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Henpita C, Vyas R, Healy CL, Kieu TL, Gurkar AU, Yousefzadeh MJ, Cui Y, Lu A, Angelini LA, O'Kelly RD, McGowan SJ, Chandrasekhar S, Vanderpool RR, Hennessy‐Wack D, Ross MA, Bachman TN, McTiernan C, Pillai SPS, Ladiges W, Lavasani M, Huard J, Beer‐Stolz D, St. Croix CM, Watkins SC, Robbins PD, Mora AL, Kelley EE, Wang Y, O'Connell TD, Niedernhofer LJ. Loss of DNA repair mechanisms in cardiac myocytes induce dilated cardiomyopathy. Aging Cell 2023; 22:e13782. [PMID: 36734200 PMCID: PMC10086531 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyopathy is a progressive disease of the myocardium leading to impaired contractility. Genotoxic cancer therapies are known to be potent drivers of cardiomyopathy, whereas causes of spontaneous disease remain unclear. To test the hypothesis that endogenous genotoxic stress contributes to cardiomyopathy, we deleted the DNA repair gene Ercc1 specifically in striated muscle using a floxed allele of Ercc1 and mice expressing Cre under control of the muscle-specific creatinine kinase (Ckmm) promoter or depleted systemically (Ercc1-/D mice). Ckmm-Cre+/- ;Ercc1-/fl mice expired suddenly of heart disease by 7 months of age. As young adults, the hearts of Ckmm-Cre+/- ;Ercc1-/fl mice were structurally and functionally normal, but by 6-months-of-age, there was significant ventricular dilation, wall thinning, interstitial fibrosis, and systolic dysfunction indicative of dilated cardiomyopathy. Cardiac tissue from the tissue-specific or systemic model showed increased apoptosis and cardiac myocytes from Ckmm-Cre+/- ;Ercc1-/fl mice were hypersensitive to genotoxins, resulting in apoptosis. p53 levels and target gene expression, including several antioxidants, were increased in cardiac tissue from Ckmm-Cre+/- ;Ercc1-/fl and Ercc1-/D mice. Despite this, cardiac tissue from older mutant mice showed evidence of increased oxidative stress. Genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of p53 attenuated apoptosis and improved disease markers. Similarly, overexpression of mitochondrial-targeted catalase improved disease markers. Together, these data support the conclusion that DNA damage produced endogenously can drive cardiac disease and does so mechanistically via chronic activation of p53 and increased oxidative stress, driving cardiac myocyte apoptosis, dilated cardiomyopathy, and sudden death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chathurika Henpita
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Institute on the Biology of Aging and MetabolismUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Rajesh Vyas
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Institute on the Biology of Aging and MetabolismUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
- Department of Molecular MedicineScripps Research InstituteJupiterFloridaUSA
| | - Chastity L. Healy
- Department of Integrative Biology and PhysiologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Tra L. Kieu
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Institute on the Biology of Aging and MetabolismUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Aditi U. Gurkar
- Department of Molecular MedicineScripps Research InstituteJupiterFloridaUSA
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Aging InstituteUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Matthew J. Yousefzadeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Institute on the Biology of Aging and MetabolismUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
- Department of Molecular MedicineScripps Research InstituteJupiterFloridaUSA
| | - Yuxiang Cui
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of California, RiversideRiversideCaliforniaUSA
| | - Aiping Lu
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Steadman Philippon Research InstituteVailColoradoUSA
| | - Luise A. Angelini
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Institute on the Biology of Aging and MetabolismUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
- Department of Molecular MedicineScripps Research InstituteJupiterFloridaUSA
| | - Ryan D. O'Kelly
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Institute on the Biology of Aging and MetabolismUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
- Department of Molecular MedicineScripps Research InstituteJupiterFloridaUSA
| | - Sara J. McGowan
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Institute on the Biology of Aging and MetabolismUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
- Department of Molecular MedicineScripps Research InstituteJupiterFloridaUSA
| | - Sanjay Chandrasekhar
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Institute on the Biology of Aging and MetabolismUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Rebecca R. Vanderpool
- Division of Cardiology, Heart and Vascular InstituteUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Danielle Hennessy‐Wack
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Institute on the Biology of Aging and MetabolismUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Mark A. Ross
- Center for Biologic ImagingUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Timothy N. Bachman
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Charles McTiernan
- Division of Cardiology, Heart and Vascular InstituteUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | | | - Warren Ladiges
- Department of Comparative MedicineUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Mitra Lavasani
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Physical Medicine and RehabilitationNorthwestern University and Shirley Ryan Ability LabChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Johnny Huard
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Steadman Philippon Research InstituteVailColoradoUSA
| | - Donna Beer‐Stolz
- Center for Biologic ImagingUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Cell BiologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Claudette M. St. Croix
- Center for Biologic ImagingUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Cell BiologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Simon C. Watkins
- Center for Biologic ImagingUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Cell BiologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Paul D. Robbins
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Institute on the Biology of Aging and MetabolismUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
- Department of Molecular MedicineScripps Research InstituteJupiterFloridaUSA
| | - Ana L. Mora
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, College of MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Eric E. Kelley
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyWest Virginia UniversityMorgantownWest VirginiaUSA
