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Ooi TC, Nordin FJ, Rahmat NS, Abdul Halim SN'A, Sarip R, Chan KM, Rajab NF. Genotoxicity and apoptotic effect of silver(I) complexes with mixed-ligands of thiosemicarbazones and diphenyl(p-tolyl)phosphine on malignant melanoma cells, SK-MEL-28. Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen 2023; 886:503581. [PMID: 36868695 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2022.503581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Complexes of coinage metals can potentially be used as alternatives to platinum-based chemotherapeutic drugs. Silver is a coinage metal that can potentially improve the spectrum of efficacy in various cancers treatment, such as malignant melanoma. Melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer that is often diagnosed in young and middle-aged adults. Silver has high reactivity with skin proteins and can be developed as a malignant melanoma treatment modality. Therefore, this study aims to identify the anti-proliferative and genotoxic effects of silver(I) complexes with mixed-ligands of thiosemicarbazones and diphenyl(p-tolyl)phosphine ligands in the human melanoma SK-MEL-28 cell line. The anti-proliferative effects of a series of silver(I) complex compounds labelled as OHBT, DOHBT, BrOHBT, OHMBT, and BrOHMBT were evaluated on SK-MEL-28 cells by using the Sulforhodamine B assay. Then, DNA damage analysis was performed in a time-dependent manner (30 min, 1 h and 4 h) by using alkaline comet assay to investigate the genotoxicity of OHBT and BrOHMBT at their respective IC50 values. The mode of cell death was studied using Annexin V-FITC/PI flow cytometry assay. Our current findings demonstrated that all silver(I) complex compounds showed good anti-proliferative activity. The IC50 values of OHBT, DOHBT, BrOHBT, OHMBT, and BrOHMBT were 2.38 ± 0.3 μM, 2.70 ± 0.17 μM, 1.34 ± 0.22 μM, 2.82 ± 0.45 μM, and 0.64 ± 0.04 μM respectively. Then, DNA damage analysis showed that OHBT and BrOHMBT could induce DNA strand breaks in a time-dependent manner, with OHBT being more prominent than BrOHMBT. This effect was accompanied by apoptosis induction in SK-MEL-28, as evaluated using Annexin V-FITC/PI assay. In conclusion, silver(I) complexes with mixed-ligands of thiosemicarbazones and diphenyl(p-tolyl)phosphine exerted anti-proliferative activities by inhibiting cancer cell growth, inducing significant DNA damage and ultimately resulting in apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theng Choon Ooi
- Biomedical Science Program, Center for Healthy Ageing and Wellness, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fariza Juliana Nordin
- Biomedical Science Program, Center for Healthy Ageing and Wellness, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nur Sakina Rahmat
- Biomedical Science Program, Center for Healthy Ageing and Wellness, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Rozie Sarip
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kok Meng Chan
- Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nor Fadilah Rajab
- Biomedical Science Program, Center for Healthy Ageing and Wellness, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Lai JW, Maah MJ, Tan KW, Sarip R, Lim YAL, Ganguly R, Khaw LT, Ng CH. Dinuclear and mononuclear metal(II) polypyridyl complexes against drug-sensitive and drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum and their mode of action. Malar J 2022; 21:386. [PMID: 36528584 PMCID: PMC9758846 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04406-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria remains one of the most virulent and deadliest parasitic disease in the world, particularly in Africa and Southeast Asia. Widespread occurrence of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains from the Greater Mekong Subregion is alarming. This hinders the national economies, as well as being a major drawback in the effective control and elimination of malaria worldwide. Clearly, an effective anti-malarial drug is urgently needed. METHODS The dinuclear and mononuclear copper(II) and zinc(II) complexes were synthesized in ethanolic solution and characterized by various physical measurements (FTIR, CHN elemental analysis, solubility, ESI-MS, UV-Visible, conductivity and magnetic moment, and NMR). X-ray crystal structure of the dicopper(II) complex was determined. The in vitro haemolytic activities of these metal complexes were evaluated spectroscopically on B+ blood while the anti-malarial potency was performed in vitro on blood stage drug-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 (Pf3D7) and artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum IPC5202 (Pf5202) with fluorescence dye. Mode of action of metal complexes were conducted to determine the formation of reactive oxygen species using PNDA and DCFH-DA dyes, JC-1 depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential, malarial 20S proteasome inhibition with parasite lysate, and morphological studies using Giemsa and Hoechst stains. RESULTS Copper(II) complexes showed anti-malarial potency against both Pf3D7 and Pf5202 in sub-micromolar to micromolar range. The zinc(II) complexes were effective against Pf3D7 with excellent therapeutic index but encountered total resistance