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Yao X, Kang JH, Kim KP, Shin H, Jin ZL, Guo H, Xu YN, Li YH, Hali S, Kwon J, La H, Park C, Kim YJ, Wang L, Hong K, Cao Q, Cho IJ, Kim NH, Han DW. Production of Highly Uniform Midbrain Organoids from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2023; 2023:3320211. [PMID: 37810631 PMCID: PMC10558263 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3320211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain organoids have been considered as an advanced platform for in vitro disease modeling and drug screening, but numerous roadblocks exist, such as lack of large-scale production technology and lengthy protocols with multiple manipulation steps, impeding the industrial translation of brain organoid technology. Here, we describe the high-speed and large-scale production of midbrain organoids using a high-throughput screening-compatible platform within 30 days. Micro midbrain organoids (µMOs) exhibit a highly uniform morphology and gene expression pattern with minimal variability. Notably, µMOs show dramatically accelerated maturation, resulting in the generation of functional µMOs within only 30 days of differentiation. Furthermore, individual µMOs display highly consistent responsiveness to neurotoxin, suggesting their usefulness as an in vitro high-throughput drug toxicity screening platform. Collectively, our data indicate that µMO technology could represent an advanced and robust platform for in vitro disease modeling and drug screening for human neuronal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuerui Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jianghai, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province, China
- Research and Development Department, Qingdao Haier Biotech Co. Ltd., Qingdao, China
| | - Ji Hyun Kang
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Organoids, OrganFactory Co. Ltd., Cheongju 28864, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee-Pyo Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyogeun Shin
- Center for BioMicrosystems, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhe-Long Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jianghai, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hao Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jianghai, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yong-Nan Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
| | - Ying-Hua Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
| | - Sai Hali
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jeongwoo Kwon
- Primate Resources Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonwoo La
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, The Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanhyeok Park
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, The Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-June Kim
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Lin Wang
- Research and Development Department, Qingdao Haier Biotech Co. Ltd., Qingdao, China
| | - Kwonho Hong
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, The Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Qilong Cao
- Research and Development Department, Qingdao Haier Biotech Co. Ltd., Qingdao, China
| | - Il-Joo Cho
- Center for BioMicrosystems, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Hyung Kim
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jianghai, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province, China
- Research and Development Department, Qingdao Haier Biotech Co. Ltd., Qingdao, China
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Organoids, OrganFactory Co. Ltd., Cheongju 28864, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Wook Han
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jianghai, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province, China
- Research and Development Department, Qingdao Haier Biotech Co. Ltd., Qingdao, China
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Organoids, OrganFactory Co. Ltd., Cheongju 28864, Republic of Korea
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Tian C, Kim YJ, Hali S, Choo OS, Lee JS, Jung SK, Choi YU, Park CB, Choung YH. Suppressed expression of LDHB promotes age-related hearing loss via aerobic glycolysis. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:375. [PMID: 32415082 PMCID: PMC7229204 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2577-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Age-dependent decrease of mitochondrial energy production and cellular redox imbalance play significant roles in age-related hearing loss (ARHL). Lactate dehydrogenase B (LDHB) is a key glycolytic enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of pyruvate and lactate. LDH activity and isoenzyme patterns are known to be changed with aging, but the role of LDHB in ARHL has not been studied yet. Here, we found that LDHB knockout mice showed hearing loss at high frequencies, which is the typical feature of ARHL. LDHB knockdown caused downregulation of mitochondrial functions in auditory cell line, University of Bristol/organ of Corti 1 (UB/OC1) with decreased NAD+ and increased hypoxia inducing factor-1α. LDHB knockdown also enhanced the death of UB/OC1 cells with ototoxic gentamicin treatment. On the contrary, the induction of LDHB expression caused enhanced mitochondrial functions, including changes in mitochondrial respiratory subunits, mitochondrial membrane potentials, ATP, and the NAD+/NADH ratio. Thus, we concluded that suppression of LDHB activity may be closely related with the early onset or progression of ARHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjie Tian
- Department of Otolaryngology, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture People's Hospital, Dali, Yunnan, 671000, China
| | - Yeon Ju Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Sai Hali
- Institute for Medical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Oak-Sung Choo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Sol Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21 Plus Research Center for Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Kyung Jung
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21 Plus Research Center for Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Uk Choi
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Bae Park
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yun-Hoon Choung
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Medical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21 Plus Research Center for Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.
