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Butt MA, Piramidowicz R. Orthogonal mode couplers for plasmonic chip based on metal-insulator-metal waveguide for temperature sensing application. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3474. [PMID: 38347117 PMCID: PMC10861480 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54244-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work, a plasmonic sensor based on metal-insulator-metal (MIM) waveguide for temperature sensing application is numerically investigated via finite element method (FEM). The resonant cavity filled with PDMS polymer is side-coupled to the MIM bus waveguide. The sensitivity of the proposed device is ~ - 0.44 nm/°C which can be further enhanced to - 0.63 nm/°C by embedding a period array of metallic nanoblocks in the center of the cavity. We comprehend the existence of numerous highly attractive and sensitive plasmonic sensor designs, yet a notable gap exists in the exploration of light coupling mechanisms to these nanoscale waveguides. Consequently, we introduced an attractive approach: orthogonal mode couplers designed for plasmonic chips, which leverage MIM waveguide-based sensors. The optimized transmission of the hybrid system including silicon couplers and MIM waveguide is in the range of - 1.73 dB to - 2.93 dB for a broad wavelength range of 1450-1650 nm. The skillful integration of these couplers not only distinguishes our plasmonic sensor but also positions it as a highly promising solution for an extensive array of sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Butt
- Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ryszard Piramidowicz
- Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662, Warsaw, Poland.
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Łabaj F, Kalwas J, Piramidowicz R. Design and development of a miniature mid-infrared linear variable filter based spectrometer for environmental sensing. Opt Express 2023; 31:37583-37596. [PMID: 38017885 DOI: 10.1364/oe.497564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Miniaturized, energy-efficient and application-specific spectral sensing systems promise to be a highly sought-after technology in the coming years, with potential applications in areas such as: distributed sensor systems, IoT devices, mobile autonomous platforms, and many others. We present in this work the design, construction and measurement results of a compact, mid-infrared spectrometer working in the 3 - 4 µm spectral region, attractive for applications requiring the identification of polymer materials. The spectrometer is based on linear-variable filters (LVF) combined with an uncooled HgCdTe linear-detector array (LDA). The design and architecture of the device is described and discussed in the context of miniaturization challenges and constraints. Measured spectra of thin polyimide and polystyrene foils are presented to prove the applicability of the developed device to polymer materials detection and identification.
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Shahbaz M, Butt MA, Piramidowicz R. Breakthrough in Silicon Photonics Technology in Telecommunications, Biosensing, and Gas Sensing. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:1637. [PMID: 37630173 PMCID: PMC10456798 DOI: 10.3390/mi14081637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Silicon photonics has been an area of active research and development. Researchers have been working on enhancing the integration density and intricacy of silicon photonic circuits. This involves the development of advanced fabrication techniques and novel designs to enable more functionalities on a single chip, leading to higher performance and more efficient systems. In this review, we aim to provide a brief overview of the recent advancements in silicon photonic devices employed for telecommunication and sensing (biosensing and gas sensing) applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhammad A. Butt
- Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warszawa, Poland
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Butt MA, Kozłowski Ł, Piramidowicz R. Numerical scrutiny of a silica-titania-based reverse rib waveguide with vertical and rounded sidewalls. Appl Opt 2023; 62:1296-1302. [PMID: 36821230 DOI: 10.1364/ao.480856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a modal analysis of reverse rib waveguide (RRW) structures based on a silica-titania platform is carried out. The silica-titania waveguide films can be deposited via the sol-gel method and dip-coating technique. To combine this low-cost deposition technique with the economical fabrication method, we propose to structure the samples via wet-chemical etching. Due to the isotropic nature of wet etching, the waveguide architecture with rounded sidewalls is considered to model the RRW. Additionally, the modal conditions and bending loss are compared with the RRW with vertical sidewalls. It is assumed that this study will be beneficial for comprehending the modal conditions of waveguide structures with perfectly vertical and rounded sidewalls.
