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Alotaibi Y, AlLehibi A, Almtawa A, Alotaibi N, Alghamdi A, Alrajhi S, AlQutub A, AlEid A, Alamr A, Ibrahim BA, Alahmari M, Alhamidi H, Ahmad S, Alshammari F, Almotawa F, Altannir Y, Alghamdi A. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Cytomegalovirus Colitis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A Tertiary Center Experience. Saudi J Med Med Sci 2023; 11:305-313. [PMID: 37970458 PMCID: PMC10634466 DOI: 10.4103/sjmms.sjmms_175_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at a higher risk of cytomegalovirus (CMV) colitis because of their immunocompromised status. There are no studies from Saudi Arabia regarding the prevalence of CMV colitis in patients with IBD. Objective To determine the prevalence, characteristics, and risk factors of CMV colitis in patients with IBD in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This retrospective study included patients with a confirmed diagnosis of IBD (aged 14-75 years) who were followed up at King Fahad Medical City, a referral care center in Riyadh, between January 2016 and December 2021; patients with indeterminate colitis or incomplete medical records were excluded. Results A total of 341 patients with IBD were included, of which 236 (72.2%) had Crohn's disease (CD) and 105 (27.8%) had ulcerative colitis (UC). Qualitative CMV PCR was done for 192 patients (60 UC and 132 CD patients), of which 14 patients were positive for CMV colitis (7.3%), and all positive CMV colitis cases were among UC patients (23.3%). However, the hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) stain and immunohistochemistry were negative for all patients. Most patients with CMV colitis were on steroids (71.4%), had at least one flare-up (64.3%), and were on biologic treatment (71.4%). Significant predictors of CMV colitis were hemoglobin (OR: 0.7; 95% CI: 0.51-0.96), albumin (OR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.78-0.98), and C-reactive protein (OR: 1.03; 95% CI: 1.01-1.06) levels. Conclusion This study found that the prevalence of CMV colitis was 7.3% among patients with IBD, and no case was diagnosed in patients with CD. In addition, as all cases diagnosed using qualitative CMV PCR were negative on H and E stain and immunohistochemistry, there is need for large-scale studies to improve the diagnosis of CMV colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazeed Alotaibi
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abed AlLehibi
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Almtawa
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawaf Alotaibi
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel Alghamdi
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Alrajhi
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel AlQutub
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad AlEid
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrhman Alamr
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bashaar Al Ibrahim
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alahmari
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussam Alhamidi
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shameem Ahmad
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fouad Alshammari
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad Almotawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ahmed Alghamdi
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Alrajhi S, Barkun A, Adam V, Callichurn K, Martel M, Brewer O, Khashab MA, Forbes N, Almadi MA, Chen YI. Early cholangioscopy-assisted electrohydraulic lithotripsy in difficult biliary stones is cost-effective. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2021; 14:17562848211031388. [PMID: 34804204 PMCID: PMC8600178 DOI: 10.1177/17562848211031388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Single-operator cholangioscopy-assisted electrohydraulic lithotripsy (SOC-EHL) is effective and safe in difficult choledocholithiasis. The optimal timing of SOC-EHL use, however, in refractory stones has not been elucidated. The following aims to determine the most cost-effective timing of SOC-EHL introduction in the management of choledocholithiasis. METHODS A cost-effectiveness model was developed assessing three strategies with a progressively delayed introduction of SOC-EHL. Probability estimates of patient pathways were obtained from a systematic review. The unit of effectiveness is complete ductal clearance without need for surgery. Cost is expressed in 2018 US dollars and stem from outpatient US databases. RESULTS The three strategies achieved comparable ductal clearance rates ranging from 97.3% to 99.7%. The least expensive strategy is to perform SOC-EHL during the first endoscopic retrograde cholangiography pancreatography (ERCP) (SOC-1: 18,506$). The strategy of postponing the use of SOC-EHL to the third ERCP (SOC-3) is more expensive (US$18,895) but is 2% more effective. (0.9967). SOC-EHL during the second ERCP in the model (SOC-2) is the least cost-effective. Sensitivity analyses show altered conclusions according to the cost of SOC-EHL, effectiveness of conventional ERCP, and altered willingness-to-pay (WTP) thresholds with early SOC-1 being the most optimal approach below a WTP cut-off of US$20,295. CONCLUSIONS Early utilization of SOC-EHL (SOC-1) in difficult choledocholithiasis may be the least costly strategy with an effectiveness approximating those achieved with a delayed approach where one or more conventional ERCP(s) are reattempted prior to SOC-EHL introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Alrajhi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alan Barkun
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Viviane Adam
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Kashi Callichurn
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Myriam Martel
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Olaya Brewer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mouen A. Khashab
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nauzer Forbes
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Majid A. Almadi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Division of Gastroenterology, King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yen-I Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Glen Site, 1001 Décarie Blvd., Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
