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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to assess indicator condition (IC) guided HIV testing in Estonia from 2012-2015. METHODS We used Estonian Health Insurance Fund (EHIF) data. EHIF is the core purchaser of health care services in Estonia, covering health care costs for insured people (94% of the total population). After health care services' provision, the provider sends an invoice to EHIF, which includes patient information (e.g. age, gender, diagnoses based on ICD-10) and services provided (e.g. what tests were performed). RESULTS Among the ICs analysed, the highest proportion of patients tested was among those presenting with infectious mononucleosis-like illness (27-33% of patients) and viral hepatitis (28-32%), the lowest proportion of patients tested was among those presenting with herpes zoster (4-5%) and pneumonia (4-8%). Women were tested somewhat less than men, especially in cases of sexually transmitted infections (9-13% and 18-21%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Our data shows that IC-guided HIV testing rates are low in Estonia. Therefore, it is critical to follow Estonian HIV testing guidelines, which recommend IC-guided testing. In general, health insurance data can be used to monitor IC-guided HIV testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rüütel
- National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - L Lemsalu
- National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - S Lätt
- Estonian Health Insurance Fund, Tallinn, Estonia
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Kuuste H, Eenmäe T, Allik V, Agu A, Vendt R, Ansko I, Laizans K, Sünter I, Lätt S, Noorma M. Imaging system for nanosatellite proximity operations. Proc Estonian Acad Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.3176/proc.2014.2s.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Pajusalu M, Ilbis E, Ilves T, Veske M, Kalde J, Lillmaa H, Rantsus R, Pelakauskas M, Leitu A, Voormansik K, Allik V, Lätt S, Envall J, Noorma M. Design and pre-flight testing of the electrical power system for the ESTCube-1 nanosatellite. Proc Estonian Acad Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.3176/proc.2014.2s.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Laizans K, Sünter I, Zalite K, Kuuste H, Valgur M, Tarbe K, Allik V, Olentšenko G, Laes P, Lätt S, Noorma M. Design of the fault tolerant command and data handling subsystem for ESTCube-1. Proc Estonian Acad Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.3176/proc.2014.2s.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Janhunen P, Toivanen P, Envall J, Merikallio S, Montesanti G, del Amo J, Kvell U, Noorma M, Lätt S. Overview of electric solar wind sail applications. Proc Estonian Acad Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.3176/proc.2014.2s.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Slavinskis A, Kulu E, Viru J, Valner R, Ehrpais H, Uiboupin T, Järve M, Soolo E, Envall J, Scheffler T, Sünter I, Kuuste H, Kvell U, Kalde J, Laizans K, Ilbis E, Eenmäe T, Vendt R, Voormansik K, Ansko I, Allik V, Lätt S, Noorma M. Attitude determination and control for centrifugal tether deployment on the ESTCube-1 nanosatellite. Proc Estonian Acad Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.3176/proc.2014.2s.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Lätt S, Slavinskis A, Ilbis E, Kvell U, Voormansik K, Kulu E, Pajusalu M, Kuuste H, Sünter I, Eenmäe T, Laizans K, Zalite K, Vendt R, Piepenbrock J, Ansko I, Leitu A, Vahter A, Agu A, Eilonen E, Soolo E, Ehrpais H, Lillmaa H, Mahhonin I, Mõttus J, Viru J, Kalde J, Šubitidze J, Mucenieks J, Šate J, Kütt J, Poļevskis J, Laks J, Kivistik K, Kusmin KL, Kruus KG, Tarbe K, Tuude K, Kalniņa K, Joost L, Lõoke M, Järve M, Vellak M, Neerot M, Valgur M, Pelakauskas M, Averin M, Mikkor M, Veske M, Scheler O, Liias P, Laes P, Rantsus R, Soosaar R, Reinumägi R, Valner R, Kurvits S, Mändmaa SE, Ilves T, Peet T, Ani T, Tilk T, Tamm TC, Scheffler T, Vahter T, Uiboupin T, Evard V, Sisask A, Kimmel L, Krömer O, Rosta R, Janhunen P, Envall J, Toivanen P, Rauhala T, Seppänen H, Ukkonen J, Haeggström E, Kurppa R, Kalvas T, Tarvainen O, Kauppinen J, Nuottajärvi A, Koivisto H, Kiprich S, Obraztsov A, Allik V, Reinart A, Noorma M. ESTCube-1 nanosatellite for electric solar wind sail in-orbit technology demonstration. Proc Estonian Acad Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.3176/proc.2014.2s.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Janhunen P, Toivanen PK, Polkko J, Merikallio S, Salminen P, Haeggström E, Seppänen H, Kurppa R, Ukkonen J, Kiprich S, Thornell G, Kratz H, Richter L, Krömer O, Rosta R, Noorma M, Envall J, Lätt S, Mengali G, Quarta AA, Koivisto H, Tarvainen O, Kalvas T, Kauppinen J, Nuottajärvi A, Obraztsov A. Invited article: Electric solar wind sail: toward test missions. Rev Sci Instrum 2010; 81:111301. [PMID: 21133454 DOI: 10.1063/1.3514548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The electric solar wind sail (E-sail) is a space propulsion concept that uses the natural solar wind dynamic pressure for producing spacecraft thrust. In its baseline form, the E-sail consists of a number of long, thin, conducting, and centrifugally stretched tethers, which are kept in a high positive potential by an onboard electron gun. The concept gains its efficiency from the fact that the effective sail area, i.e., the potential structure of the tethers, can be millions of times larger than the physical area of the thin tethers wires, which offsets the fact that the dynamic pressure of the solar wind is very weak. Indeed, according to the most recent published estimates, an E-sail of 1 N thrust and 100 kg mass could be built in the rather near future, providing a revolutionary level of propulsive performance (specific acceleration) for travel in the solar system. Here we give a review of the ongoing technical development work of the E-sail, covering tether construction, overall mechanical design alternatives, guidance and navigation strategies, and dynamical and orbital simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Janhunen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki FIN-00100, Finland.
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