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Łyszczek R, Vlasyuk D, Podkościelna B, Głuchowska H, Piramidowicz R, Jusza A. A Top-Down Approach and Thermal Characterization of Luminescent Hybrid BPA.DA-MMA@Ln 2L 3 Materials Based on Lanthanide(III) 1H-Pyrazole-3,5-Dicarboxylates. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:8826. [PMID: 36556638 PMCID: PMC9786596 DOI: 10.3390/ma15248826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, novel hybrid materials exhibiting luminescent properties were prepared and characterized. A top-down approach obtained a series of polymeric materials with incorporated different amounts (0.1; 0.2; 0.5; 1, and 2 wt.%) of dopants, i.e., europium(III) and terbium(III) 1H-pyrazole-3,5-dicarboxylates, as luminescent sources. Methyl methacrylate and bisphenol A diacrylate monomers were applied for matrix formation. The resulting materials were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermal analysis methods (TG-DTG-DSC, TG-FTIR) in air and nitrogen atmosphere, as well as by luminescence spectroscopy. The homogeneity of the resulting materials was investigated by means of optical microscopy. All obtained materials exhibited good thermal stability in both oxidizing and inert atmospheres. The addition of lanthanide(III) complexes slightly changed the thermal decomposition pathways. The main volatile products of materials pyrolysis are carbon oxides, water, methyl methacrylic acid and its derivatives, bisphenol A, 4-propylphenol, and methane. The luminescence properties of the lanthanide complexes and the prepared hybrid materials were investigated in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Łyszczek
- Department of General and Coordination Chemistry and Crystallography, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie–Skłodowska University, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej Sq. 2, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Dmytro Vlasyuk
- Department of General and Coordination Chemistry and Crystallography, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie–Skłodowska University, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej Sq. 2, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Beata Podkościelna
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie–Skłodowska University, Gliniana 33, 20-614 Lublin, Poland
| | - Halina Głuchowska
- Department of General and Coordination Chemistry and Crystallography, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie–Skłodowska University, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej Sq. 2, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ryszard Piramidowicz
- Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Jusza
- Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
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Butt MA, Tyszkiewicz C, Karasiński P, Zięba M, Kaźmierczak A, Zdończyk M, Duda Ł, Guzik M, Olszewski J, Martynkien T, Bachmatiuk A, Piramidowicz R. Optical Thin Films Fabrication Techniques-Towards a Low-Cost Solution for the Integrated Photonic Platform: A Review of the Current Status. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:4591. [PMID: 35806715 PMCID: PMC9267219 DOI: 10.3390/ma15134591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In the past few decades, several methods concerning optical thin films have been established to facilitate the development of integrated optics. This paper provides a brief depiction of different techniques for implementing optical waveguide thin films that involve chemical, physical, and refractive index modification methods. Recent advances in these fabrication methods are also been presented. Most of the methods developed for the realization of the thin-films are quite efficient, but they are expensive and require sophisticated equipment. The major interest of the scientists is to develop simple and cost-effective methods for mass production of optical thin films resulting in the effective commercialization of the waveguide technology. Our research group is focused on developing a silica-titania optical waveguide platform via the sol-gel dip-coating method and implementing active and passive optical elements via the wet etching method. We are also exploring the possibility of using nanoimprint lithography (NIL) for patterning these films so that the fabrication process is efficient and economical. The recent developments of this platform are discussed. We believe that silica-titania waveguide technology developed via the sol-gel dip-coating method is highly attractive and economical, such that it can be commercialized for applications such as sensing and optical interconnects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad A. Butt
- Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warszawa, Poland; (A.K.); (R.P.)
| | - Cuma Tyszkiewicz
- Department of Optoelectronics, Silesian University of Technology, ul. B. Krzywoustego 2, 44-110 Gliwice, Poland; (C.T.); (P.K.); (M.Z.)
| | - Paweł Karasiński
- Department of Optoelectronics, Silesian University of Technology, ul. B. Krzywoustego 2, 44-110 Gliwice, Poland; (C.T.); (P.K.); (M.Z.)
| | - Magdalena Zięba
- Department of Optoelectronics, Silesian University of Technology, ul. B. Krzywoustego 2, 44-110 Gliwice, Poland; (C.T.); (P.K.); (M.Z.)
| | - Andrzej Kaźmierczak
- Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warszawa, Poland; (A.K.); (R.P.)
