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Cosgrove N, Vareslija D, Furney SJ, Oesterreich S, Lee AV, Couch FJ, Young LS. O43: CLINICAL IMPACT OF GENE FUSIONS IN BREAST CANCER BRAIN METASTASES. Br J Surg 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znab117.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
The incidence of brain metastases is increasing despite longer survival rates for patients with advanced breast cancer. The identification of novel therapeutic targets for these patients is an urgent unmet clinical need. Sequencing of metastatic tumours have largely focused on mutations however gene fusions have an important, yet underappreciated role in tumorigenesis and disease progression. In this study, we investigate the role of gene fusions in brain metastatic disease and their impact on altered therapeutic responses.
Method
RNA sequencing was performed on the largest reported cohort of patient matched primary and resected brain metastatic tumours (45 patients n=90 samples). Expressed gene fusions were detected computationally using STAR-Fusion and Arriba.
Result
We identified differential gene fusion burden in brain metastatic tumours (medium of 58) vs. primary breast tumours (medium of 38) (p < 0.05). Enrichment for fusions in pathways associated with tumour cell plasticity and proliferation with recurrent fusions in known cancer driver genes related to MAPK, HER signaling identified. Of note, a fusion in CDK12 is of clinical importance. Increased genomic alterations and over expression of CDK12 is associated with brain metastases free survival in an independent cohort of primary breast tumours with a recorded history of brain metastases. It has been proposed that inhibition of CDK12 may induce BRCAness in tumours making them sensitive to PARP inhibition.
Conclusion
These results highlight the significant role of gene fusions in breast cancer brain metastases.
Abbreviations
MAPK Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase, HER Human Epidermal Receptor, CDK12 Cyclin Dependent Kinase 12
Take-home message
We highlight the significant role of gene fusions in breast cancer brain metastases and offer specific actionable genomic alterations to be exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Cosgrove
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
| | - D Vareslija
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
| | - SJ Furney
- Genomic Oncology Research Group, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
| | - S Oesterreich
- Women's Cancer Research Center, Magee-Women's Research Institute, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - AV Lee
- Women's Cancer Research Center, Magee-Women's Research Institute, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - FJ Couch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
| | - LS Young
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
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2
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Lotz M, Budden T, Furney SJ, Virós A. Molecular subtype, biological sex and age shape melanoma tumour evolution. Br J Dermatol 2020; 184:328-337. [PMID: 32282938 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.19128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many cancer types display sex and age disparity in incidence and outcome. The mutational load of tumours, including melanoma, varies according to sex and age. However, there are no tools to explore systematically whether clinical variables such as age and sex determine the genomic landscape of cancer. OBJECTIVES To establish a mathematical approach using melanoma mutational data to analyse how sex and age shape the tumour genome. METHODS We model how age-related (clock-like) somatic mutations that arise during cell division, and extrinsic (environmental ultraviolet radiation) mutations accumulate in cancer genomes. RESULTS Melanoma is driven primarily by cell-intrinsic age-related mutations and extrinsic ultraviolet radiation-induced mutations, and we show that these mutation types differ in magnitude and chronology and by sex in the distinct molecular melanoma subtypes. Our model confirms that age and sex are determinants of cellular mutation rate, shaping the final mutation composition. We show mathematically for the first time how, similarly to noncancer tissues, melanoma genomes reflect a decline in cell division during ageing. We find that clock-like mutations strongly correlate with the acquisition of ultraviolet-induced mutations, but critically, men present a higher number and rate of cell-division-linked mutations. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that the contribution of environmental damage to melanoma likely extends beyond genetic damage to affect cell division. Sex and age determine the final mutational composition of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lotz
