Breast Cancer in Younger and Older Women: A Comparison of Clinicopathological Traits

Breast cancer stands as the prevailing invasive cancer globally, bearing high mortality rates among women. Existing evidence indicates diminished survival rates in younger patients. Consequently, this study endeavors to assess and contrast the pathological features of breast cancer in women under 40 years of age with their older counterparts. Conducted as a cross-sectional analysis, this study encompasses 560 patients diagnosed with breast cancer, seeking treatment at Mymensingh Medical College Hospital (MMCH), Community Based Medical College Bangladesh (CBMCB) and several private hospitals in Mymensingh. The gathered data incorporates information such as age, residential area, occupation, tumor histopathology, TNM classification, staging and status of hormone receptor. The patients' mean age (standard deviation) was 49.7±11.9 years, with 20.5% below 40, most were from rural areas and were housewives. Ductal carcinoma prevailed as the most common histopathologic type (87.67%). However, younger patients exhibited a higher prevalence of lobular and other rare carcinomas compared to their older counterparts (p=0.04). Additionally, the younger group demonstrated larger tumor sizes (p=0.01), lymphatic node involvement (p=0.04) and advanced staging (p=0.004). Notably, younger age showed more negativity for estrogen and/or progesterone receptors. The results suggested that women under 40 years old exhibit more aggressive tumor characteristics and a more severe form of breast cancer compared to their older counterparts.

A Morphometric Study of Olecranon Fossa of Adult Human Humerus of Bangladeshi Population

Olecranon fossa is the largest fossa among the three fossae of the humerus. It is present in the lower end of the posterior surface just above the trochlea. Osteometry of olecranon fossa is important since their fractures occur in 10.0% of upper limb fractures. The aim of this study was to measure different parameters of olecranon fossa. This study was taken from 100 (right=43 and left=57) samples were selected through the purposive sampling technique for this cross-sectional descriptive study which was carried out in the Department of Anatomy, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from July 2021 to June 2022. Any damaged, unossified bones or fractured bones were excluded. Data were tabulated and statistically analyzed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS software. The mean ±SD vertical diameter of the olecranon fossa of the right humeri was 16.858±2.623mm and the left humeri were 17.071±2.905mm. The mean ±SD width of the olecranon fossa of the right humeri was 24.239±2.520mm and the left humeri were 24.509±2.692mm. The mean ±SD maximum depth of the olecranon fossa of the right humeri was 13.442±1.688mm and the left humeri were 13.124±1.733mm. The anatomical knowledge of the olecranon fossa is beneficial for anthropologists, orthopedic surgeons and radiologists in cases of olecranon fractures of the humerus.

A Morphometric Study of Glenoid Cavity of Scapula in Bangladeshi Population

This cross-sectional descriptive purposive study was conducted among 150 (70 right and 80 left) fully ossified dry human scapulae of Bangladeshi people from January 2019 to December 2019 in the Department of Anatomy, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh. Shape of the glenoid cavity was observed as pear, oval or inverted comma shape. Morphometric parameters such as length and breadth of glenoid cavity were measured by digital Vernier slide calipers. In this study, 19.13% cases were found inverted comma shaped, 35.65% cases were oval and 45.22% cases were pear shaped. The mean±SD length of glenoid cavity was 37.5±3.61 mm and 36.19±3.68 mm on right and left sided scapulae respectively and mean±SD breadth was 23.6±2.73 mm on right and 23.42±2.75 mm on left side respectively. Mean±SD glenoid cavity index was 62.89±4.39 on right and 64.61±4.74 on left sided scapulae. Morphometric analysis of glenoid fossa of scapula might help clinicians in shoulder and its associated diseases.