| | - Maria Zdończyk
- Lukasiewicz Research Network-PORT Polish Center for Technology Development, Stablowicka 147, 54-066 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.Z.); (Ł.D.); (M.G.); (A.B.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Łukasz Duda
- Lukasiewicz Research Network-PORT Polish Center for Technology Development, Stablowicka 147, 54-066 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.Z.); (Ł.D.); (M.G.); (A.B.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Guzik
- Lukasiewicz Research Network-PORT Polish Center for Technology Development, Stablowicka 147, 54-066 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.Z.); (Ł.D.); (M.G.); (A.B.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jacek Olszewski
- Department of Optics and Photonics, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.O.); (T.M.)
| | - Tadeusz Martynkien
- Department of Optics and Photonics, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.O.); (T.M.)
| | - Alicja Bachmatiuk
- Lukasiewicz Research Network-PORT Polish Center for Technology Development, Stablowicka 147, 54-066 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.Z.); (Ł.D.); (M.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Ryszard Piramidowicz
- Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warszawa, Poland; (A.K.); (R.P.)
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Butt MA, Tyszkiewicz C, Karasiński P, Zięba M, Hlushchenko D, Baraniecki T, Kaźmierczak A, Piramidowicz R, Guzik M, Bachmatiuk A. Development of a low-cost silica-titania optical platform for integrated photonics applications. Opt Express 2022; 30:23678-23694. [PMID: 36225043 DOI: 10.1364/oe.460318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates a highly attractive platform for an optical waveguide system based on silica-titania material. The paper is organized into two parts. In the first part, an experimental study on the development of an optical waveguide system is conducted via the sol-gel dip-coating method, and the optical characterization of the waveguide system is performed at a visible wavelength. This system is capable of operating from visible to near-IR wavelength ranges. The experimental results prove the dominance of this waveguide platform due to its low-cost, low loss, and easy to develop integrated optics systems. The numerical analysis of a one-dimensional Photonic crystal waveguide optical filter based on the silica-titania platform is considered in the second part of the paper by utilizing the 2D-finite element method (2D-FEM). A Fabry-Perot structure is also analyzed for refractive index sensing applications. We believe that the results presented in this work will be valuable in the realization of low-cost photonic integrated circuits based on the silica-titania platform.
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Lelit M, Słowikowski M, Filipiak M, Juchniewicz M, Stonio B, Michalak B, Pavłov K, Myśliwiec M, Wiśniewski P, Kaźmierczak A, Anders K, Stopiński S, Beck RB, Piramidowicz R. Passive Photonic Integrated Circuits Elements Fabricated on a Silicon Nitride Platform. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:ma15041398. [PMID: 35207939 PMCID: PMC8877649 DOI: 10.3390/ma15041398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The fabrication processes for silicon nitride photonic integrated circuits evolved from microelectronics components technology—basic processes have common roots and can be executed using the same type of equipment. In comparison to that of electronics components, passive photonic structures require fewer manufacturing steps and fabricated elements have larger critical dimensions. In this work, we present and discuss our first results on design and development of fundamental building blocks for silicon nitride integrated photonic platform. The scope of the work covers the full design and manufacturing chain, from numerical simulations of optical elements, design, and fabrication of the test structures to optical characterization and analysis the results. In particular, technological processes were developed and evaluated for fabrication of the waveguides (WGs), multimode interferometers (MMIs), and arrayed waveguide gratings (AWGs), which confirmed the potential of the technology and correctness of the proposed approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Lelit
- Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland; (M.S.); (B.S.); (M.M.); (P.W.); (A.K.); (K.A.); (S.S.); (R.B.B.); (R.P.)
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland; (M.F.); (M.J.); (B.M.); (K.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mateusz Słowikowski
- Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland; (M.S.); (B.S.); (M.M.); (P.W.); (A.K.); (K.A.); (S.S.); (R.B.B.); (R.P.)
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland; (M.F.); (M.J.); (B.M.); (K.P.)
| | - Maciej Filipiak
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland; (M.F.); (M.J.); (B.M.); (K.P.)
| | - Marcin Juchniewicz
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland; (M.F.); (M.J.); (B.M.); (K.P.)
| | - Bartłomiej Stonio
- Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland; (M.S.); (B.S.); (M.M.); (P.W.); (A.K.); (K.A.); (S.S.); (R.B.B.); (R.P.)
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland; (M.F.); (M.J.); (B.M.); (K.P.)
| | - Bartosz Michalak
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland; (M.F.); (M.J.); (B.M.); (K.P.)
| | - Krystian Pavłov
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland; (M.F.); (M.J.); (B.M.); (K.P.)
| | - Marcin Myśliwiec
- Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland; (M.S.); (B.S.); (M.M.); (P.W.); (A.K.); (K.A.); (S.S.); (R.B.B.); (R.P.)