against Pf5202. Among the four, the dinuclear copper(II) complex was the most potent against both strains. The zinc(II) complexes caused no haemolysis of RBC while copper(II) complexes induced increased haemolysis with increasing concentration. Further mechanistic studies of both copper(II) complexes on both Pf3D7 and Pf5202 strains showed induction of ROS, 20S malarial proteasome inhibition, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and morphological features indicative of apoptosis. CONCLUSION The dinuclear [Cu(phen)-4,4'-bipy-Cu(phen)](NO3)4 is highly potent and can overcome the total drug-resistance of Pf5202 towards chloroquine and artemisinin. The other three copper(II) and zinc(II) complexes were only effective towards the drug-sensitive Pf3D7, with the latter causing no haemolysis of RBC. Their mode of action involves multiple targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wei Lai
- grid.10347.310000 0001 2308 5949Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Jamil Maah
- grid.10347.310000 0001 2308 5949Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kong Wai Tan
- grid.10347.310000 0001 2308 5949Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rozie Sarip
- grid.10347.310000 0001 2308 5949Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yvonne Ai Lian Lim
- grid.10347.310000 0001 2308 5949Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rakesh Ganguly
- grid.410868.30000 0004 1781 342XShiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Loke Tim Khaw
- grid.411729.80000 0000 8946 5787Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, International Medical University, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chew Hee Ng
- grid.411729.80000 0000 8946 5787Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Lai JW, Maah MJ, Sarip R, Lim YAL, Tim KL, Ng CH. Potency of copper(II) complexes towards drug-sensitive and -resistant Plasmodium falciparum: structure-activity relationship, ROS-generation and proteasome inhibition. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ismail NA, Salman AA, Mohd Yusof MS, Che Soh SK, Kadir Pahirulzaman KA, Ali HM, Sarip R. Synthesis, cytotoxicity and antineoplastic activities of novel acridine-based platinum(II) organometallic complexes. J Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2019.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Abdul Halim SN'A, Nordin FJ, Mohd Abd Razak MR, Mohd Sofyan NRF, Abdul Halim SN, Rajab NF, Sarip R. Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of silver(I) complexes with mixed-ligands of thiosemicarbazones and diphenyl(p-tolyl)phosphine as biological agents. J COORD CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2019.1577400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Nor Fadilah Rajab
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rozie Sarip
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Molkenova A, Sarip R, Sathasivam S, Umek P, Vallejos S, Blackman C, Hogarth G, Sankar G. Single-step co-deposition of nanostructured tungsten oxide supported gold nanoparticles using a gold-phosphine cluster complex as the gold precursor. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2014; 15:065004. [PMID: 27877734 PMCID: PMC5090393 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/15/6/065004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of a molecular gold organometallic cluster in chemical vapour deposition is reported, and it is utilized, together with a tungsten oxide precursor, for the single-step co-deposition of (nanostructured) tungsten oxide supported gold nanoparticles (NPs). The deposited gold-NP and tungsten oxide supported gold-NP are highly active catalysts for benzyl alcohol oxidation; both show higher activity than SiO2 supported gold-NP synthesized via a solution-phase method, and tungsten oxide supported gold-NP show excellent selectivity for conversion to benzaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anara Molkenova
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, WC1H 0AJ London, UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
| | - Rozie Sarip
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, WC1H 0AJ London, UK
| | - Sanjay Sathasivam
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, WC1H 0AJ London, UK
| | - Polona Umek
- Solid State Physics Department, Jožef Stefan Institute, Slovenia
| | - Stella Vallejos
- Solid State Physics Department, Jožef Stefan Institute, Slovenia
- SIX Research Center, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 12, CZ-61600 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Chris Blackman
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, WC1H 0AJ London, UK
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, 17–19 Gordon Street, WC1H 0AH London, UK
| | - Graeme Hogarth
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, WC1H 0AJ London, UK
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London,Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, SE1 1DB London, UK
| | - Gopinathan Sankar
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, WC1H 0AJ London, UK
