A Study of Clinical Manifestations and their Association with Antinuclear Antibodies in Various Autoimmune Connective Tissue Disorders

Background

Autoimmune connective tissue diseases (AICTD) present with a myriad of clinical manifestations, including cutaneous. These disorders occur because of immune dysregulation that produces autoantibodies targeting connective tissue and internal organs. Screening these autoantibodies not only aids in the diagnosis but also in predicting specific organ involvement and the risk of complications related to the disease.

Aims

This study was conducted (a) to study various cutaneous and systemic manifestations of AICTD, (b) to study the antinuclear antibody (ANA) profile and (c) to determine the association between systemic manifestations and antinuclear antibodies.

Methodology

Thirty cases of autoimmune connective tissue disease were recruited for the study. A physical examination, clinical profile and ANA profile were done.

Results

Nonscarring alopecia (83.3%) was the commonest cutaneous manifestation noted, followed by photosensitivity (73.3%). The most common system affected was musculoskeletal (67%), followed by renal (40%). Anti-dsDNA antibodies were significantly associated with musculoskeletal involvement (85%) with a P value of 0.038 and anti-Sm antibodies with neurological involvement (87%), followed by renal involvement (75%) with a P value of 0.018 and 0.001, respectively. Anti-SCL 70 antibodies were significantly associated with lung involvement (75%), with a P value of 0.009 and the presence of anti-SS-A antibodies with cardiovascular involvement (40%) with a P value of 0.014.

Conclusion

Antinuclear antibodies are diagnostic as well as prognostic biomarkers for AICTD and contribute to precision medicine. These antibodies serve as markers to pursue involvement of organs, which in turn helps the treating physician to choose appropriate preventive measures.