypes with the same reference time of assessment may be partly responsible for variable fertility. Hand pollination time between 07:00 and 10:00 h is slightly late thus an early feasible time should be tried.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Waniale
- Department of Agricultural Production, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda. .,National Agricultural Research Laboratories, Kawanda, P.O. Box 7065, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Rony Swennen
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.O. Box 7878, Kampala, Uganda.,Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, W. De Croylaan 42, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Settumba B Mukasa
- Department of Agricultural Production, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Arthur K Tugume
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jerome Kubiriba
- National Agricultural Research Laboratories, Kawanda, P.O. Box 7065, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Brigitte Uwimana
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.O. Box 7878, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Gil Gram
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.O. Box 7878, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Delphine Amah
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PMB 5320, Ibadan, 200001, Nigeria
| | - Robooni Tumuhimbise
- Rwebitaba Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute, P.O. Box 96, Fort Portal, Uganda
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Akankwasa K, Marimo P, Tumuhimbise R, Asasira M, Khakasa E, Mpirirwe I, Kleih U, Forsythe L, Fliedel G, Dufour D, Nowakunda K. The East African highland cooking bananas 'Matooke' preferences of farmers and traders: Implications for variety development. Int J Food Sci Technol 2021; 56:1124-1134. [PMID: 33776225 PMCID: PMC7984378 DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
'Matooke' is a staple food made from Highland cooking bananas in the Great Lakes region of East Africa. Genetic improvement of these bananas for resistance to pests and diseases has been a priority breeding objective. However, there is insufficient information on fruit quality characteristics that different users prefer, resulting in sub-optimal adoption of new varieties. This study identified matooke characteristics preferred by farmers and traders, using survey data from 123 farmers, 14 focus group discussions and 40 traders. Gender differences were considered. The main characteristics that were found to drive variety preferences were agronomic (big bunch, big fruits) and quality (soft texture, good taste, good aroma, yellow food). There were minimal geographical and gender differences for trait preferences. Quality characteristics need to be defined in terms of physical-chemical underpinnings so that breeding programmes can apply accurate high-throughput systems, thereby improving adoption and impact of new banana varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Akankwasa
- National Agricultural Research Laboratories (NARL)P.O. Box 7065KampalaUganda
| | - Pricilla Marimo
- Alliance of Bioversity International and International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT)Kampala24384Uganda
| | - Robooni Tumuhimbise
- National Agricultural Research Laboratories (NARL)P.O. Box 7065KampalaUganda
- Rwebitaba Zonal Agricultural Research and Development InstituteFort Portal96Uganda
| | - Moreen Asasira
- National Agricultural Research Laboratories (NARL)P.O. Box 7065KampalaUganda
| | - Elizabeth Khakasa
- National Agricultural Research Laboratories (NARL)P.O. Box 7065KampalaUganda
| | - Innocent Mpirirwe
- National Agricultural Research Laboratories (NARL)P.O. Box 7065KampalaUganda
| | - Uli Kleih
- Natural Resources Institute (NRI)University of GreenwichCentral Avenue, Chatham MaritimeKentME4 4TBUK
| | - Lora Forsythe
- Natural Resources Institute (NRI)University of GreenwichCentral Avenue, Chatham MaritimeKentME4 4TBUK
| | - Geneviève Fliedel
- International de Recherche Agronomique pour le Development (CIRAD)UMR QualisudMontpellierF‐34398France
- QualisudUniv MontpellierMontpellier SupAgroUniv d'AvignonUniv de La RéunionCIRAD, UMR QualiSudMontpellierF.34398France
| | - Dominique Dufour
- International de Recherche Agronomique pour le Development (CIRAD)UMR QualisudMontpellierF‐34398France
- QualisudUniv MontpellierMontpellier SupAgroUniv d'AvignonUniv de La RéunionCIRAD, UMR QualiSudMontpellierF.34398France
| | - Kephas Nowakunda
- National Agricultural Research Laboratories (NARL)P.O. Box 7065KampalaUganda
