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Tsujita Y, Uno A, Sekizawa R, Yamamoto K, Sueyasu F. Classifying jobs towards power-aware HPC system operation through long-term log analysis. Array 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.array.2022.100179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Furukawa K, Mitsutake H, Aso R, Sekizawa R, Okanda T, Hayashi K, Matsumoto T, Nakamura S. Usefulness of a newly developed high-speed polymerase chain reaction analysis system for the diagnosis of Clostridioides difficile infection. J Infect Chemother 2021; 27:715-721. [PMID: 33402305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2020.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The incidence of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) has been continuously increasing and thereby became an important issue worldwide. Appropriate diagnosis, management, and infection control are required for patients with CDI. Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) is a widely used standard diagnostic tool for C. difficile-specific glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and C. difficile toxins (toxins A and B). However, the sensitivity of EIA in detecting C. difficile toxins has been reported to be relatively low, resulting in CDI underdiagnosis. Therefore, nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) are recently developed for higher sensitivity/specificity test. METHODS In this study, a total of 279 stool samples submitted for CDI diagnosis were examined using an independently developed new high-speed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) device (PathOC RightGene, Metaboscreen). In parallel, results were compared with those of definitive diagnosis and conventional diagnostic methods (EIA, real-time PCR) to assess the inspection accuracy. RESULTS PathOC RightGene showed high sensitivity (96.7%) and specificity (96.7%). Regarding the measurement time, C. difficile-specific and C. difficile toxin genes were simultaneously detected in approximately 25 min for one sample (including the preprocessing and measurement time). CONCLUSION PathOC RightGene has been found to show both excellent sensitivity and rapidity and thus can be used for the reliable and early diagnosis, which are needed for the appropriate management of CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Furukawa
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Infectious Diseases, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Ryoko Aso
- Metaboscreen Company, Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Takashi Okanda
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Microbiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kuniyoshi Hayashi
- Graduate School of Public Health, St. Luke's International University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Matsumoto
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Infectious Diseases, International University of Health and Welfare, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shigeki Nakamura
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Okanda T, Mitsutake H, Aso R, Sekizawa R, Takemura H, Matsumoto T, Nakamura S. Rapid detection assay of toxigenic Clostridioides difficile through PathOC RightGene, a novel high-speed polymerase chain reaction device. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 99:115247. [PMID: 33188946 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid amplification tests for diagnosing Clostridioides difficile infections (CDI) are improving to become faster and more accurate. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of rapid detection of toxigenic C. difficile using the novel high-speed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) device, PathOC RightGene. These results were compared and evaluated with real-time PCR (qPCR) and enzyme immunoassays (EIA) kit. For this study, 102 C. difficile and 3 Clostridium species isolated from CDI patients were used. These C. difficile isolates were 85 toxigenic and 17 non-toxigenic strains. The results of qPCR served as a standard, and sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of the PathOC Right Gene were 99.2%, 99.4%, 100%, 98.8%, and 99.3%, respectively. Turnaround time of qPCR and EIA was 85 and 30 minutes, whereas PathOC RightGene was only 25 minutes including DNA extraction. This novel high-speed PCR device detected toxigenic C. difficile rapidly and accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Okanda
- Department of Microbiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan; Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | - Ryoko Aso
- Metaboscreen Co., Ltd., Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Hiromu Takemura
- Department of Microbiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Matsumoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita, Japan
| | - Shigeki Nakamura