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland; (M.F.); (M.J.); (B.M.); (K.P.)
| | - Piotr Wiśniewski
- Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland; (M.S.); (B.S.); (M.M.); (P.W.); (A.K.); (K.A.); (S.S.); (R.B.B.); (R.P.)
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland; (M.F.); (M.J.); (B.M.); (K.P.)
| | - Andrzej Kaźmierczak
- Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland; (M.S.); (B.S.); (M.M.); (P.W.); (A.K.); (K.A.); (S.S.); (R.B.B.); (R.P.)
| | - Krzysztof Anders
- Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland; (M.S.); (B.S.); (M.M.); (P.W.); (A.K.); (K.A.); (S.S.); (R.B.B.); (R.P.)
| | - Stanisław Stopiński
- Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland; (M.S.); (B.S.); (M.M.); (P.W.); (A.K.); (K.A.); (S.S.); (R.B.B.); (R.P.)
| | - Romuald B. Beck
- Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland; (M.S.); (B.S.); (M.M.); (P.W.); (A.K.); (K.A.); (S.S.); (R.B.B.); (R.P.)
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland; (M.F.); (M.J.); (B.M.); (K.P.)
| | - Ryszard Piramidowicz
- Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland; (M.S.); (B.S.); (M.M.); (P.W.); (A.K.); (K.A.); (S.S.); (R.B.B.); (R.P.)
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Krej M, Osuch T, Anuszkiewicz A, Stopinski S, Anders K, Matuk K, Weigl A, Tarasow E, Piramidowicz R, Dziuda L. Deep learning-based method for the continuous detection of heart rate in signals from a multi-fiber Bragg grating sensor compatible with magnetic resonance imaging. Biomed Opt Express 2021; 12:7790-7806. [PMID: 35003867 PMCID: PMC8713690 DOI: 10.1364/boe.441932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A method for the continuous detection of heart rate (HR) in signals acquired from patients using a sensor mat comprising a nine-element array of fiber Bragg gratings during routine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedures is proposed. The method is based on a deep learning neural network model, which learned from signals acquired from 153 MRI patients. In addition, signals from 343 MRI patients were used for result verification. The proposed method provides automatic continuous extraction of HR with the root mean square error of 2.67 bpm, and the limits of agreement were -4.98-5.45 bpm relative to the reference HR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Krej
- Military Institute of Aviation Medicine, Department of Psychophysiological Measurements and Human Factor Research, Krasinskiego 54/56, 01-755 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Osuch
- Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology, Institute of Electronic Systems, Warsaw University of Technology, Nowowiejska 15/19, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland
- National Institute of Telecommunications, Szachowa 1, 04-894 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Anuszkiewicz
- Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology, Institute of Electronic Systems, Warsaw University of Technology, Nowowiejska 15/19, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland
- Lukasiewicz Research Network - Institute of Microelectronics and Photonics, Photonic Materials Group, al. Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stanisław Stopinski
- Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology, Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Anders
- Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology, Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Matuk
- TMS Diagnostyka Sp. z o.o., Wiertnicza 84, 02-952 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Weigl
- TMS Diagnostyka Sp. z o.o., Wiertnicza 84, 02-952 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Eugeniusz Tarasow
- TMS Diagnostyka Sp. z o.o., Wiertnicza 84, 02-952 Warsaw, Poland
- Medical University of Bialystok, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Kilinskiego 1, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ryszard Piramidowicz
- Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology, Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lukasz Dziuda
- Military Institute of Aviation Medicine, Department of Psychophysiological Measurements and Human Factor Research, Krasinskiego 54/56, 01-755 Warsaw, Poland
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Butt MA, Kaźmierczak A, Tyszkiewicz C, Karasiński P, Piramidowicz R. Mode Sensitivity Exploration of Silica-Titania Waveguide for Refractive Index Sensing Applications. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21227452. [PMID: 34833527 PMCID: PMC8624600 DOI: 10.3390/s21227452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a novel and cost-effective photonic platform based on silica–titania material is discussed. The silica–titania thin films were grown utilizing the sol–gel dip-coating method and characterized with the help of the prism-insertion technique. Afterwards, the mode sensitivity analysis of the silica–titania ridge waveguide is investigated via the finite element method. Silica–titania waveguide systems are highly attractive due to their ease of development, low fabrication cost, low propagation losses and operation in both visible and near-infrared wavelength ranges. Finally, a ring resonator (RR) sensor device was modelled for refractive index sensing applications, offering a sensitivity of 230 nm/RIU, a figure of merit (FOM) of 418.2 RIU−1, and Q-factor of 2247.5 at the improved geometric parameters. We believe that the abovementioned integrated photonics platform is highly suitable for high-performance and economically reasonable optical sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad A. Butt
- Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warszawa, Poland; (A.K.); (R.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrzej Kaźmierczak
- Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warszawa, Poland; (A.K.); (R.P.)