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Kilmartin J, Sarip R, Grau-Crespo R, Di Tommaso D, Hogarth G, Prestipino C, Sankar G. Following the Creation of Active Gold Nanocatalysts from Phosphine-Stabilized Molecular Clusters. ACS Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/cs2006263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Kilmartin
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London
WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Rozie Sarip
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London
WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Ricardo Grau-Crespo
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London
WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Devis Di Tommaso
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London
WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Graeme Hogarth
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London
WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Carmelo Prestipino
- Sciences Chimiques de Rennes UMR 6226, Matériaux Inorganiques, Chimie
Douce et Réactivité (MICDR), Campus de Beaulieu, Bât
10B F-35042 Rennes, France
| | - Gopinathan Sankar
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London
WC1H 0AJ, U.K
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Cheah YH, Nordin FJ, Sarip R, Tee TT, Azimahtol HLP, Sirat HM, Rashid BAA, Abdullah NR, Ismail Z. Combined xanthorrhizol-curcumin exhibits synergistic growth inhibitory activity via apoptosis induction in human breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231. Cancer Cell Int 2009; 9:1. [PMID: 19118501 PMCID: PMC2630298 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-9-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 01/02/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background It has been suggested that combined effect of natural products may improve the treatment effectiveness in combating proliferation of cancer cells. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the possibility that the combination of xanthorrhizol and curcumin might show synergistic growth inhibitory effect towards MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells via apoptosis induction. The effective dose that produced 50% growth inhibition (GI50) was calculated from the log dose-response curve of fixed-combinations of xanthorrhizol and curcumin generated from the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. The experimental GI50 value was used to determine the synergistic activity of the combination treatment by isobolographic analysis and combination-index method. Further investigation of mode of cell death induced by the combination treatment was conducted in the present study. Results Isobole analysis revealed that substances interaction was synergistic when xanthorrhizol and curcumin were added concurrently to the cultures but merely additive when they were added sequentially. The synergistic combination treatment was then applied to the cultures to investigate the mode of cell death induced by the treatment. Immunofluorescence staining using antibody MitoCapture™ revealed the possibility of altered mitochondrial transmembrane potential, which is one of the hallmark of apoptosis. Hoechst 33258 nuclear staining assay showed the rate of apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 cells to increase in response to the treatment. Apoptotic cell death was further confirmed by DNA fragmentation assay, where internucleosomal excision of DNA was induced upon treatment with xanthorrhizol-curcumin. Conclusion This is the first time the combined cytotoxic effect of xanthorrhizol and curcumin on MDA-MB-231 cells has been documented and our findings provide experimental support to the hypothesis that combined xanthorrhizol-curcumin showed synergistic growth inhibitory activity on MDA-MB-231 cells via apoptosis induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yew Hoong Cheah
- Bioassay Unit, Herbal Medicine Research Center, Institute for Medical Research, Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University of Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fariza Juliana Nordin
- Bioassay Unit, Herbal Medicine Research Center, Institute for Medical Research, Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University of Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rozie Sarip
- Bioassay Unit, Herbal Medicine Research Center, Institute for Medical Research, Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Thiam Tsui Tee
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University of Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hawariah Lope Pihie Azimahtol
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University of Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hasnah M Sirat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 80310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Badrul Amini Abd Rashid
- Phytochemistry Unit, Herbal Medicine Research Center, Institute for Medical Research, Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noor Rain Abdullah
- Bioassay Unit, Herbal Medicine Research Center, Institute for Medical Research, Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zakiah Ismail
- Bioassay Unit, Herbal Medicine Research Center, Institute for Medical Research, Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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