Anthropometric Study of Foot Breadth of 5-10 Years Aged Bangladeshi Children

The present anthropometric study was designed to construct data of 5-10 years aged Bangladeshi children regarding foot breadth and an attempt has been made out to grow interest among the researchers for future study and also to compare the data with the data of the people of other races. This cross-sectional, descriptive and analytic type study was conducted among 5-10 years aged 109 Bangladeshi children (70 male and 39 female) at different areas of Mymensingh district (Fulpur, Muktagacha, Fulbaria, Trisal and Haluaghat), Bangladesh from January 2016 to December 2016. Non-random purposive sampling technique was taken for sample collection. Any kind of foot deformity due to either from congenital or physical injury was excluded to construct standard measurement. Foot breadth was measured using slide caliper. The children were asked to stand with weight distributed equally on both feet. The legs were perpendicular to the feet. The mean foot breadth of right side of 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 years aged male children were 7.08±.61 cm, 7.11±.30 cm, 7.61±.45 cm, 7.44±.43 cm, 8.12±.38 cm and 8.17±.44 cm respectively and those of female children were 6.55±.64 cm, 7.17±.27 cm, 7.04±.70 cm, 7.62±.54 cm, 7.48±.88 cm and 7.85±.72 cm respectively. The mean foot breadth of left side of 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 years aged male children were 7.04±.60 cm, 7.03±.30 cm, 7.52±.47 cm, 7.36±.45 cm, 8.03±.38 cm and 8.08±.43 cm respectively and those of female children were 6.46±.63 cm, 7.10±.31 cm, 6.95±.71 cm, 7.54±.52 cm, 7.37±.89 cm and 7.77±.71 cm respectively. Comparison of foot breadth between male and female children was done by Unpaired Students 't' test and the differences of means were statistically non-significant. Data were tabulated and statistically analyzed using Microsoft excel and SPSS software. The results of present study would be useful in anatomy, orthopedics, forensic science, plastic surgery, radiology, podiatry, archeology, anthropology and nutrition science.

Variation of Acromiocoracoid and Acromioglenoid Distance in Bangladeshi People

This cross-sectional descriptive purposive study was done on 150 (70 right and 80 left) fully ossified dry human scapulae of Bangladeshi people to find out the variation in length of acromiocoracoid and acromioglenoid distance. Sample collection was carried out in the Department of Anatomy, Mymensingh Medical College, Bangladesh from January to December 2019. Any kind of damaged or broken scapulae were excluded to maintain standard measurement. Length of these distances was measured with the help of digital Vernier slide calipers. The mean±SD acromiocoracoid distance were 35.8±4.64 mm and 36.32±5.55 mm on right and left sided scapulae respectively and the mean±SD acromioglenoid distance were 27.69±3.43 mm on right sided scapulae and 28.18±3.26 mm on left sided scapulae. These data are important to compare Bangladeshi scapulae to those from various other races that could contribute to demographic studies of shoulder disease probability and management in Bangladeshi population.

Study of Nutrient Foramina of Dry Adult Human Clavicle

As a modified long bone, the clavicle is most important bone for transmission of body weight from upper limb to the axial skeleton, for attachment of muscles and is a significant source of bone grafting. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 150 (65 right and 85 left) fully ossified dry human clavicle in Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from January 2020 to December 2020. Sample was collected by the help of nonrandom purposive sampling technique from Anatomy department of Mymensingh Medical College and Community Based Medical College, Bangladesh, Mymensingh. In this study, nutrient foramen was present in 86.67% (130) cases. On the right side, 87.69% (57) cases and on the left side, 85.88% (73) cases were found present. Out of 130 clavicles where nutrient foramen were present, 52.31% (68) nutrient foramina were on inferior surface, 46.92% (61) on posterior surface and 0.77% (1) on superior surface. On the right side, 49.12% (28) cases were found on inferior surface and 49.12% (28) were on posterior surface and remaining 1.75% (1) was on superior surface. On the left side, 54.79% (40) cases were found on inferior surface and 45.21% were on posterior surface whereas none was found on superior surface. Among the present 130 cases, 1 nutrient foramen was found in total 80% (104) cases and 2 in 20% (26) cases. In right side, the numbers of cases were 75.44% (43) for 1 and 24.56% (14) for 2 nutrient foramina. In left side, the number of cases of 1 was 83.56% (61) and 16.44% (12) for 2 foramina. The nutrient foraminal direction was 98.46% (128) towards acromial end and 1.54% (2) to sternal end. In the right side, the direction was 100% (57) towards acromial end. In the left side, the direction was 97.26% (71) towards acromial end and 2.74% (2) to sternal end. In the current study, the mean ±SD nutrient foramina of 65 clavicles of right side were 71.04±13.91 and 67.13±16.30 in 85 left sided clavicles. The purpose for undertaking this study was to obtain baseline data on nutrient foramen to help to predict the success rate and different surgical interventions regarding fractures and grafting.