- Mathematics Institute, The University of Warwick, Warwick, UK
| | - T Budden
- Skin Cancer and Ageing Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - S J Furney
- Genomic Oncology Research Group, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A Virós
- Skin Cancer and Ageing Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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3
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Reynolds IS, Furney SJ, Kay EW, McNamara DA, Prehn JHM, Burke JP. Meta-analysis of the molecular associations of mucinous colorectal cancer. Br J Surg 2019; 106:682-691. [PMID: 30945755 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.11142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucinous differentiation occurs in 5-15 per cent of colorectal adenocarcinomas. This subtype of colorectal cancer responds poorly to chemoradiotherapy and has a worse prognosis. The genetic aetiology underpinning this cancer subtype lacks consensus. The aim of this study was to use meta-analytical techniques to clarify the molecular associations of mucinous colorectal cancer. METHODS This study adhered to MOOSE guidelines. Databases were searched for studies comparing KRAS, BRAF, microsatellite instability (MSI), CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP), p53 and p27 status between patients with mucinous and non-mucinous colorectal adenocarcinoma. A random-effects model was used for analysis. RESULTS Data from 46 studies describing 17 746 patients were included. Mucinous colorectal adenocarcinoma was associated positively with KRAS (odds ratio (OR) 1·46, 95 per cent c.i. 1·08 to 2·00, P = 0·014) and BRAF (OR 3·49, 2·50 to 4·87; P < 0·001) mutation, MSI (OR 3·98, 3·30 to 4·79; P < 0·001) and CIMP (OR 3·56, 2·85 to 4·43; P < 0·001), and negatively with altered p53 expression (OR 0·46, 0·31 to 0·67; P < 0·001). CONCLUSION The genetic origins of mucinous colorectal adenocarcinoma are predominantly associated with BRAF, MSI and CIMP pathways. This pattern of molecular alterations may in part explain the resistance to standard chemotherapy regimens seen in mucinous adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Reynolds
- Department of Surgery, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S J Furney
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - E W Kay
- Department Pathology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Pathology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - D A McNamara
- Department of Surgery, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J H M Prehn
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J P Burke
- Department of Surgery, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Walsh N, Gullo G, Quinn C, Furney SJ, Crown J. Abstract P3-06-13: Whole exome sequencing of HER2+ metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients (pts) with extraordinary durable complete responses (ExdCR) to trastuzumab (T). Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs18-p3-06-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Trastuzumab (T) has shown clinical efficacy in early-stage and MBC. However, within 1-year 40-50% develop resistance to T. The exact mechanism of the development of T resistance is not completely understood. Anecdotal observations suggest that a small fraction of patients with HER2+ MBC may be "extraordinary durable complete responders (ExdCR)". Indeed, we previously reported that 9% of MBC achieve dCR following T and chemotherapy. Understanding the genomic mechanisms underlying exceptional dCR to T may improve patient selection and treatment rationale to identify HER2+ MBC pts who are more likely to achieve dCR following T treatment.
Methods: Genomic DNA was extracted from paraffin embedded formalin fixed (FFPE) tissue. Whole exome sequencing (WES) on primary tumours from 9 MBC ExdCR > 60 mo (5 matched T:N) and 6 non-responders (NR) or PR < 6 mo (3 matched T:N). Tumours were analysed for single nucleotide variants (SNVs) point mutations, insertions/deletions (indels), copy number alterations (CNA), and tumour mutational burden. Detailed clinicopathologic data was collected for each patient and linked to the genomic information.
Results: WES of matched tumour:normal samples revealed differences in SNVs and indels between the ExdCR pts compared to NR. Mutations in TP53 were found in 2/5 ExdCR pts and in 0/3 NR. Initial analysis of CNA revealed that HER2 is significantly more amplified in ExdCR pts compared to NR, and this was also shown by IHC and FISH.
Conclusions: We present a genomic landscape of extraordinary durable complete responders compared to non-responders using WES. High variability exists in mutation profile of ExdCR pts with few overlapping genes. Further analysis into clinically relevant genomic and molecular alterations will be performed to potential aid in patient selection and choice of therapy, and novel drug targets.
