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Kathirvalu G, Chandramathi S, S A A, Atiya N, Begum S, Christophe W, Sulaiman M, Abdullah N, Mani RR, Jindal HM, Zulkipli M. Antibacterial and antibiotic potentiating capabilities of extracts isolated from Burkillanthus malaccensis, Diospyros hasseltii and Cleisthanthus bracteosus against human pathogenic bacteria. Trop Biomed 2023; 40:152-159. [PMID: 37650400 DOI: 10.47665/tb.40.2.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics which once a boon in medicine and saved millions of lives are now facing an ever-growing menace of antibacterial resistance, which desperately needs new antibacterial drugs which are innovative in chemistry and mode of action. For many years, the world has turned to natural plants with antibacterial properties to combat antibiotic resistance. On that basis, we aimed to identify plants with antibacterial and antibiotic potentiating properties. Seventeen different extracts of 3 plants namely Burkillanthus malaccensis, Diospyros hasseltii and Cleisthanthus bracteosus were tested against multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). Antibacterial activity of hexane, methanol and chloroform extracts of bark, seed, fruit, flesh and leaves from these plants were tested using, disk diffusion assay, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assays. Antibiotic potentiating capabilities were tested using time-kill assay. B. malaccensis fruit chloroform extract showed the biggest zone of inhibition against MRSA (13.00±0.0 mm) but C. bracteosus bark methanol extract showed the biggest inhibition zone against MSSA (15.33±0.6 mm). Interestingly, bark methanol extract of C. bracteosus was active against MRSA (8.7±0.6 mm), MSSA (7.7±0.6 mm) (Gram-positive) and A. baumannii (7.7±0.6 mm) (Gram-negative). Overall, the leaf methanol and bark methanol extract of C. bracteosus warrants further investigation such as compound isolation and mechanism of action for validating its therapeutic use as antibiotic potentiator importantly against MRSA and A. baumannii.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kathirvalu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - S Chandramathi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Azahar S A
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - N Atiya
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - S Begum
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - W Christophe
- Institute of Tropical Biology and Conservation, University Malaysia Sabah, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - M Sulaiman
- Chemistry Faculty, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - N Abdullah
- Natural Product Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), 52109 Kepong, Selangor
| | - R R Mani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - H M Jindal
- Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Florida, United States
| | - M Zulkipli
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor
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Zulpa AK, Barathan M, Iyadorai T, Chandramathi S, Vellasamy KM, Vadivelu J, Gan GG, Anuar NA. Release of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-6 by Burkholderia pseudomallei- stimulated peripheral blood mononucleocytes of acute myeloid leukemia patients. Trop Biomed 2021; 38:180-185. [PMID: 34172708 DOI: 10.47665/tb.38.2.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a malignant disease progressed from abnormal production of immature myeloid cells, which is often associated with concurrent infections after diagnosis. It was widely established that infections are the major contributors to mortality in this group due to the prevalency of neutropenia. Gram-negative Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis. This disease had been reported in several neutropenic cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy resulting in severe clinical presentations and high mortalities which is in need of critical attention. Studies show that cytokines are important mediators of melioidosis progression and low neutrophil counts are associated with progression of its severity. However, to date, there are no reports on cytokine production in neutropenic cancer patients who are prone to melioidosis. Hence, here we assessed the cytokine production in neutropenic AML patients by introducing B. pseudomallei to their peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) culture in vitro. We observed that inflammatory response related cytokines namely TNF-α, IFN-γ IL-6 and IL-10 were highly circulated in infected PBMCs suggesting that these cytokines may play important roles in the progression of severity in melioidosis infected neutropenic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Zulpa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - M Barathan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - T Iyadorai
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - S Chandramathi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - K M Vellasamy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - J Vadivelu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - G G Gan
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - N A Anuar
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