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Yamamoto K, Uno A, Murai H, Tsukamoto T, Shoji F, Matsui S, Sekizawa R, Sueyasu F, Uchiyama H, Okamoto M, Ohgushi N, Takashina K, Wakabayashi D, Taguchi Y, Yokokawa M. The K computer Operations: Experiences and Statistics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procs.2014.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Matsumoto T, Yamaguchi T, Sekizawa R, Kuwata Y, Aso R, Mitsutake H, Fujimoto M, Tsuruta K. P153 Evaluation of a PCR assay for multiple detection of pathogens causing community-acquired pneumonia. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8579(13)70397-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Henares TG, Mizutani F, Sekizawa R, Hisamoto H. Single-drop analysis of various proteases in a cancer cell lysate using a capillary-assembled microchip. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:2507-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2105-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Revised: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Henares TG, Funano SI, Terabe S, Mizutani F, Sekizawa R, Hisamoto H. Multiple enzyme linked immunosorbent assay system on a capillary-assembled microchip integrating valving and immuno-reaction functions. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 589:173-9. [PMID: 17418178 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2006] [Revised: 02/18/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Multiple enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) chip is developed by using capillary-assembled microchip (CAs-CHIP) technique, which involves simple embedding of 2-3mm length of square capillaries possessing valving and immuno-reaction functions into the microchannels fabricated on a PDMS substrate. In contrast to the previously reported ELISA chips, our system enables not only the flexible design of the multi-ELISA chip required for many different diagnostic purposes, but also the valving operation required for a reliable analysis. Here, a thermo-responsive polymer-immobilized capillary was used together with a small Peltier device, as a valving part, and different antibody-immobilized capillaries were used as immuno-reaction part. Sample solution and detecting reagent solutions were sequentially introduced through the valving capillary, and the valve is closed to completely stop the solution flow inside the immuno-reaction capillaries and detected using thermal lens microscope (TLM). Different anti-IgGs (human, goat, chicken) were immobilized and used as ELISA parts of CAs-CHIP. Sequential introductions of the mixed IgG solution, mixed enzyme-antibody solution and substrate solution facilitated the multiple determinations of 0.1 ng mL(-1) IgGs (human, goat, chicken) with total analysis time of about 30 min. The valve-integrated multi-ELISA chip developed here can be applied for many different diagnostic purposes by using different immuno-reaction capillaries necessary for a specific clinical diagnostic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence G Henares
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
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Henares TG, Takaishi M, Yoshida N, Terabe S, Mizutani F, Sekizawa R, Hisamoto H. Integration of Multianalyte Sensing Functions on a Capillary-Assembled Microchip: Simultaneous Determination of Ion Concentrations and Enzymatic Activities by a “Drop-and-Sip” Technique. Anal Chem 2006; 79:908-15. [PMID: 17263315 DOI: 10.1021/ac061245i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A general and simple implementation of simultaneous multiparametric sensing in a single microchip is presented by using a capillary-assembled microchip (CAs-CHIP) integrated with the plural different reagent-release capillaries (RRCs), acting as various biochemical sensors. A novel "drop-and-sip" technique of fluid handling is performed with a microliter droplet of a model sample solution containing proteases (trypsin, chymotrypsin, thrombin, elastase) and divalent cations (Ca2+, Zn2+, Mg2+) that passes through the microchannel with the aid of a micropipette as a vacuum pump, concurrently filling each RRC via capillary force. To avert the evaporation of the nanoliter sample volume in each capillary, PDMS oil is dropped on the outlet hole of the CAs-CHIP exploiting the capillary force that results in spontaneous sealing of all the RRCs. In addition, this high-speed sample introduction alleviates the possibility of protein adsorption and capillary cross-contamination, allowing a reliable and multianalyte determination of a sample containing many different proteases and divalent cations by using the fluorescence image analysis. Presented results suggested the possible application of this microchip in the field of drug discovery and systems biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence G Henares
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
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Abstract
Tyropeptin A, a potent proteasome inhibitor not reported before, was produced by Kitasatospora sp. MK993-dF2. In this study, we investigated the effects of tyropeptin A on proteasome activity in PC12 cells. Tyropeptin A inhibited the intracellular proteasome activity in a dose-dependent way and seemed to cause neurite outgrowth. As expected, ubiquitinated proteins that should be substrates for the proteasome accumulated in cells treated with tyropeptin A. Hence, it appears that tyropeptin A can permeate into cells and there inhibit the intracellular proteasome activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isao Momose
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry, 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan.