Citation Format: Walsh N, Gullo G, Quinn C, Furney SJ, Crown J. Whole exome sequencing of HER2+ metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients (pts) with extraordinary durable complete responses (ExdCR) to trastuzumab (T) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-06-13.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Walsh
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland; St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Genomic Oncology Research Group, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - G Gullo
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland; St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Genomic Oncology Research Group, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C Quinn
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland; St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Genomic Oncology Research Group, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - SJ Furney
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland; St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Genomic Oncology Research Group, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J Crown
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland; St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Genomic Oncology Research Group, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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Abstract
The comprehensive identification of mutations contributing to the development of cancer is a priority of large cancer sequencing projects. To date, most studies have scrutinized mutations in coding regions of the genome, but several recent discoveries, including the identification of recurrent somatic mutations in the TERT promoter in multiple cancer types, support the idea that mutations in non-coding regions are also important in tumour development. Furthermore, analysis of whole-genome sequencing data from tumours has elucidated novel mutational patterns and processes etched into cancer genomes. Here, we present an overview of insights gleaned from the analysis of mutations from sequenced cancer genomes. We then review the mechanisms by which non-coding mutations can play a role in cancer. Finally, we discuss recent efforts aimed at identifying non-coding driver mutations, as well as the unique challenges that the analysis of non-coding mutations present in contrast to the identification of driver mutations in coding regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Piraino
- School of Medicine, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S J Furney
- School of Medicine, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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6
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Korfi K, Mandal A, Furney SJ, Wiseman D, Somervaille TCP, Marais R. A personalised medicine approach for ponatinib-resistant chronic myeloid leukaemia. Ann Oncol 2015; 26:1180-1187. [PMID: 25712455 PMCID: PMC4516045 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdv110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) is characterised by the presence of a fusion driver oncogene, BCR-ABL1, which is a constitutive tyrosine kinase. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are the central treatment strategy for CML patients and have significantly improved survival rates, but the T315I mutation in the kinase domain of BCR-ABL1 confers resistance to all clinically approved TKIs, except ponatinib. However, compound mutations can mediate resistance even to ponatinib and remain a clinical challenge in CML therapy. Here, we investigated a ponatinib-resistant CML patient through whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to identify the cause of resistance and to find alternative therapeutic targets. PATIENTS AND METHODS We carried out WGS on a ponatinib-resistant CML patient and demonstrated an effective combination therapy against the primary CML cells derived from this patient in vitro. RESULTS Our findings demonstrate the emergence of compound mutations in the BCR-ABL1 kinase domain following ponatinib treatment, and chromosomal structural variation data predicted amplification of BCL2. The primary CD34(+) CML cells from this patient showed increased sensitivity to the combination of ponatinib and ABT-263, a BCL2 inhibitor with a negligible effect against the normal CD34(+) cells. CONCLUSION Our results show the potential of personalised medicine approaches in TKI-resistant CML patients and provide a strategy that could improve clinical outcomes for these patients.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aniline Compounds/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers, Tumor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/antagonists & inhibitors
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Genome-Wide Association Study
- Humans
- Imidazoles/adverse effects
- Imidazoles/therapeutic use
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Mutation
- Precision Medicine
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/adverse effects
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/genetics
- Pyridazines/adverse effects
- Pyridazines/therapeutic use
- Sulfonamides/therapeutic use
- Treatment Failure
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - D Wiseman
- Leukaemia Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - T C P Somervaille
- Leukaemia Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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7