| | - Yinsheng Wang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of California, RiversideRiversideCaliforniaUSA
| | - Timothy D. O'Connell
- Department of Integrative Biology and PhysiologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Laura J. Niedernhofer
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Institute on the Biology of Aging and MetabolismUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
- Department of Molecular MedicineScripps Research InstituteJupiterFloridaUSA
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Camell CD, Yousefzadeh MJ, Zhu Y, Prata LGPL, Huggins MA, Pierson M, Zhang L, O'Kelly RD, Pirtskhalava T, Xun P, Ejima K, Xue A, Tripathi U, Espindola-Netto JM, Giorgadze N, Atkinson EJ, Inman CL, Johnson KO, Cholensky SH, Carlson TW, LeBrasseur NK, Khosla S, O'Sullivan MG, Allison DB, Jameson SC, Meves A, Li M, Prakash YS, Chiarella SE, Hamilton SE, Tchkonia T, Niedernhofer LJ, Kirkland JL, Robbins PD. Senolytics reduce coronavirus-related mortality in old mice. Science 2021; 373:science.abe4832. [PMID: 34103349 PMCID: PMC8607935 DOI: 10.1126/science.abe4832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a state elicited in response to stress signals and is associated with a damaging secretory phenotype. The number of senescent cells increases with advanced age and this in turn drives age-related diseases. Camell et al. show that senescent cells have an amplified inflammatory response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (see the Perspective by Cox and Lord). This response is communicated to nonsenescent cells, suppressing viral defense mechanisms and increasing the expression of viral entry proteins. In old mice infected with a SARS-CoV-2–related virus, treatment with senolytics to reduce the senolytic cell burden reduced mortality and increased antiviral antibodies. Science, abe4832, this issue p. eabe4832; see also abi4474, p. 281 INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 pandemic revealed enhanced vulnerability of the elderly and chronically ill to adverse outcomes upon severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Senescence is a cell fate elicited by cellular stress that results in changes in gene expression, morphology, metabolism, and resistance to apoptosis. Senescent cells (SnCs) secrete pro-inflammatory factors, called the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). SnCs accumulate with age and drive chronic inflammation. In human cells and tissues and using a new infection paradigm, we asked whether SnCs are a cause of adverse outcomes of infection with aging. This is relevant because SnCs can be selectively eliminated in vivo with a new class of therapeutics called senolytics, potentially affording a new approach to treat COVID-19. RATIONALE We hypothesized that SnCs, because of their pro-inflammatory SASP, might have a heightened response to pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) factors, resulting in increased risk of cytokine storm and multi-organ failure. To test this, we treated senescent and nonsenescent human cells with the PAMPs lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S1) and measured the SASP and its effect on non-SnCs. Similarly, old and progeroid mice were challenged with LPS, and we measured the SASP. Previously, we created a “normal microbial experience” (NME) for mice by transmitting environmental pathogens to specified-pathogen–free (SPF) mice through exposure to pet store mice or their bedding. The first pathogen transferred was mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), a β-coronavirus closely related to SARS-CoV-2. NME rapidly killed aged SPF mice known to have an increased burden of SnCs compared with young SPF mice, which survive NME. This afforded an experimental paradigm to test whether senolytics blunt adverse outcomes in β-coronavirus infection. RESULTS Human endothelial SnCs became hyperinflammatory in response to challenge with LPS and S1, relative to non-SnCs. The PAMP-elicited secretome of SnCs caused increased expression of viral entry proteins and reduced expression of antiviral genes in nonsenescent human endothelial and lung epithelial cells, and the proximity of these events was established in human lung biopsies. Treatment of old mice with LPS significantly increased SASP expression in several organs relative to young mice, confirming our hypothesis in vivo. Similarly, old mice exposed to NME displayed a significant multi-organ increase in SnCs and the SASP, impaired immune response to MHV, and 100% mortality, whereas inoculation with antibodies against MHV before NME afforded complete rescue of mortality. Treating old mice with the senolytic fisetin, which selectively eliminates SnCs after NME reduced mortality by 50%, reduced expression of inflammatory proteins in serum and tissue and improved the immune response. This was confirmed with a second senolytic regimen, Dasatinib plus Quercetin, as well as genetic ablation of SnCs in aged mice, establishing SnCs as a cause of adverse outcomes in aged organisms exposed to a new viral pathogen. CONCLUSION SnCs amplify susceptibility to COVID-19 and pathogen-induced hyperinflammation. Reducing SnC burden in aged mice reduces mortality after pathogen exposure, including a β-coronavirus. Our findings strongly support the Geroscience hypothesis that therapeutically targeting fundamental aging mechanisms improves resilience in the elderly, with alleviation of morbidity and mortality due to pathogenic stress. This suggests that senolytics might protect others vulnerable to adverse COVID-19 outcomes in whom increased SnCs occur (such as in obesity or numerous chronic diseases). The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed the pronounced vulnerability of the elderly and chronically ill to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)–induced morbidity and mortality. Cellular senescence contributes to inflammation, multiple chronic diseases, and age-related dysfunction, but effects on responses to viral infection are unclear. Here, we demonstrate that senescent cells (SnCs) become hyper-inflammatory in response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), including SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-1, increasing expression of viral entry proteins and reducing antiviral gene expression in non-SnCs through a paracrine mechanism. Old mice acutely infected with pathogens that included a SARS-CoV-2–related mouse β-coronavirus experienced increased senescence and inflammation, with nearly 100% mortality. Targeting SnCs by using senolytic drugs before or after pathogen exposure significantly reduced mortality, cellular senescence, and inflammatory markers and increased antiviral antibodies. Thus, reducing the SnC burden in diseased or aged individuals should enhance resilience and reduce mortality after viral infection, including that of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina D Camell