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Sekizawa R, Ikeno S, Nakamura H, Naganawa H, Matsui S, Iinuma H, Takeuchi T. Panepophenanthrin, from a mushroom strain, a novel inhibitor of the ubiquitin-activating enzyme. J Nat Prod 2002; 65:1491-1493. [PMID: 12398550 DOI: 10.1021/np020098q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Screening for inhibitors of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, considered to regulate important cellular events and linked to serious diseases as well, led to isolation of a new compound, panepophenanthrin, from the fermented broth of a mushroom strain, Panus rudis Fr. IFO 8994. This is the first inhibitor of the ubiquitin-activating enzyme, which is indispensable for the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. The structure of panepophenanthrin was determined by NMR and X-ray crystallographic analyses as 1,3a,10-trihydroxy-10c-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbut-1-enyl)-5,5-dimethyl-1,2,3,3a,5,5a,8,9,10,10a,10b,10c-dodecahydro-4-oxa-2,3,8,9-diepoxyacephenanthrylen-7-one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Sekizawa
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry, 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan.
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Momose I, Sekizawa R, Hashizume H, Kinoshita N, Homma Y, Hamada M, Iinuma H, Takeuchi T. Tyropeptins A and B, new proteasome inhibitors produced by Kitasatospora sp. MK993-dF2. I. Taxonomy, isolation, physico-chemical properties and biological activities. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2001; 54:997-1003. [PMID: 11858671 DOI: 10.7164/antibiotics.54.997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tyropeptins A and B, new proteasome inhibitors, were isolated from the culture broth of Kitasatospora sp. MK993-dF2. They were purified using ethyl acetate extraction, silica gel column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and HPLC. Tyropeptin A inhibited the chymotrypsin-like (ChT-L) and trypsin-like (T-L) activities of 20S proteasome with IC50 values of 0.1 microg/ml and 1.5 microg/ml respectively, but did not inhibit the peptidylglutamyl-peptide hydrolyzing (PGPH) activity of 20S proteasome at a concentration of 100 microg/ml. The inhibitory activities of tyropeptin A were about two times as strong as that of tyropeptin B. Taxonomy of the producing strain is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Momose
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Tokyo, Japan.
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Momose I, Sekizawa R, Hirosawa S, Ikeda D, Naganawa H, Iinuma H, Takeuchi T. Tyropeptins A and B, new proteasome inhibitors produced by Kitasatospora sp. MK993-dF2. II. Structure determination and synthesis. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2001; 54:1004-12. [PMID: 11858653 DOI: 10.7164/antibiotics.54.1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The structures of tyropeptins A and B, new proteasome inhibitors produced by Kitasatospora sp. MK993-dF2, were determined by analysis of various NMR experiments. The 1H and 13C NMR of tyropeptins were complicated due to the presence of an aldehyde group. Therefore, tyropeptins were converted to their alcohols by sodium borohydride. These alcohol derivatives gave assignable NMR spectra. The stereochemistry of tyropeptins were determined by analysis of acid hydrolysis products from tyropeptins, and further confirmed by the total synthesis. The structures of tyropeptins A and B were found to be isovaleryl-L-tyrosyl-L-valyl-DL-tyrosinal and n-butyryl-L-tyrosyl-L-leucyl-DL-tyrosinal, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Momose
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Tokyo, Japan.