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Turajlic S, Furney SJ, Stamp G, Rana S, Ricken G, Oduko Y, Saturno G, Springer C, Hayes A, Gore M, Larkin J, Marais R. Whole-genome sequencing reveals complex mechanisms of intrinsic resistance to BRAF inhibition. Ann Oncol 2014; 25:959-67. [PMID: 24504448 PMCID: PMC3999800 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdu049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND BRAF is mutated in ∼42% of human melanomas (COSMIC. http://www.sanger.ac.uk/genetics/CGP/cosmic/) and pharmacological BRAF inhibitors such as vemurafenib and dabrafenib achieve dramatic responses in patients whose tumours harbour BRAF(V600) mutations. Objective responses occur in ∼50% of patients and disease stabilisation in a further ∼30%, but ∼20% of patients present primary or innate resistance and do not respond. Here, we investigated the underlying cause of treatment failure in a patient with BRAF mutant melanoma who presented primary resistance. METHODS We carried out whole-genome sequencing and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array analysis of five metastatic tumours from the patient. We validated mechanisms of resistance in a cell line derived from the patient's tumour. RESULTS We observed that the majority of the single-nucleotide variants identified were shared across all tumour sites, but also saw site-specific copy-number alterations in discrete cell populations at different sites. We found that two ubiquitous mutations mediated resistance to BRAF inhibition in these tumours. A mutation in GNAQ sustained mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling, whereas a mutation in PTEN activated the PI3 K/AKT pathway. Inhibition of both pathways synergised to block the growth of the cells. CONCLUSIONS Our analyses show that the five metastases arose from a common progenitor and acquired additional alterations after disease dissemination. We demonstrate that a distinct combination of mutations mediated primary resistance to BRAF inhibition in this patient. These mutations were present in all five tumours and in a tumour sample taken before BRAF inhibitor treatment was administered. Inhibition of both pathways was required to block tumour cell growth, suggesting that combined targeting of these pathways could have been a valid therapeutic approach for this patient.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S. J. Furney
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester
| | - G. Stamp
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London
| | - S. Rana
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London
| | - G. Ricken
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London
| | - Y. Oduko
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London
| | - G. Saturno
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester
| | - C. Springer
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
| | | | - M. Gore
- Melanoma Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - J. Larkin
- Melanoma Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - R. Marais
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester
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8
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Furney SJ, Simmons A, Breen G, Pedroso I, Lunnon K, Proitsi P, Hodges A, Powell J, Wahlund LO, Kloszewska I, Mecocci P, Soininen H, Tsolaki M, Vellas B, Spenger C, Lathrop M, Shen L, Kim S, Saykin AJ, Weiner MW, Lovestone S. Genome-wide association with MRI atrophy measures as a quantitative trait locus for Alzheimer's disease. Mol Psychiatry 2011; 16:1130-8. [PMID: 21116278 PMCID: PMC5980656 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2010.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2010] [Revised: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with considerable evidence suggesting an initiation of disease in the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus and spreading thereafter to the rest of the brain. In this study, we combine genetics and imaging data obtained from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative and the AddNeuroMed study. To identify genetic susceptibility loci for AD, we conducted a genome-wide study of atrophy in regions associated with neurodegeneration in this condition. We identified one single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) with a disease-specific effect associated with entorhinal cortical volume in an intron of the ZNF292 gene (rs1925690; P-value=2.6 × 10(-8); corrected P-value for equivalent number of independent quantitative traits=7.7 × 10(-8)) and an intergenic SNP, flanking the ARPP-21 gene, with an overall effect on entorhinal cortical thickness (rs11129640; P-value=5.6 × 10(-8); corrected P-value=1.7 × 10(-7)). Gene-wide scoring also highlighted PICALM as the most significant gene associated with entorhinal cortical thickness (P-value=6.7 × 10(-6)).
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Affiliation(s)
- SJ Furney
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - A Simmons
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - G Breen
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - I Pedroso
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - K Lunnon
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - P Proitsi
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - A Hodges
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - J Powell
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - L-O Wahlund
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Section of Clinical Geriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - I Kloszewska
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - P Mecocci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, University of Perugia, Perugia, Ital
| | - H Soininen
- Department of Neurology, Kuopio University and University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - M Tsolaki
- Third Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - B Vellas
- Department of Internal and Geriatrics Medicine, Hôpitaux de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - C Spenger
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Lathrop
- Centre National de Genotypage, Institut Genomique, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, Evry, France
| | - L Shen
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - S Kim
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - AJ Saykin
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - MW Weiner
- Departments of Radiology, Medicine and Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - S Lovestone
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
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