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Ndayihanzamaso P, Mostert D, Matthews MC, Mahuku G, Jomanga K, Mpanda HJ, Mduma H, Brown A, Uwimana B, Swennen R, Tumuhimbise R, Viljoen A. Evaluation of Mchare and Matooke Bananas for Resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Race 1. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:plants9091082. [PMID: 32842551 PMCID: PMC7570241 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium wilt, caused by the soil-borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) race 1, is a major disease of bananas in East Africa. Triploid East African Highland (Matooke) bananas are resistant to Foc race 1, but the response of diploid (Mchare and Muraru) bananas to the fungus is largely unknown. A breeding project was initiated in 2014 to increase crop yield and improve disease and pest resistance of diploid and triploid East African Highland bananas. In this study, eight Mchare cultivars were evaluated for resistance to Foc race 1 in the field in Arusha, Tanzania. In addition, the same eight Mchare cultivars, as well as eight Muraru cultivars, 27 Mchare hybrids, 60 Matooke hybrids and 19 NARITA hybrids were also screened in pot trials. The diploid Mchare and Muraru cultivars were susceptible to Foc race 1, whereas the responses of Mchare, NARITAs and Matooke hybrids ranged from susceptible to resistant. The Mchare and Matooke hybrids resistant to Foc race 1 can potentially replace susceptible cultivars in production areas severely affected by the fungus. Some newly bred Matooke hybrids became susceptible following conventional breeding, suggesting that new hybrids need to be screened for resistance to all Foc variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Privat Ndayihanzamaso
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; (P.N.); (M.C.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Diane Mostert
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; (P.N.); (M.C.M.); (A.V.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Megan Ceris Matthews
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; (P.N.); (M.C.M.); (A.V.)
| | - George Mahuku
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Regional Hub, Plot 25, Light Industrial Area, Coca Cola Rd, P.O. Box 34441, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania;
| | - Kennedy Jomanga
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), c/o The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania; (K.J.); (H.J.M.); (H.M.); (A.B.); (R.S.)
| | - Happyness Justine Mpanda
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), c/o The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania; (K.J.); (H.J.M.); (H.M.); (A.B.); (R.S.)
| | - Hassan Mduma
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), c/o The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania; (K.J.); (H.J.M.); (H.M.); (A.B.); (R.S.)
| | - Allan Brown
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), c/o The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania; (K.J.); (H.J.M.); (H.M.); (A.B.); (R.S.)
| | - Brigitte Uwimana
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Namulonge, P.O. Box 7878, Kampala, Uganda;
| | - Rony Swennen
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), c/o The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania; (K.J.); (H.J.M.); (H.M.); (A.B.); (R.S.)
- Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, Katholieke, Universiteit Leuven (KUL), Willem De Croylaan 42, Bus 2455, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Bioversity International, Willem De Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robooni Tumuhimbise
- National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO), Rwebitaba ZARDI, P.O. Box 96, Fort Portal, Uganda;
| | - Altus Viljoen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; (P.N.); (M.C.M.); (A.V.)
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Arinaitwe IK, Teo CH, Kayat F, Tumuhimbise R, Uwimana B, Kubiriba J, Harikrishna JA, Othman RY. Molecular Markers and Their Application in Fusarium Wilt Studies in Musa spp. SAINS MALAYS 2019. [DOI: 10.17576/jsm-2019-4809-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Batte M, Swennen R, Uwimana B, Akech V, Brown A, Tumuhimbise R, Hovmalm HP, Geleta M, Ortiz R. Crossbreeding East African Highland Bananas: Lessons Learnt Relevant to the Botany of the Crop After 21 Years of Genetic Enhancement. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:81. [PMID: 30804965 PMCID: PMC6370977 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
East African highland bananas (EAHB) were regarded as sterile. Their screening for female fertility with "Calcutta 4" as male parent revealed that 37 EAHB were fertile. This was the foundation for the establishment of the EAHB crossbreeding programs by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) and the National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO) in Uganda in the mid-1990s. The aim of this study was to assess the progress and efficiency of the EAHB breeding program at IITA, Sendusu in Uganda. Data on pollinations, seeds generated and germinated, plus hybrids selected between 1995 and 2015 were analyzed. Pollination success and seed germination percentages for different cross combinations were calculated. The month of pollination did not result in significantly different (P = 0.501) pollination success. Musa acuminata subsp. malaccensis accession 250 had the highest pollination success (66.8%), followed by the cultivar "Rose" (66.6%) among the diploid males. Twenty-five EAHB out of 41 studied for female fertility produced up to 305 seeds per pollinated bunch, and were therefore deemed fertile. The percentage of seed germination varied among crosses: 26% for 2x × 4x, 23% for 2x × 2x, 11% for 3x × 2x, and 7% for 4x × 2x. Twenty-seven NARITA hybrids (mostly secondary triploids ensuing from the 4x × 2x) were selected for further evaluation in the East African region. One so far -"NARITA 7"- was officially released to farmers in Uganda. Although pollination of EAHB can be conducted throughout the year, the seed set and germination is low. Thus, further research on pollination conditions and optimization of embryo culture protocols should be done to boost seed set and embryo germination, respectively. More research in floral biology and seed germination as well as other breeding strategies are required to increase the efficiency of the EAHB breeding program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Batte
