1
|
Connor HK, Sibeck DG, Collier MR, Baliukin II, Branduardi‐Raymont G, Brandt PC, Buzulukova NY, Collado‐Vega YM, Escoubet CP, Fok M, Hsieh S, Jung J, Kameda S, Kuntz KD, Porter FS, Sembay S, Sun T, Walsh BM, Zoennchen JH. Soft X-ray and ENA Imaging of the Earth's Dayside Magnetosphere. J Geophys Res Space Phys 2021; 126:e2020JA028816. [PMID: 33777610 PMCID: PMC7988574 DOI: 10.1029/2020ja028816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The LEXI and SMILE missions will provide soft X-ray images of the Earth's magnetosheath and cusps after their anticipated launch in 2023 and 2024, respectively. The IBEX mission showed the potential of an Energetic Neutral Atom (ENA) instrument to image dayside magnetosheath and cusps, albeit over the long hours required to raster an image with a single pixel imager. Thus, it is timely to discuss the two imaging techniques and relevant science topics. We simulate soft X-ray and low-ENA images that might be observed by a virtual spacecraft during two interesting solar wind scenarios: a southward turning of the interplanetary magnetic field and a sudden enhancement of the solar wind dynamic pressure. We employ the OpenGGCM global magnetohydrodynamics model and a simple exospheric neutral density model for these calculations. Both the magnetosheath and the cusps generate strong soft X-rays and ENA signals that can be used to extract the locations and motions of the bow shock and magnetopause. Magnetopause erosion corresponds closely to the enhancement of dayside reconnection rate obtained from the OpenGGCM model, indicating that images can be used to understand global-scale magnetopause reconnection. When dayside imagers are installed with high-ENA inner-magnetosphere and FUV/UV aurora imagers, we can trace the solar wind energy flow from the bow shock to the magnetosphere and then to the ionosphere in a self-standing manner without relying upon other observatories. Soft X-ray and/or ENA imagers can also unveil the dayside exosphere density structure and its response to space weather.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H. K. Connor
- Geophysical InstituteUniversity of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksAKUSA
| | | | | | - I. I. Baliukin
- Space Research InstituteRussian Academy of SciencesMoscowRussia
| | | | - P. C. Brandt
- Applied Physics LaboratoryJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - N. Y. Buzulukova
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- Astronomy DepartmentUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMDUSA
| | | | - C. P. Escoubet
- European Space Research and Technology CentreEuropean Space AgencyNoordwjikThe Netherlands
| | - M.‐C. Fok
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - S.‐Y. Hsieh
- Applied Physics LaboratoryJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - J. Jung
- Geophysical InstituteUniversity of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksAKUSA
| | - S. Kameda
- Department of PhysicsCollege of ScienceRikkyo UniversityTokyoJapan
| | | | | | | | - T. Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Space WeatherNational Space Science CenterChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - B. M. Walsh
- Center for Space PhysicsBoston UniversityBostonMAUSA
| | - J. H. Zoennchen
- Astrophysics DepartmentArgelander Institut für AstronomieUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Aslanyan V, Keresztes K, Feldman C, Pearson JF, Willingale R, Martindale A, Sembay S, Osborne JP, Sachdev SS, Bicknell CL, Houghton PR, Crawford T, Chornay D. Design and implementation of electron diverters for lobster eye space-based X-ray optics. Rev Sci Instrum 2019; 90:124502. [PMID: 31893794 DOI: 10.1063/1.5120410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Micropore optics have recently been implemented in a lobster eye geometry as a compact X-ray telescope. Fields generated by rare-earth magnets are used to reduce the flux of energetic electrons incident upon the focal plane detector in such a setup. We present the design and implementation of the electron diverters for X-ray telescopes of two upcoming missions: the microchannel X-ray telescope onboard the space-based multiband astronomical variable objects monitor and the soft X-ray instrument onboard the solar wind magnetosphere ionosphere link explorer. Electron diverters must be configured to conform to stringent limits on their total magnetic dipole moment and be compensated for any net moment arising from manufacturing errors. The two missions have differing designs, which are presented and evaluated in terms of the fractions of electrons reaching the detector, as determined by relativistic calculations of electron trajectories. The differential flux of electrons to the detector is calculated, and the integrated electron background is determined for both designs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Aslanyan
- Space Research Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - K Keresztes
- Space Research Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - C Feldman
- Space Research Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - J F Pearson
- Space Research Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - R Willingale
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - A Martindale
- Space Research Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - S Sembay
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - J P Osborne
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - S S Sachdev
- Space Research Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - C L Bicknell
- Space Research Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - P R Houghton
- Space Research Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - T Crawford
- Space Research Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - D Chornay
- University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| |
Collapse
|