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Pineau E, Grynko O, Thibault T, Alexandrov A, Csík A, Kökényesi S, Reznik A. Comparative Analysis of Multilayer Lead Oxide-Based X-ray Detector Prototypes. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:5998. [PMID: 36015758 PMCID: PMC9412672 DOI: 10.3390/s22165998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lead oxide (PbO) photoconductors are proposed as X-ray-to-charge transducers for the next generation of direct conversion digital X-ray detectors. Optimized PbO-based detectors have potential for utilization in high-energy and dynamic applications of medical X-ray imaging. Two polymorphs of PbO have been considered so far for imaging applications: polycrystalline lead oxide (poly-PbO) and amorphous lead oxide (a-PbO). Here, we provide the comparative analysis of two PbO-based single-pixel X-ray detector prototypes: one prototype employs only a layer of a-PbO as the photoconductor while the other has a combination of a-PbO and poly-PbO, forming a photoconductive bilayer structure of the same overall thickness as in the first prototype. We characterize the performance of these prototypes in terms of electron-hole creation energy (W±) and signal lag-major properties that define a material's suitability for low-dose real-time imaging. The results demonstrate that both X-ray photoconductive structures have an adequate temporal response suitable for real-time X-ray imaging, combined with high intrinsic sensitivity. These results are discussed in the context of structural and morphological properties of PbO to better understand the preparation-fabrication-property relationships of this material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Pineau
- Physics Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Oleksandr Grynko
- Physics Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Tristen Thibault
- Physics Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
| | | | - Attila Csík
- Institute for Nuclear Research, H-4026 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sándor Kökényesi
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Debrecen, H-4026 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Alla Reznik
- Physics Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
- Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 6V4, Canada
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Csarnovics I, Burunkova J, Sviazhina D, Oskolkov E, Alkhalil G, Orishak E, Nilova L, Szabó I, Rutka P, Bene K, Bácsi A, Kökényesi S. Development and Study of Biocompatible Polyurethane-Based Polymer-Metallic Nanocomposites. Nanotechnol Sci Appl 2020; 13:11-22. [PMID: 32280204 PMCID: PMC7127852 DOI: 10.2147/nsa.s245071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In this work we selected components, developed technology and studied a number of parameters of polymer nanocomposite materials, remembering that the material would have high optical and good mechanical characteristics, good sorption ability in order to ensure high value of the optical signal for a short time while maintaining the initial geometric shape. In addition, if this nanocomposite is used for medicine and biology (biocompatible or biocidal materials or the creation of a sensor based on it), the material must be non-toxic and/or biocompatible. We study the creation of polymer nanocomposites which may be applied as biocompatible materials with new functional parameters. MATERIAL AND METHODS A number of polymer nanocomposites based on various urethane-acrylate monomers and nanoparticles of gold, silicon oxides, zinc and/or titanium oxides are obtained, their mechanical (microhardness) properties and wettability (contact angle) are studied. The set of required, biology-related properties of these materials, such as toxicity and sorption of microorganisms are also investigated in order to prove their possible applicability. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The composition of the samples influences their microhardness and the value of contact angle, which means that varying with the monomer and the metallic, oxide nanoparticles composition, we could change these parameters. Besides it, the set of required, biology-related properties of these materials, such as toxicity and sorption of microorganisms were also investigated in order to prove their possible applicability. It was shown that the materials are non-toxic, the adhesion of microorganisms on their surface also could be varied by changing their composition. CONCLUSION The presented polymer nanocomposites with different compositions of monomer and the presence of nanoparticles in them are prospective material for a possible bio-application as it is biocompatible, not toxic. The sorption of microorganism could be varied depending on the type of bacterias, the monomer composition, and nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Csarnovics
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Julia Burunkova
- International Scientific and Research Institute of Bioengineering, School of Photonics, ITMO University, St., Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Danara Sviazhina
- International Scientific and Research Institute of Bioengineering, School of Photonics, ITMO University, St., Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Evgeniy Oskolkov
- International Scientific and Research Institute of Bioengineering, School of Photonics, ITMO University, St., Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - George Alkhalil
- International Scientific and Research Institute of Bioengineering, School of Photonics, ITMO University, St., Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Elena Orishak
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, North-Western State Medical University Named After I.I. Mechnikov, St., Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Ludmila Nilova
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, North-Western State Medical University Named After I.I. Mechnikov, St., Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - István Szabó
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Péter Rutka
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Bene
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Bácsi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sándor Kökényesi
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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