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Rony Swennen
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
- Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Bioversity International, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Uwimana
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Violet Akech
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Allan Brown
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | | | - Helena Persson Hovmalm
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Mulatu Geleta
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Rodomiro Ortiz
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
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Arinaitwe IK, Teo CH, Kayat F, Tumuhimbise R, Uwimana B, Kubiriba J, Swennen R, Harikrishna JA, Othman RY. Evaluation of banana germplasm and genetic analysis of an F 1 population for resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 1. Euphytica 2019; 215:175. [PMID: 31929606 PMCID: PMC6936342 DOI: 10.1007/s10681-019-2493-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium wilt of bananas (Musa spp.), caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) causes up to 100% yield loss in bananas. Foc race 1 in particular is very devastating to dessert bananas in Uganda. One of the effective control strategies for the disease is the development of resistant cultivars through breeding. The objectives of this study were to identify suitable banana germplasm for generating a segregating population for resistance to Foc race 1 and understand the mode of inheritance of resistance to Foc race 1. Twenty-two banana accessions sourced from the National Agricultural Research Organisation in Uganda were challenged with Foc race 1 in a screen house experiment. Monyet, resistant to Foc race 1 and Kokopo, susceptible, were selected and crossed to generate 142 F1 genotypes. These F1 genotypes were also challenged with Foc race 1 in a screen house experiment. Data were collected on rhizome discoloration index (RDI), leaf symptom index (LSI) and pseudo-stem splitting (PSS), and analysed for variability. The banana accessions evaluated showed varying degrees of resistance to Foc race 1. Segregation ratios for resistant versus susceptible progenies fitted 13:3 (χ2 = 0.12, P = 0.73) for RDI and 11:5 (χ2 = 3.04, P = 0.08) for PSS. Estimated broad sense heritability was 27.8% for RDI, 13.9% for LSI and 14.7% for PSS. The results suggest that resistance to Foc race 1 in banana is controlled by at least two dominant genes with epistatic interaction and that heritability of resistance to Foc race 1 is low in Musa spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Kabiita Arinaitwe
- Institute of Biological Sciences (Genetics), Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- National Banana Research Program, National Agricultural Research Organization, Kampala, Uganda
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chee How Teo
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Robooni Tumuhimbise
- National Banana Research Program, National Agricultural Research Organization, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Brigitte Uwimana
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jerome Kubiriba
- National Banana Research Program, National Agricultural Research Organization, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Rony Swennen
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), POB 10, Duluti, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Jennifer Ann Harikrishna
- Institute of Biological Sciences (Genetics), Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rofina Yasmin Othman
- Institute of Biological Sciences (Genetics), Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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10
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Sseruwagi P, Wainaina J, Ndunguru J, Tumuhimbise R, Tairo F, Guo JY, Vrielink A, Blythe A, Kinene T, De Marchi B, Kehoe MA, Tanz S, Boykin LM. The first transcriptomes from field-collected individual whiteflies ( Bemisia tabaci, Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae): a case study of the endosymbiont composition. Gates Open Res 2018. [PMID: 29608200 DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.12783.