Combined application of bacteriophages with a competitive exclusion culture and carvacrol with organic acids can reduce Campylobacter in primary broiler production

For reducing Campylobacter (C.) in the food production chain and thus the risk to the consumer, the combined application of different measures as a multiple-hurdle approach is currently under discussion. This is the first study to investigate possible synergistic activities in vivo, aiming at reducing intestinal C. jejuni counts by administering (i) bacteriophages (phages) in combination with a competitive exclusion (CE) product and (ii) carvacrol combined with organic acids. The combined application of the two selected phages (Fletchervirus phage NCTC 12673 and Firehammervirus phage vB_CcM-LmqsCPL1/1) and the CE product significantly reduced C. jejuni loads by 1.0 log10 in cecal and colonic contents as well as in cloacal swabs at the end of the trial (33 and 34 days post hatch). The proportion of bacterial isolates showing reduced phage susceptibility ranged from 10.9% (isolates from cecal content) to 47.8% (isolates from cloacal swabs 32 days post hatch) for the Fletchervirus phage, while all tested isolates remained susceptible to the Firehammervirus phage. The use of carvacrol combined with an organic acid blend (sorbic acid, benzoic acid, propionic acid, and acetic acid) significantly reduced Campylobacter counts by 1.0 log10 in cloacal swabs on day 30 only.

Adaptation of Campylobacter field isolates to propionic acid and sorbic acid is associated with fitness costs

AIMS

To reduce the burden of Campylobacter at different stages of the food chain, recent studies have shown the effectiveness of organic acids as a risk mitigation strategy. However, very little is known about possible adaptation responses of Campylobacter that lead to reduced susceptibility to organic acids. Here we investigated the adaptive responses of Campylobacter field isolates to organic acids and estimated the fitness costs.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Exposure of two Campylobacter jejuni and one Campylobacter coli isolate to subinhibitory concentrations of propionic acid or sorbic acid resulted in twofold to fourfold increased minimal inhibitory concentration values for the adapted variants. With one exception, the decreased susceptibility was stable in at least 10 successive subcultures without selection pressure. Growth competition experiments revealed a reduced fitness of adapted variants compared to the wild-type isolates. A linear regression model allowed an estimation of the fitness cost. Growth kinetics experiments showed significantly prolonged lag phases in five of six adapted isolates while there was not a direct correlation in the maximum growth rates compared to the wild-type isolates.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of the study showed that a stepwise adaptation of Campylobacter to organic acids is possible, but at the detriment of changes in growth behaviour and reduced fitness.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

The study contributes to the understanding of adaptive responses of Campylobacter to organic acids treatments, for example, as part of risk mitigation strategies.

Studies on the biocompatibility and the interaction of silver nanoparticles with human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs)

PURPOSE

Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) are widely used in different areas, e.g., in the food, electronic, or clothing industry due to well-known slow-release antiseptic activities. Despite the widespread use of nanosilver, there is a serious lack of information concerning the biological activities of nanosilver on human tissue cells.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this study, the influence of spherical Ag-NPs (diameter about 100 nm) on the biological functions (proliferation, cytokine release, and chemotaxis) of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) was analyzed.

RESULTS

The results showed a concentration-dependent activation of hMSCs at nanosilver levels of 2.5 microg mL(-1), and cytotoxic cell reactions occurred at Ag-NPs concentrations above 5 microg mL(-1). Cell proliferation and the chemotaxis of hMSC both decreased with increasing Ag-NPs concentrations. Different effects on the cytokine release from hMSCs were observed in the presence of Ag-NPs and Ag(+) ions. The release of IL-8 was significantly increased at high but noncytotoxic concentrations of Ag-NPs (2.5 microg mL(-1)). In contrast, the levels of IL-6 and VEGF were concomitantly decreased compared to the control group. The synthesis of IL-11 was not affected at different Ag-NP concentrations. The agglomeration tendency of Ag-NPs in different biological media increased with a high electrolyte content, e.g., in RPMI. However, complexation with fetal calf serum in the cell culture media stabilized the Ag-NPs against agglomeration.

CONCLUSION

In summary, the results showed that Ag-NPs exert cytotoxic effects on hMSCs at high concentrations but also induce cell activation (as analyzed by the release of IL-8) at high but nontoxic concentrations of nanosilver.