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Jindal HM, Chandramathi S, Sekaran SD, Suresh K. Evaluation of bactericidal and virucidal activity of novel disinfectant Aaride AGT-1 compared to other commercially available disinfectants against hospital-acquired infections (HAIs). Trop Biomed 2020; 37:626-636. [PMID: 33612777 DOI: 10.47665/tb.37.3.626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hand hygiene is the topmost crucial procedure to prevent hospital-acquired infections. Choosing an effective hand disinfectant is necessary in enforcing good hand hygiene practice especially in hospital settings. The aim of the study was to investigate the efficacy of Aaride AGT-1 as a hand disinfectant for the inhibition of pathogenic microorganisms' transmission among both patients and personnel in the health care system compared to other commercially available disinfectants. In the present study, a new hand disinfectant Aaride AGT-1 was tested against several bacterial and viral pathogens to evaluate its antimicrobial activity profile. The results revealed that Aaride AGT-1 displayed the highest antibacterial activity against five pathogenic bacteria including MRSA when compared to other commercially available hand sanitizers. Aaride AGT-1 showed the lowest percentage needed to inhibit the growth of bacterial pathogens. In addition, results obtained from time killing assay revealed that Aaride AGT-1 demonstrated the best killing kinetics, by eradicating the bacterial cells rapidly within 0.5 min with 6 log reduction (>99.99% killing). Also, Aaride AGT1 was able to reduce 100% plaque formed by three viruses namely HSV-1, HSV-2 and EV-71. In conclusion, Aaride AGT-1 is capable of killing wide-spectrum of pathogens including bacteria and viruses compared to other common disinfectants used in hospital settings. Aaride AGT-1's ability to kill both bacteria and viruses contributes as valuable addition to the hand disinfection portfolio.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Jindal
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - S Chandramathi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - S D Sekaran
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Mahsa University, 42610 Jenjarom, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - K Suresh
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Sheela DS, Chandramathi S, Suresh K. Epitope variances demonstrated by Blastocystis sp. ST3 symptomatic and asymptomatic isolates. Trop Biomed 2020; 37:210-217. [PMID: 33612732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Blastocystis sp. is an enteric protozoan parasite of humans and many animals. Blastocystis sp. subtype 3 (ST3) proves to be the highest frequency case in most populations around the world and it is further distinguished into symptomatic and asymptomatic isolates based on the clinical symptoms exhibited by infected individuals. Phenotypic and genotypic studies implicate the distinctiveness of this parasite which may describe its pathogenesis. However, the antigenic distinctiveness which describes the antibody mediated cell lysis of this parasite has not been explored. This study was aimed to identify the cross-reactivity and cytotoxicity effect between three isolates of symptomatic and asymptomatic Blastocystis sp. ST3 respectively. Antigen specificity and diversity of this parasite was performed by coculturing sera (10-fold dilution) obtained from mice immunised with Blastocystis sp. symptomatic and asymptomatic antigens and the respective Blastocystis sp. ST3 live cells through complement dependant cell cytotoxicity (CDC) assay. The results obtained has shown that, the sera (at 10-fold diluted concentration) from symptomatic and asymptomatic solubilised antigen immunised mice were able to specifically lyse the respective live parasites with an average percentage of 82% and 86% respectively. There were almost 50% crossreactivity observed between the three isolates of Blastocystis sp. ST3 from symptomatic and asymptomatic group proving high antigen diversity or rather low antigen specificity within the same group. However, there was only 17% cross-reactivity observed between the mice sera and parasitic cells of different groups (symptomatic vs asymptomatic isolates) suggesting high specificity between these two groups. We, for the first time have proven that through CDC analysis there were epitopes dissimilarities between Blastocystis sp. ST3 symptomatic and asymptomatic isolates which may allow the parasite to set up diverse immune modulations such as imbalanced Th1/Th2 responses in an infected host.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Sheela
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - S Chandramathi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - K Suresh
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Cherian T, Mahadevan P, Chandramathi S, Govindan J, Mathew IL. Increasing cancer incidence in a tertiary care hospital in a developing country, India. Indian J Cancer 2016; 52:133-8. [PMID: 26838001 DOI: 10.4103/0019-509x.175596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cancer is a major health problem in many countries including India. Since Cancer Registries are incomplete in India, only a few epidemiological studies have been done so far. The objective was to determine the leading causes of cancer in a tertiary care hospital and compare the incidences of different types of cancer with the incidences in India and developed countries. MATERIALS AND METHODS An epidemiological study was done to collect data from pathology records of 1003 cancer cases during 6-month period in the year 2010. The data was collected in a computer and the data was utilized to make tables and histograms. RESULTS Of the 1003 cases, the leading cancer site was breast, followed by colon and rectum, lymph node and stomach. The leading cancer site for men was colon and rectum and for women was breast. CONCLUSION Cancer incidence is now low in India, a developing country, compared to developed Western countries. However, some cancers, like breast and colon and rectum cancers are increasing every year. IMPACT The findings of this study support that cancer incidence is increasing in India and more epidemiological studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Cherian
- Department of Pathology, Lakeshore Hospital, Nettoor, Kochi, Kerala, India
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Padmanabhan SA, Chandramathi S. An efficient wavelet based video compress system based on the novel motion estimation algorithm. KES 2015. [DOI: 10.3233/kes-150314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - S. Chandramathi
- Department of Electronics, Sri Krishna College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, India