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Sekizawa R, Momose I, Kinoshita N, Naganawa H, Hamada M, Muraoka Y, Iinuma H, Takeuchi T. Isolation and structural determination of phepropeptins A, B, C, and D, new proteasome inhibitors, produced by Streptomyces sp. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2001; 54:874-81. [PMID: 11827028 DOI: 10.7164/antibiotics.54.874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have isolated four related compounds named phepropeptins A, B, C, and D, as inhibitors of proteasome proposed to regulate many cellular functions. From an NMR analysis, the phepropeptins appeared as cyclic hexapeptides, differing in the two residues of the constituent amino acids from one another, with four conserved amino acid moieties. Based on an amino acid analysis, we synthesized two possible cyclic peptides to phepropeptin B that differ in the configurations. A comparison of the properties between the natural and synthesized compounds revealed that the structure of phepropeptin B was cyclo(-L-Leu-D-Phe-L-Pro-L-Phe-D-Leu-L-Val-). The phepropeptins showed inhibition to the proteasomal chymotrypsin-like activity but not to alpha-chymotrypsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sekizawa
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Tokyo, Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hosokawa
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Tokyo, Japan
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Momose I, Sekizawa R, Hosokawa N, Iinuma H, Matsui S, Nakamura H, Naganawa H, Hamada M, Takeuchi T. Melleolides K, L and M, new melleolides from Armillariella mellea. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2000; 53:137-43. [PMID: 10805573 DOI: 10.7164/antibiotics.53.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Three new sesquiterpenoid aromatic esters designated melleolides K (1), L (2) and M (3) were isolated from the cultured mycelia of Armillariella mellea (Vahl. ex Fr.) Karst. Structures of these compounds were determined on the basis of various NMR spectral data, chemical transformations and X-ray analysis. Compounds 1, 2 and 3 showed antimicrobial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Momose
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Tokyo, Japan
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Tsuda M, Muraoka Y, Takeuchi T, Sekizawa R, Umezawa K. Stereospecific synthesis of a novel farnesyl protein transferase inhibitor, valinoctin A and its analogues. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1996; 49:1031-5. [PMID: 8968397 DOI: 10.7164/antibiotics.49.1031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
(2S,3R)-3-Amino-2-hydroxyoctanoic acid was synthesized by Curtius rearrangement of an azide derivative of (S)-malic acid. Total syntheses of valinoctin A and its analogues were achieved by a coupling of (2S, 3R)-3-amino-2-hydroxyoctanoic acid moiety with L-valine or several other amino acids moieties. 2S configuration of 3-amino-2-hydroxyoctanoic acid moiety was found to be important for the inhibitory activity and the L-valine moiety of valinoctin A was exchangeable with other L-amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tsuda
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Tokyo, Japan
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Sekizawa R, Iinuma H, Naganawa H, Hamada M, Takeuchi T, Yamaizumi J, Umezawa K. Isolation of novel saquayamycins as inhibitors of farnesyl-protein transferase. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1996; 49:487-90. [PMID: 8682727 DOI: 10.7164/antibiotics.49.487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Sekizawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
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Sekizawa R, Iinuma H, Muraoka Y, Naganawa H, Kinoshita N, Nakamura H, Hamada M, Takeuchi T, Umezawa K. Isolation and synthesis of novel farnesyl protein transferase inhibitors, valinoctins A and B, from Streptomyces strain MJ858-NF3. J Nat Prod 1996; 59:232-236. [PMID: 8882425 DOI: 10.1021/np960067t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Two novel farnesyl protein transferase inhibitors, valinoctins A (1) and B (2), were isolated from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces strain MJ858-NF3. The tentative structures of these compounds were elucidated from NMR and mass spectra as dipeptides consisting of valine and a novel amino acyl moiety. Four possible isomers of valinoctin A were synthesized, and the protected derivative of the appropriate compound was crystallized to give the relative stereochemistry of X-ray analysis. Since the valine residue of valinoctin A was determined to be the L-configuration by a chiral HPLC column, absolute configuration of valinoctin A was determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sekizawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
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Umezawa K, Tanaka K, Hori T, Abe S, Sekizawa R, Imoto M. Induction of morphological change by tyrosine kinase inhibitors in Rous sarcoma virus-transformed rat kidney cells. FEBS Lett 1991; 279:132-6. [PMID: 1704855 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(91)80267-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Erbstatin and methyl 2,5-dihydroxycinnamate, related tyrosine kinase inhibitors, induced a morphological change in temperature-sensitive Rous sarcoma virus-transformed rat kidney (RSVts-NRK) that brought the cells close to the morphology of their normal counterpart. Erbstatin did not change the morphology of normal or Kirsten sarcoma virus-transformed rat kidney cells. Erbstatin also inhibited morphological transformation of RSVts-NRK cells induced by a shifting in temperature. Actin stress fibres were observed only in normal cells and not in transformed cells. Erbstatin induced stress fibre organization in transformed cells. Erbstatin and methyl 2,5-dihydroxycinnamate increased fibronectin gene expression in RSV-transformed cells. Thus, tyrosine kinase inhibitors induced normal phenotypes specifically in v-src-expressing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Umezawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
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