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Alrajhi S, Germain P, Martel M, Lakatos P, Bessissow T, Al-Taweel T, Afif W. Concordance between tuberculin skin test and interferon-gamma release assay for latent tuberculosis screening in inflammatory bowel disease. Intest Res 2020; 18:306-314. [PMID: 32182640 PMCID: PMC7385575 DOI: 10.5217/ir.2019.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Latent tuberculosis screening is mandatory prior to initiating anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) medications. Guidelines recommend interferon-gamma release assays (IGRA) as first line screening method for the general population. Studies provided conflicting evidence on IGRA and tuberculin skin test (TST) performance in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. We assessed test concordance and the effects of immunosuppression on their performance in IBD patients. Methods We searched MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane databases (2011–2018) for studies testing TST and IGRA in IBD. Primary outcome was TST and IGRA concordance. Secondary outcomes were effects of immunosuppressive therapy on performance. Immunosuppression defined as either steroids, thiopurine, methotrexate or cyclosporine use. We used the pooled random effects model to adjust for heterogeneity analyzed using (I2–Q statistics). We compared the fixed model to exclude smaller study effects. Results Sixteen studies (2,488 patients) were included. Pooled TST and IGRA concordance was 85% (95% confidence interval [CI], 81%–88%; P=0.01). Effects of immunosuppression were reported in 8 studies (814 patients). The odds ratio of testing positive by IGRA decreased to 0.57 if immunosuppressed (95% CI, 0.31–1.03; P=0.06). The odds ratio of testing positive by TST if immunosuppressed was 1.14 (95% CI, 0.61–2.12; P=0.69). The fixed model yielded similar results, however the negative effect of immunosuppression on IGRA reached statistical significance (P=0.01). Conclusions While concordance was 85% between TST and IGRA, the performance of IGRA seems to be negatively affected by immunosuppression. Given the importance of detecting latent tuberculosis prior to anti-TNF initiation, further randomized controlled trials comparing the performance of TST and IGRA in IBD patients are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Alrajhi
- Department of Gastroenterology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Pascale Germain
- Department of Gastroenterology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Myriam Martel
- Department of Gastroenterology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Peter Lakatos
- Department of Gastroenterology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,First Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Talat Bessissow
- Department of Gastroenterology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Talal Al-Taweel
- Department of Gastroenterology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Waqqas Afif
- Department of Gastroenterology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Alrajhi S, Barkun AN, Adam V, Callichurn K, Martel M, Brewer O, Khashab M, Forbes N, Chen Y. A274 EARLY SINGLE-OPERATOR CHOLANGIOSCOPY ASSISTED ELECTROHYDRAULIC LITHOTRIPSY (SOC-EHL) IN THE MANAGEMENT OF DIFFICULT BILIARY STONES IS COST-EFFECTIVE WHEN COMPARED TO A DELAYED STEP-UP APPROACH TO LATER SOC-EHL. J Can Assoc Gastroenterol 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/jcag/gwz047.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Single-operator cholangioscopy assisted electrohydraulic lithotripsy is the standard of care for difficult common bile duct (CBD) stones with failed clearance using standard ERCP. This technology is expensive and optimal timing of its use in terms of cost-effectiveness in the management algorithm of patients with difficult CBD stones remains unclear
Aims
To determine the cost-effective timing of SOC-EHL utilization in the management of difficult CBD stones
Methods
A decision model was developed assessing 4 strategies and progressively delayed introduction of SOC-EHL in relation to ERCP over 6-months. Difficult stones were defined as having failed CBD clearance via standard ERCP. Probability estimates for each health state were obtained from a literature systematic review. For each strategy, outpatients undergoing ERCP underwent different timings of SOC-EHL introduction from the first to the fourth ERCP and were followed for subsequent need for re-intervention, adverse events, need for surgery, and/or successful endoscopic CBD clearance. The unit of effectiveness was complete CBD clearance without need for surgery. Deterministic sensitivity analyses were performed varying all 50 model variables across ranges spanning 30% of their respective values. Costs are in 2018US$ based on US data.
Results
Performing SOC-EHL immediately during the first ERCP is the least expensive approach when compared to delaying SOC-EHL. This strategy costs $15,528 on average per patient with CBD clearance avoiding surgery and can save between $260 to $720 compared to the 3 other strategies, which introduce SOC-EHL during the second to the fourth ERCP. Effectiveness is clinically comparable between the four strategies ranging from 97–99%. Deterministic sensitivity analysis shows changes in the results when the ERCP complication rate (baseline probability of 6%) decreases to 4.5%, when the SOC-EHL (baseline costs of $2,450) costs more than $2,670, or when the ERCP facility fees (baseline costs of $4,292) are less than $3,425. In all 3 scenarios, delaying the first SOC-EHL use to the fourth procedural attempt becomes the dominant strategy. Variations of the other 47 variables did not alter results.
Conclusions
Although SOC-EHL is expensive, this analysis demonstrates that among patients who have failed a prior attempt at stone extraction, utilization of SOC-EHL at the next (first subsequent) ERCP is less costly when compared to its delayed introduction. However, postponing the use of SOC-EHL to the fourth ERCP could be identified as the most cost-effective strategy when facility fees or ERCP complications rates are below certain thresholds, or when the costs of SOC-EHL extend beyond a defined threshold.
Funding Agencies
None
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Affiliation(s)
- S Alrajhi
- McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - V Adam
- McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - M Martel
- McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - N Forbes
- University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Y Chen
- McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Alrajhi S, Germain P, Martel M, Lakatos PL, Afif W. A141 CONCORDANCE BETWEEN TUBERCULIN SKIN TEST AND INTERFERON GAMMA RELEASE ASSAY FOR LATENT TUBERCULOSIS SCREENING IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (META-ANALYSIS). J Can Assoc Gastroenterol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/jcag/gwy009.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S Alrajhi
- McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - P Germain
- McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - M Martel
- McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - W Afif
- Gastroenterology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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