| | - Cuma Tyszkiewicz
- Silesian University of Technology, Department of Optoelectronics, Krzywoustego 2, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (C.T.); (P.K.)
| | - Paweł Karasiński
- Silesian University of Technology, Department of Optoelectronics, Krzywoustego 2, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (C.T.); (P.K.)
| | - Ryszard Piramidowicz
- Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warszawa, Poland; (A.K.); (R.P.)
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Khonina SN, Kazanskiy NL, Butt MA, Kaźmierczak A, Piramidowicz R. Plasmonic sensor based on metal-insulator-metal waveguide square ring cavity filled with functional material for the detection of CO 2 gas. Opt Express 2021; 29:16584-16594. [PMID: 34154218 DOI: 10.1364/oe.423141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a straightforward and highly sensitive design of a CO2 gas sensor is numerically investigated using the finite element method. The sensor is based on a plasmonic metal-insulator-metal (MIM) waveguide side coupled to a square ring cavity filled with polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) functional material. The refractive index of the functional material changes when exposed to the CO2 and that change is linearly proportional to the concentration of the gas. The sensors based on surface plasmon polariton (SPP) waves are highly sensitive due to the strong interaction of the electromagnetic wave with the matter. By utilizing PHMB polymer in the MIM waveguide plasmonic sensor provides a platform that offers the highest sensitivity of 135.95 pm/ppm which cannot be obtained via optical sensors based on silicon photonics. The sensitivity reported in this work is ∼7 times higher than reported in the previous works. Therefore, we believe that the results presented in this paper are exceedingly beneficial for the realization of the sensors for the detection of toxic gases by employing different functional materials.
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Komorowski P, Czerwińska P, Surma M, Zagrajek P, Piramidowicz R, Siemion A. Three-focal-spot terahertz diffractive optical element-iterative design and neural network approach. Opt Express 2021; 29:11243-11253. [PMID: 33820240 DOI: 10.1364/oe.418059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The redistribution of an incoming radiation into several beams is necessary in telecommunication to demultiplex data signals. In the terahertz spectral range, it can be realized by easy-to-manufacture diffractive optical elements (DOEs) allowing to focus the radiation into multiple focal spots in a single plane. In this article, we present diffractive optical elements focusing THz radiation into three focal spots. Different focal spot distributions (symmetric and asymmetric) are designed using an iterative algorithm. The phase distribution forming asymmetric focal spots can be realized by iterative design, which is a novel approach, to our knowledge. Then, the structures are manufactured using a sintering-based 3D-printing method from polyamide 12 (PA 12) and measured in an experimental setup for 150 GHz frequency. A novel approach based on neural networks (NNs) is proposed to optimize the phase delay maps of the structures to further improve their performance - the higher efficiency and the lower unwanted background noise.
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Tenderenda T, Szostkiewicz L, Stanczyk T, Bienkowska B, Kunicki D, Murawski M, Mergo P, Piramidowicz R, Nasilowski T. Analysis of phase sensitivity to longitudinal strain in microstructured optical fibers. Opt Express 2017; 25:12216-12221. [PMID: 28786580 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.012216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the influence of air holes on phase sensitivity in microstructured optical fibers to longitudinal strain. According to the numerical simulations performed, large air holes in close proximity to a fiber core introduce significant compression stress to the core, which results in an increase in the effective refractive index sensitivity to longitudinal strain. The theoretical investigation is verified by an experiment performed on four fibers drawn from the same preform and differentiated by air hole diameter. We show that introducing properly designed air holes can lead to a considerable increase in normalized effective refractive index sensitivity to axial strain from -0.21 ε-1 (for traditional single mode fiber) to -0.14 ε-1.