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bemisia tabaci species ( B. tabaci), or whiteflies, are the world's most devastating insect pests. They cause billions of dollars (US) of damage each year, and are leaving farmers in the developing world food insecure. Currently, all publically available transcriptome data for B. tabaci are generated from pooled samples, which can lead to high heterozygosity and skewed representation of the genetic diversity. The ability to extract enough RNA from a single whitefly has remained elusive due to their small size and technological limitations. Methods: In this study, we optimised a single whitefly RNA extraction procedure, and sequenced the transcriptome of four individual adult Sub-Saharan Africa 1 (SSA1) B. tabaci. Transcriptome sequencing resulted in 39-42 million raw reads. De novo assembly of trimmed reads yielded between 65,000-162,000 Contigs across B. tabaci transcriptomes. Results: Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrion cytochrome I oxidase (mtCOI) grouped the four whiteflies within the SSA1 clade. BLASTn searches on the four transcriptomes identified five endosymbionts; the primary endosymbiont Portiera aleyrodidarum and four secondary endosymbionts: Arsenophonus, Wolbachia, Rickettsia, and Cardinium spp. that were predominant across all four SSA1 B. tabaci samples with prevalence levels of between 54.1 to 75%. Amino acid alignments of the NusG gene of P. aleyrodidarum for the SSA1 B. tabaci transcriptomes of samples WF2 and WF2b revealed an eleven amino acid residue deletion that was absent in samples WF1 and WF2a. Comparison of the protein structure of the NusG protein from P. aleyrodidarum in SSA1 with known NusG structures showed the deletion resulted in a shorter D loop. Conclusions: The use of field-collected specimens means time and money will be saved in future studies using single whitefly transcriptomes in monitoring vector and viral interactions. Our method is applicable to any small organism where RNA quantity has limited transcriptome studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sseruwagi
- Mikocheni Agriculture Research Institute (MARI), Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 6226, Tanzania
| | - James Wainaina
- School of Molecular Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Joseph Ndunguru
- Mikocheni Agriculture Research Institute (MARI), Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 6226, Tanzania
| | - Robooni Tumuhimbise
- National Agricultural Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 7065, Kampala Kawanda - Senge Rd, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Fred Tairo
- Mikocheni Agriculture Research Institute (MARI), Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 6226, Tanzania
| | - Jian-Yang Guo
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,State Key Laboratory for the Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Alice Vrielink
- School of Molecular Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Amanda Blythe
- School of Molecular Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Tonny Kinene
- School of Molecular Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Bruno De Marchi
- School of Molecular Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.,Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista , Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Monica A Kehoe
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, DPIRD Diagnostic Laboratory Services, South Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Sandra Tanz
- School of Molecular Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Laura M Boykin
- School of Molecular Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
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11
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Sseruwagi P, Wainaina J, Ndunguru J, Tumuhimbise R, Tairo F, Guo JY, Vrielink A, Blythe A, Kinene T, De Marchi B, Kehoe MA, Tanz S, Boykin LM. The first transcriptomes from field-collected individual whiteflies ( Bemisia tabaci, Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae): a case study of the endosymbiont composition. Gates Open Res 2018; 1:16. [PMID: 29608200 PMCID: PMC5872585 DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.12783.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bemisia tabaci species (
B. tabaci), or whiteflies, are the world’s most devastating insect pests. They cause billions of dollars (US) of damage each year, and are leaving farmers in the developing world food insecure. Currently, all publically available transcriptome data for
B. tabaci are generated from pooled samples, which can lead to high heterozygosity and skewed representation of the genetic diversity. The ability to extract enough RNA from a single whitefly has remained elusive due to their small size and technological limitations. Methods: In this study, we optimised a single whitefly RNA extraction procedure, and sequenced the transcriptome of four individual adult Sub-Saharan Africa 1 (SSA1)
B. tabaci. Transcriptome sequencing resulted in 39-42 million raw reads.
De novo assembly of trimmed reads yielded between 65,000-162,000 Contigs across
B. tabaci transcriptomes. Results: Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrion cytochrome I oxidase (mtCOI) grouped the four whiteflies within the SSA1 clade. BLASTn searches on the four transcriptomes identified five endosymbionts; the primary endosymbiont
Portiera aleyrodidarum and four secondary endosymbionts:
Arsenophonus, Wolbachia, Rickettsia, and
Cardinium spp. that were predominant across all four SSA1 B.
