[Effects and mechanism of glycine on rat cardiomyocytes pretreated with serum from burned rats]

Objective: To investigate the effect and mechanism of glycine on rat cardiomyocytes pretreated with serum from burned rats (hereinafter referred to as burn serum). Methods: Experimental research methods were adopted. Thirty gender equally balanced Wistar rats aged 7 to 8 weeks were collected, 10 of which were used to prepare normal rat serum (hereinafter referred to as normal serum), and the other 20 were inflicted with full-thickness burn of 30% total body surface area to prepare burn serum. Primary cardiomyocytes were isolated and cultured from the apical tissue of 180 Wistar rats aged 1 to 3 days by either gender for follow-up experiments. Cells were divided into normal serum group and burn serum group treated with corresponding serum according to the random number table (the same grouping method below). Trypanosoma blue staining was performed at post treatment hour (PTH) 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 to detect the cell survival rate. Cells were divided into burn serum alone group treated with burn serum for 6 h followed by routine culture of 30 min and 0.4 mmol/L glycine group, 0.8 mmol/L glycine group, 1.2 mmol/L glycine group, 1.6 mmol/L glycine group, and 2.0 mmol/L glycine group treated with burn serum for 6 h followed by culture of 30 min with corresponding final molarity of glycine, i.e., at post intervention hour (PIH) 6.5, the cell survival rate was detected as before. Cells were divided into normal serum group, burn serum alone group, 0.8 mmol/L glycine group, 1.2 mmol/L glycine group, and 1.6 mmol/L glycine group, with the same intervention of 6.5 h as before, respectively. The content of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was detected by high performance liquid chromatography, and the AMP/ATP ratio was calculated. The protein expressions of phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (p-mTORC1), phosphorylated p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p-p70 S6K), phosphorylated eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (p-4E-BP1), and phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK) were detected by Western blotting. Cells were divided into normal serum group, burn serum alone group, 0.8 mmol/L glycine group intervened as before and 0.8 mmol/L glycine+25 ng/mL rapamycin group treated with burn serum followed by culture with two reagents. The expressions of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), metallothionein (MT), and tubulin were detected by immunofluorescence method after 30 min of corresponding culture at PTH 1, 3, and 6, i.e., at PIH 1.5, 3.5, and 6.5, and the microtubule morphology was observed at PIH 6.5. The sample number at each time point was 10. Data were statistically analyzed with analysis of variance for factorial design, one-way analysis of variance, least significant difference (LSD)-t test, LSD test, and Bonferroni correction. Results: At PTH 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12, the cell survival rates in burn serum group were significantly lower than those in normal serum group (with t values of 4.96, 16.83, 35.51, 34.33, and 27.88, P<0.05). In burn serum group, the cell survival rate at PTH 3, 6, 9, or 12 was significantly lower than that at PTH 1 (P<0.05), the cell survival rate at PTH 6, 9, or 12 was significantly lower than that at PTH 3 (P<0.05), and the cell survival rate at PTH 6 was similar to that at PTH 9 (P>0.05) but significantly higher than that at PTH 12 (P<0.05). Treatment of 6 h was selected as the follow-up intervention time of burn serum. At PIH 6.5, compared with that in burn serum alone group, the cell survival rate in each glycine group was significantly increased (P<0.05). The cell survival rate in 0.8 mmol/L glycine group was the highest, and 0.8, 1.2, and 1.6 mmol/L were selected as subsequent glycine intervention concentrations. At PIH 6.5, the AMP/ATP ratio of cells in burn serum alone group was significantly higher than that in normal serum group, 1.2 mmol/L glycine group, or 1.6 mmol/L glycine group (P values all <0.05), and the AMP/ATP ratio of cells in 1.6 mmol/L glycine group was significantly lower than that in 0.8 mmol/L glycine group (P<0.05). At PIH 6.5, the protein expressions of p-mTORC1, p-p70 S6K, and p-4E-BP1 of cells in normal serum group, burn serum alone group, 0.8 mmol/L glycine group, 1.2 mmol/L glycine group, and 1.6 mmol/L glycine group were 1.001±0.037, 0.368±0.020, 1.153±0.019, 1.128±0.062, 1.028±0.037, 0.96±0.07, 0.63±0.12, 1.17±0.13, 1.13±0.16, 1.11±0.11, and 0.98±0.06, 0.45±0.08, 1.13±0.05, 0.77±0.12, 0.51±0.13. Compared with those in burn serum alone group, the protein expressions of p-mTORC1, p-p70 S6K, and p-4E-BP1 of cells in normal serum group and each glycine group were significantly increased (P<0.05), while the protein expressions of p-AMPK were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Compared with those in 0.8 mmol/L glycine group, the protein expression of p-4E-BP1 of cells in 1.2 mmol/L glycine group and the protein expressions of p-mTORC1 and p-4E-BP1 of cells in 1.6 mmol/L glycine group were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Compared with those in 1.2 mmol/L glycine group, the protein expressions of p-mTORC1 and p-4E-BP1 of cells in 1.6 mmol/L glycine group were significantly decreased (P<0.05), while the protein expression of p-AMPK was significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared with those in normal serum group, the expression of tubulin of cells in burn serum alone group was significantly decreased at PIH 1.5, 3.5, and 6.5 (P<0.05), while the expression of HSP70 of cells at PIH 1.5 and 3.5 and the expression of MT at PIH 3.5 and 6.5 were significantly increased (P<0.05). The expressions of HSP70 and MT of cells at PIH 1.5, 3.5, and 6.5 and the expression of tubulin at PIH 1.5 and 3.5 in burn serum alone group and 0.8 mmol/L glycine+25 ng/mL rapamycin group were significantly lower than those in 0.8 mmol/L glycine group (P<0.05). At PIH 6.5, compared with that in normal serum group, the cell microtubule structure in burn serum alone group was disordered; the cell boundary in 0.8 mmol/L glycine group was clearer than that in burn serum alone group, and the microtubule structure arranged neatly near the nucleus. Compared with that in 0.8 mmol/L glycine group, 0.8 mmol/L glycine+25 ng/mL rapamycin group had unclear cell boundaries and disordered microtubule structure. Conclusions: Burn serum can cause cardiomyocytes damage in rats. Glycine can significantly up-regulate mammalian target of rapamycin/p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase/eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 signaling pathway through AMP-activated protein kinase, promote the synthesis of protective proteins HSP70, MT, and tubulin, stabilize the microtubule structure, and exert cardiomyocytes protection function.