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Dhurga DB, Suresh KG, Tan TC, Chandramathi S. Apoptosis in Blastocystis spp. is related to subtype. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2012; 106:725-30. [PMID: 23141370 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that apoptosis-like features are observed in Blastocystis spp., an intestinal protozoan parasite, when exposed to the cytotoxic drug metronidazole (MTZ). This study reports that among the four subtypes of Blastocystis spp. investigated for rate of apoptosis when treated with MTZ, subtype 3 showed the highest significant increase after 72h of in vitro culture when treated with MTZ at 0.1mg/ml (79%; p<0.01) and 0.0001mg/ml (89%; p<0.001). The close correlation between viable cells and apoptotic cells for both dosages implies that the pathogenic potential of these isolates has been enhanced when treated with MTZ. This suggests that there is a mechanism in Blastocystis spp. that actually regulates the apoptotic process to produce higher number of viable cells when treated. Apoptosis may not just be programmed cell death but instead a mechanism to increase the number of viable cells to ensure survival during stressed conditions. The findings of the present study have an important contribution to influence chemotherapeutic approaches when developing drugs against the emerging Blastocystis spp. infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Dhurga
- Department of Parasitology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Chandramathi S, Suresh K, Kuppusamy UR. Elevated levels of urinary hyaluronidase in humans infected with intestinal parasites. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2010; 104:449-52. [PMID: 20819313 DOI: 10.1179/136485910x12743554760423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Chandramathi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Chandramathi S, Suresh KG, Mahmood AA, Kuppusamy UR. Urinary hyaluronidase activity in rats infected with Blastocystis hominis--evidence for invasion? Parasitol Res 2010; 106:1459-63. [PMID: 20358228 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-1825-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The fact whether Blastocystis hominis can invade has always been in question. Apart from a few sporadic studies such as that done on gnotobiotic guinea pigs which showed surface invasion and mucosal inflammation of the host's intestine caused by B. hominis infection, no real documentation of invasion has been proven. Studies have shown that hyaluronidase is secreted during the penetration into the host's skin and gut by nematode parasites. Hyaluronidase activity in protozoa namely Entamoeba histolytica has also been described previously. This study attempts to determine hyaluronidase in urine samples of B. hominis-infected rats. The presence of hyaluronidase in urine provides an indirect evidence of invasion by B. hominis into colonic epithelium causing the degradation of extracellular matrix proteins namely hyaluronic acid (HA). HA is depolymerized by hyaluronidase which may be used by organisms to invade one another. In this study, the levels of urinary hyaluronidase of Sprague-Dawley rats infected with B. hominis were monitored for 30 days. Hyaluronidase levels in the infected rats were significantly higher on days 28 and 30 compared to the day before inoculation (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). During this stage, parasitic burden in infected stools was also at a high level. Proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin-6 and interleukin-8, were also significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the serum of infected rats. The study demonstrates that since no other pathogen was present and that amoeboid forms of the parasites have been shown to exist previously, the elevated levels of hyaluronidase in this preliminary finding suggests that the organism is capable of having invasion or penetration activity in the hosts' intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chandramathi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Chandramathi S, Suresh K, Anita ZB, Kuppusamy UR. Comparative assessment of urinary oxidative indices in breast and colorectal cancer patients. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2008; 135:319-23. [PMID: 18758816 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-008-0462-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2007] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to use non-invasive methods to assess and compare the levels of oxidative indices and non-enzymatic antioxidants in breast and colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Various studies have reported on lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) levels in the serum of cancer patients but this is the first report that highlights the significance of urinary-advanced oxidative protein product (AOPP) in cancer patients. METHODS The levels of advanced oxidative protein product (AOPP), hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), malondialdehyde (MDA) which is a marker for lipid peroxidation and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were measured in urine samples of breast (n = 101) and colorectal cancer (n = 49) patients attending the Oncology Clinic, University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur and were compared with 95 age-matched healthy individuals. RESULTS AOPP, H(2)O(2) and MDA levels in the urine were significantly higher in the CRC patients compared to the control subjects and breast cancer patients. In breast cancer patients, only AOPP level was elevated. FRAP level did not differ between breast and colorectal cancer patients but the levels were significantly lower compared to control subjects. CONCLUSION Urinary oxidative indices such as AOPP, H(2)O(2), and MDA as well as FRAP could serve as useful non-invasive oxidative stress markers in colorectal cancer but only AOPP serves as a useful urinary oxidative biomarker in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chandramathi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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