tabaci samples with prevalence levels of between 54.1 to 75%. Amino acid alignments of the
NusG gene of
P. aleyrodidarum for the SSA1
B. tabaci transcriptomes of samples WF2 and WF2b revealed an eleven amino acid residue deletion that was absent in samples WF1 and WF2a. Comparison of the protein structure of the
NusG protein from
P. aleyrodidarum in SSA1 with known
NusG structures showed the deletion resulted in a shorter D loop. Conclusions: The use of field-collected specimens means time and money will be saved in future studies using single whitefly transcriptomes in monitoring vector and viral interactions. Our method is applicable to any small organism where RNA quantity has limited transcriptome studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sseruwagi
- Mikocheni Agriculture Research Institute (MARI), Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 6226, Tanzania
| | - James Wainaina
- School of Molecular Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Joseph Ndunguru
- Mikocheni Agriculture Research Institute (MARI), Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 6226, Tanzania
| | - Robooni Tumuhimbise
- National Agricultural Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 7065, Kampala Kawanda - Senge Rd, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Fred Tairo
- Mikocheni Agriculture Research Institute (MARI), Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 6226, Tanzania
| | - Jian-Yang Guo
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,State Key Laboratory for the Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Alice Vrielink
- School of Molecular Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Amanda Blythe
- School of Molecular Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Tonny Kinene
- School of Molecular Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Bruno De Marchi
- School of Molecular Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.,Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista , Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Monica A Kehoe
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, DPIRD Diagnostic Laboratory Services, South Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Sandra Tanz
- School of Molecular Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Laura M Boykin
- School of Molecular Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
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12
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Sseruwagi P, Wainaina J, Ndunguru J, Tumuhimbise R, Tairo F, Guo JY, Vrielink A, Blythe A, Kinene T, De Marchi B, Kehoe MA, Tanz S, Boykin LM. The first transcriptomes from field-collected individual whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci, Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Gates Open Res 2018; 1:16. [DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.12783.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bemisia tabaci species (B. tabaci), or whiteflies, are the world’s most devastating insect pests. They cause billions of dollars (US) of damage each year, and are leaving farmers in the developing world food insecure. Currently, all publically available transcriptome data for B. tabaci are generated from pooled samples, which can lead to high heterozygosity and skewed representation of the genetic diversity. The ability to extract enough RNA from a single whitefly has remained elusive due to their small size and technological limitations. Methods: In this study, we optimised a single whitefly RNA extraction procedure, and sequenced the transcriptome of four individual adult Sub-Saharan Africa 1 (SSA1) B. tabaci. Transcriptome sequencing resulted in 39-42 million raw reads. De novo assembly of trimmed reads yielded between 65,000-162,000 Contigs across B. tabaci transcriptomes. Results: Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrion cytochrome I oxidase (mtCOI) grouped the four whiteflies within the SSA1 clade. BLASTn searches on the four transcriptomes identified five endosymbionts; the primary endosymbiont Portiera aleyrodidarum and four secondary endosymbionts: Arsenophonus, Wolbachia, Rickettsia, and Cardinium spp. that were predominant across all four SSA1 B. tabaci samples with prevalence levels of between 54.1 to 75%. Amino acid alignments of the NusG gene of P. aleyrodidarum for the SSA1 B. tabaci transcriptomes of samples WF2 and WF2b revealed an eleven amino acid residue deletion that was absent in samples WF1 and WF2a. Comparison of the protein structure of the NusG protein from P. aleyrodidarum in SSA1 with known NusG structures showed the deletion resulted in a shorter D loop. Conclusions: The use of field-collected specimens means time and money will be saved in future studies using single whitefly transcriptomes in monitoring vector and viral interactions. Our method is applicable to any small organism where RNA quantity has limited transcriptome studies.