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Szczodrowski K, Chruścińska A, Barzowska J, Przegiętka K, Anders K, Piramidowicz R, Grinberg M. Influence of Ti4+ on the long lasting luminescence of Sr2SiO4:Eu2+. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra09999d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sr2Si0.95Ti0.05O4:Eu2+ phosphor was synthesized using titanium modified silica SBA-15 or titania as titanium precursors via a solid state synthesis method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Szczodrowski
- Institute of Experimental Physics
- University of Gdańsk
- 80-952 Gdańsk
- Poland
| | - Alicja Chruścińska
- Institute of Physics
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics
- Nicolaus Copernicus University
- 87-100 Torun
- Poland
| | - Justyna Barzowska
- Institute of Experimental Physics
- University of Gdańsk
- 80-952 Gdańsk
- Poland
| | - Krzysztof Przegiętka
- Institute of Physics
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics
- Nicolaus Copernicus University
- 87-100 Torun
- Poland
| | - Krzysztof Anders
- Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics
- Warsaw University of Technology
- 00-662 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Ryszard Piramidowicz
- Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics
- Warsaw University of Technology
- 00-662 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Marek Grinberg
- Institute of Experimental Physics
- University of Gdańsk
- 80-952 Gdańsk
- Poland
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Barzowska J, Szczodrowski K, Grinberg M, Mahlik S, Anders K, Piramidowicz R, Zorenko Y. Time evolution of luminescence of Sr₂SiO₄:Eu²⁺. J Phys Condens Matter 2013; 25:425501. [PMID: 24077336 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/25/42/425501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this contribution, the photoluminescence, time-resolved luminescence and luminescence kinetics of α'-Sr2SiO4:Eu(2+) are studied. The luminescence of Sr2SiO4:Eu(2+) consists of two broad bands, peaked at 490 nm (blue-green) and 570 nm (yellow-orange), which originate from two luminescence centers, related to Eu(2+) in ten-coordinated SI and nine-coordinated SII sites, respectively. Based on spectroscopic data the energetic structure of Sr2SiO4:Eu(2+) has been developed, which includes the bands edges, energies of Eu(2+) in the SI and SII sites and energies of strontium and oxygen vacancies. To investigate the long-lasting luminescence phenomenon in Sr2SiO4:Eu(2+) the temperature influence on the time evolution of luminescence was analyzed. It has been found that the long-lasting luminescence is related to the Eu(2+) in SII site. The shallowest traps responsible for emission decaying within a few seconds are tentatively attributed to the [Eu(3+)(SII)-[Formula: see text]] centers. The depth of traps responsible for the long-lasting luminescence observed at room temperature has been estimated as equal 0.73 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Barzowska
- Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 57, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland
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Fidelus JD, Barczak M, Michalak K, Fekner Z, Duzyńska A, Jusza A, Piramidowicz R, Monty CJ, Suchocki A. Microstructural and optical characterization of TiO2 doped with ytterbium synthesized by sol-gel and Solar physical vapor deposition process. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2012; 12:3760-3765. [PMID: 22852304 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2012.6152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Pure and ytterbium doped TiO2 nanopowders in anatase phase have been prepared by sol-gel method (SGM) and Solar Physical Vapour Deposition process (SPVD). The physico-chemical parameters of the nanopowders have been described based on the results of micro-structural characterization performed by X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and nitrogen sorption measurements. Thus, final micro-structural properties of SGM and SPVD titania nanopowders have been compared in detail revealing significant changes in the structure and morphology of these two types of materials. Addition of ytterbium had no significant effect on above-mentioned properties, although it modifies significantly the optical properties of the investigated materials. The luminescent properties of developed material were found to be comparable to bulk oxide materials and better than these reported earlier for ytterbium doped titania. In particular it has been shown that the luminescence of SPVD nanopowders is significantly stronger than this of SGM samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz D Fidelus
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warszawa, Poland
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Dudek M, Jusza A, Anders K, Lipińska L, Baran M, Piramidowicz R. Luminescent properties of praseodymium doped Y2O3 and LaAlO3 nanocrystallites and polymer composites. J RARE EARTH 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1002-0721(10)60610-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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