[The clinical characteristics and molecular pathogenesis of a variant Glanzmann's thrombasthenia-like pedigree]

Objective: To review the clinical characteristics of a pedigree with inherited hemorrhagic disease to explore its molecular pathogenesis. Methods: The clinical data of the pedigree with inherited hemorrhagic disease were collected. After extracting DNA, next generation sequencing was utilized to detect the potential gene mutation. The changes of RASGRP2 transcript of this proband and his parents were detected using RT-PCR to compare with normal control. Results: The phenotype of the proband in this pedigree with inherited platelet dysfunction and bleeding disorder was similar to variant Glanzmann's thrombasthenia, the maximum aggregations of platelet in response to the physiological agonists including ADP, epinephrine and arachidonic acid were significantly lower, leading to severe spontaneous mucosal bleeding. Integrin αIIbβ3 gene mutation was not detected, but another gene mutation RASGRP2 IVS3-1 stood out. The mutation was homozygous in the proband and heterozygosis in both of his parents. Two transcript types were detected in the proband, without transcripts coding functional RASGRP2 protein, however, his parents had functional transcripts and abnormal transcripts, with the normal transcripts in the majority. Conclusions: The RASGRP2 IVS3-1 gene mutation was responsible for the inherited hemorrhagic disease. The RASGRP2 IVS3-1 gene mutation led to abnormal alternative splicing, without formation of functional RASGRP2 protein. The RASGRP2 protein is at the nexus of calcium-dependent platelet activation and hemostasis after damage of blood vessels. Spontaneous mucosal bleeding was a result of the lack of the functional RASGRP2 protein. This was the first report of RASGRP2 gene mutation resulting in bleeding disorder in China, and also the first report of the mutation type of RASGRP2 IVS3-1.