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13
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Kawuki RS, Kaweesi T, Esuma W, Pariyo A, Kayondo IS, Ozimati A, Kyaligonza V, Abaca A, Orone J, Tumuhimbise R, Nuwamanya E, Abidrabo P, Amuge T, Ogwok E, Okao G, Wagaba H, Adiga G, Alicai T, Omongo C, Bua A, Ferguson M, Kanju E, Baguma Y. Eleven years of breeding efforts to combat cassava brown streak disease. Breed Sci 2016; 66:560-571. [PMID: 27795681 PMCID: PMC5010303 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.16005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) production is currently under threat from cassava brown streak disease (CBSD), a disease that is among the seven most serious obstacles to world's food security. Three issues are of significance for CBSD. Firstly, the virus associated with CBSD, has co-evolved with cassava outside its center of origin for at least 90 years. Secondly, that for the last 74 years, CBSD was only limited to the low lands. Thirdly, that most research has largely focused on CBSD epidemiology and virus diversity. Accordingly, this paper focuses on CBSD genetics and/or breeding and hence, presents empirical data generated in the past 11 years of cassava breeding in Uganda. Specifically, this paper provides: 1) empirical data on CBSD resistance screening efforts to identify sources of resistance and/or tolerance; 2) an update on CBSD resistance population development comprising of full-sibs, half-sibs and S1 families and their respective field performances; and 3) insights into chromosomal regions and genes involved in CBSD resistance based on genome wide association analysis. It is expected that this information will provide a foundation for harmonizing on-going CBSD breeding efforts and consequently, inform the future breeding interventions aimed at combating CBSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Sezi Kawuki
- National Crops Resources Research Institute,
9 km Gayaza-Zirobwe Road, P.O. Box 7084, Kampala,
Uganda
| | - Tadeo Kaweesi
- National Crops Resources Research Institute,
9 km Gayaza-Zirobwe Road, P.O. Box 7084, Kampala,
Uganda
| | - Williams Esuma
- National Crops Resources Research Institute,
9 km Gayaza-Zirobwe Road, P.O. Box 7084, Kampala,
Uganda
| | - Anthony Pariyo
- National Crops Resources Research Institute,
9 km Gayaza-Zirobwe Road, P.O. Box 7084, Kampala,
Uganda
| | - Ismail Siraj Kayondo
- National Crops Resources Research Institute,
9 km Gayaza-Zirobwe Road, P.O. Box 7084, Kampala,
Uganda
| | - Alfred Ozimati
- National Crops Resources Research Institute,
9 km Gayaza-Zirobwe Road, P.O. Box 7084, Kampala,
Uganda
| | - Vincent Kyaligonza
- National Crops Resources Research Institute,
9 km Gayaza-Zirobwe Road, P.O. Box 7084, Kampala,
Uganda
| | - Alex Abaca
- National Crops Resources Research Institute,
9 km Gayaza-Zirobwe Road, P.O. Box 7084, Kampala,
Uganda
| | - Joseph Orone
- National Crops Resources Research Institute,
9 km Gayaza-Zirobwe Road, P.O. Box 7084, Kampala,
Uganda
| | - Robooni Tumuhimbise
- National Crops Resources Research Institute,
9 km Gayaza-Zirobwe Road, P.O. Box 7084, Kampala,
Uganda
| | - Ephraim Nuwamanya
- National Crops Resources Research Institute,
9 km Gayaza-Zirobwe Road, P.O. Box 7084, Kampala,
Uganda
| | - Philip Abidrabo
- National Crops Resources Research Institute,
9 km Gayaza-Zirobwe Road, P.O. Box 7084, Kampala,
Uganda
| | - Teddy Amuge
- National Crops Resources Research Institute,
9 km Gayaza-Zirobwe Road, P.O. Box 7084, Kampala,
Uganda
| | - Emmanuel Ogwok
- National Crops Resources Research Institute,
9 km Gayaza-Zirobwe Road, P.O. Box 7084, Kampala,
Uganda
| | - Geoffrey Okao
- National Crops Resources Research Institute,
9 km Gayaza-Zirobwe Road, P.O. Box 7084, Kampala,
Uganda
| | - Henry Wagaba
- National Crops Resources Research Institute,
9 km Gayaza-Zirobwe Road, P.O. Box 7084, Kampala,
Uganda
| | - Gerald Adiga
- National Crops Resources Research Institute,
9 km Gayaza-Zirobwe Road, P.O. Box 7084, Kampala,
Uganda
| | - Titus Alicai
- National Crops Resources Research Institute,
9 km Gayaza-Zirobwe Road, P.O. Box 7084, Kampala,
Uganda
| | - Christopher Omongo
- National Crops Resources Research Institute,
9 km Gayaza-Zirobwe Road, P.O. Box 7084, Kampala,
Uganda
| | - Anton Bua
- National Crops Resources Research Institute,
9 km Gayaza-Zirobwe Road, P.O. Box 7084, Kampala,
Uganda
| | - Morag Ferguson
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), C/o International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI),
P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100,
Kenya
| | - Edward Kanju
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA),
P.O. Box 34441, Dar es Salaam,
Tanzania
| | - Yona Baguma
- National Crops Resources Research Institute,
9 km Gayaza-Zirobwe Road, P.O. Box 7084, Kampala,
Uganda
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