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Matthew J Yousefzadeh
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Yi Zhu
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Matthew A Huggins
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and Center of Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mark Pierson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and Center of Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ryan D O'Kelly
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Tamar Pirtskhalava
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Pengcheng Xun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Keisuke Ejima
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Ailing Xue
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Utkarsh Tripathi
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Nino Giorgadze
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Atkinson
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Christina L Inman
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kurt O Johnson
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Stephanie H Cholensky
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Timothy W Carlson
- Masonic Cancer Center Comparative Pathology Shared Resource, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Nathan K LeBrasseur
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sundeep Khosla
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - M Gerard O'Sullivan
- Masonic Cancer Center Comparative Pathology Shared Resource, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - David B Allison
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Stephen C Jameson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and Center of Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Ming Li
- Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Y S Prakash
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sergio E Chiarella
- Division of Allergic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sara E Hamilton
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and Center of Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Tamara Tchkonia
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. .,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Laura J Niedernhofer
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - James L Kirkland
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. .,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Paul D Robbins
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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4
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Yousefzadeh MJ, Flores RR, Zhu Y, Schmiechen ZC, Brooks RW, Trussoni CE, Cui Y, Angelini L, Lee KA, McGowan SJ, Burrack AL, Wang D, Dong Q, Lu A, Sano T, O'Kelly RD, McGuckian CA, Kato JI, Bank MP, Wade EA, Pillai SPS, Klug J, Ladiges WC, Burd CE, Lewis SE, LaRusso NF, Vo NV, Wang Y, Kelley EE, Huard J, Stromnes IM, Robbins PD, Niedernhofer LJ. An aged immune system drives senescence and ageing of solid organs. Nature 2021; 594:100-105. [PMID: 33981041 PMCID: PMC8684299 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03547-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ageing of the immune system, or immunosenescence, contributes to the morbidity and mortality of the elderly1,2. To define the contribution of immune system ageing to organism ageing, here we selectively deleted Ercc1, which encodes a crucial DNA repair protein3,4, in mouse haematopoietic cells to increase the burden of endogenous DNA damage and thereby senescence5-7 in the immune system only. We show that Vav-iCre+/-;Ercc1-/fl mice were healthy into adulthood, then displayed premature onset of immunosenescence characterized by attrition and senescence of specific immune cell populations and impaired immune function, similar to changes that occur during ageing in wild-type mice8-10. Notably, non-lymphoid organs also showed increased senescence and damage, which suggests that senescent, aged immune cells can promote systemic ageing. The transplantation of splenocytes from Vav-iCre+/-;Ercc1-/fl or aged wild-type mice into young mice induced senescence in trans, whereas the transplantation of young immune cells attenuated senescence. The treatment of Vav-iCre+/-;Ercc1-/fl mice with rapamycin reduced markers of senescence in immune cells and improved immune function11,12. These data demonstrate that an aged, senescent immune system has a causal role in driving systemic ageing and therefore represents a key therapeutic target to extend healthy ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Yousefzadeh
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Rafael R Flores
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Yi Zhu
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Zoe C Schmiechen
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Robert W Brooks
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Christy E Trussoni
- Division of Gastroenterology, Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Yuxiang Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Luise Angelini
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kyoo-A Lee
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sara J McGowan
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Adam L Burrack
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Qing Dong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Aiping Lu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tokio Sano
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Ryan D O'Kelly
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Collin A McGuckian
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jonathan I Kato
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Michael P Bank
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Erin A Wade
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | | | - Jenna Klug
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Warren C Ladiges
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christin E Burd
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sara E Lewis
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Nicholas F LaRusso
- Division of Gastroenterology, Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Nam V Vo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yinsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Eric E Kelley
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Johnny Huard
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ingunn M Stromnes
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Paul D Robbins
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Laura J Niedernhofer
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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