Primary Tuberculosis of Cervix Which Simulated Endocervical Polyp: A Case Study

Tuberculosis has been described as the second great "Imitator" as it can imitate various other disease processes. The manifestations of genitourinary tuberculosis are protean in nature; still tuberculosis is a health concern in South-East Asia region. Tuberculosis of the cervix is rarely found and accounts for 5-10% among all types of genital tuberculosis. Despite meticulous history and clinical examination does not always lead to suspect this disease, the definitive diagnosis is based on the demonstration of the characteristic lesion on histopathology or on bacterial isolation. We are reporting a case of a 26-years-old woman who presented with secondary amenorrhea and a benign looking endocervical polyp. Diagnosis of cervical tuberculosis could be clinched after tissue biopsy which revealed caseous granuloma on histopathological examination along with other supportive laboratory investigation reports. Patient was subsequently started on antitubercular therapy (ATT) according to directly observed treatment schedule- category I, resulting in resumption of her menses after four months of starting of ATT. An awareness of the atypical clinical manifestations of tuberculosis is important, especially in regions where tuberculosis continues to be a major public health problem, such as Bangladesh. One should have high index of suspicion in order to diagnose tuberculosis of cervix in such cases, especially in high prevalence areas, so that patients can be managed appropriately with antitubercular therapy and complications can be prevented.

Anatomical Study of Number, Location and Position of Nutrient Foramina of Fully Ossified Dry Human Humerus

The nutrient foramen is the natural opening present in the shaft of the humerus. It passes the nutrient artery to the medullary cavity. The nutrient artery is the chief artery that enters the bone through a nutrient foramen to provide nutrition for its growth. It plays an important role in healing during fracture and trauma and is also important for bone grafting. This study aimed to determine the common location, position and number of nutrient foramina of fully ossified dry human humerus. One hundred samples (right- 43 and left- 57) were selected through the purposive sampling technique for this cross-sectional descriptive study carried out in the Department of Anatomy, Mymensingh Medical College, Bangladesh from July 2021 to June 2022. Any damaged, unossified bones or fractured bones were excluded. Data were tabulated and statistically analyzed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS software. Among 43 right humeri, 37(75.51%) have single-nutrient foramen and 06(24.49%) have double-nutrient foramina. Among 57 left humeri, 53(92.98%) have single nutrient foramen, 03(5.27%) have double nutrient foramina and 01(1.75%) has triple nutrient foramina. In case of location of nutrient foramina, among 49 right nutrient foramina, 45(91.84%) were found on the anteromedial surface, 02(4.08%) were found on the anterolateral surface and 02(4.08%) were on the posterior surface of the shaft of the humerus. In case of 62 left nutrient foramina, 57(91.94%) were found on the anteromedial surface and 05(8.06%) were found on the posterior surface of the shaft of the humerus. Among 49 right nutrient foramina, 01(2.04%) was found on the upper third, 46(93.88%) on the middle third and 02(4.08%) on the lower third of the shaft of the humerus. In case of 62 left nutrient foramina, 01(1.60%) was on the upper third, 57(91.95%) were on the middle third and 04(6.45%) were on the lower third of the shaft of the humerus.