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Kwak TH, Hali S, Kim S, Kim J, La H, Kim KP, Hong KH, Shin CY, Kim NH, Han DW. Robust and Reproducible Generation of Induced Neural Stem Cells from Human Somatic Cells by Defined Factors. Int J Stem Cells 2020; 13:80-92. [PMID: 32114739 PMCID: PMC7119206 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc19097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Recent studies have described direct reprogramming of mouse and human somatic cells into induced neural stem cells (iNSCs) using various combinations of transcription factors. Although iNSC technology holds a great potential for clinical applications, the low conversion efficiency and limited reproducibility of iNSC generation hinder its further translation into the clinic, strongly suggesting the necessity of highly reproducible method for human iNSCs (hiNSCs). Thus, in orderto develop a highly efficient and reproducible protocol for hiNSC generation, we revisited the reprogramming potentials of previously reported hiNSC reprogramming cocktails by comparing the reprogramming efficiency of distinct factor combinations including ours. Methods We introduced distinct factor combinations, OSKM (OCT4+SOX2+KLF4+C-MYC), OCT4 alone, SOX2 alone, SOX2+HMGA2, BRN4+SKM+SV40LT (BSKMLT), SKLT, SMLT, and SKMLT and performed comparative analysis of reprogramming potentials of distinct factor combinations in hiNSC generation. Results Here we show that ectopic expression of five reprogramming factors, BSKMLT leads the robust hiNSC generation (>80 folds enhanced efficiency) from human somatic cells compared with previously described factor combinations. With our combination, we were able to observe hiNSC conversion within 7 days of transduction. Throughout further optimization steps, we found that both BRN4 and KLF4 are not essential for hiNSC conversion. Conclusions Our factor combination could robustly and reproducibly generate hiNSCs from human somatic cells with distinct origins. Therefore, our novel reprogramming strategy might serve as a useful tool for hiNSC-based clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hwan Kwak
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience Research, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sai Hali
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience Research, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sungmin Kim
- School of Cell and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jonghun Kim
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeonwoo La
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kee-Pyo Kim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Kwon Ho Hong
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chan Young Shin
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience Research, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nam-Hyung Kim
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Dong Wook Han
- School of Biotechnology and Healthcare, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
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Kwak TH, Kang JH, Hali S, Kim J, Kim KP, Park C, Lee JH, Ryu HK, Na JE, Jo J, Je HS, Ng HH, Kwon J, Kim NH, Hong KH, Sun W, Chung CH, Rhyu IJ, Han DW. Generation of homogeneous midbrain organoids with in vivo-like cellular composition facilitates neurotoxin-based Parkinson's disease modeling. Stem Cells 2020; 38:727-740. [PMID: 32083763 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated the generation of midbrain-like organoids (MOs) from human pluripotent stem cells. However, the low efficiency of MO generation and the relatively immature and heterogeneous structures of the MOs hinder the translation of these organoids from the bench to the clinic. Here we describe the robust generation of MOs with homogeneous distribution of midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons. Our MOs contain not only mDA neurons but also other neuronal subtypes as well as functional glial cells, including astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Furthermore, our MOs exhibit mDA neuron-specific cell death upon treatment with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, indicating that MOs could be a proper human model system for studying the in vivo pathology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Our optimized conditions for producing homogeneous and mature MOs might provide an advanced patient-specific platform for in vitro disease modeling as well as for drug screening for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hwan Kwak
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Kang
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sai Hali
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghun Kim
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee-Pyo Kim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Chanhyeok Park
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology, Humanized Pig Research Center (SRC), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hyun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Kyun Ryu
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Na
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyun Jo
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Hyunsoo Shawn Je
- Signature Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Huck-Hui Ng
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jeongwoo Kwon
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Hyung Kim
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon Ho Hong
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology, Humanized Pig Research Center (SRC), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Sun
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi Hye Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Im Joo Rhyu
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Wook Han
- School of Biotechnology and Healthcare, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Stem Cells and Organoids, Organ-Tech Co., Ltd., Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
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Hali S, Kim J, Kwak TH, Lee H, Shin CY, Han DW. Modelling monogenic autism spectrum disorder using mouse cortical organoids. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 521:164-171. [PMID: 31653345 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.10.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Variants of the contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CNTNAP2), which is a member of the neurexin family of proteins, function as cell adhesion molecules. The loss of CNTNAP2 function leads to autism spectrum disorder in humans and to autistic behaviours in mice. However, the functional effects of these mutations at the cellular level during fetal developmental periods remain elusive. Here, we studied mouse cortical organoids (mCOs) derived from Cntnap2-/- (knockout, KO) mouse induced pluripotent stem cells (miPSCs). Our results showed that KO mCOs displayed inhibitory-neuron-specific defects. At the neural progenitor stage, the GABAergic-neurogenesis-governing transcriptional network was dysregulated in the absence of Cntnap2. Our findings suggest that, in the early fetal cortical development, the cell adhesion molecule Cntnap2 plays a crucial role in the regulation of the differentiation of GABAergic neurons in the organoid platform. The reduced number of GABAergic neurons was efficiently restored in KO mCOs by treatment with the antiepileptic drug retigabine, showing the effectiveness of Cntnap2 KO mCOs in the therapeutic targeting of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Hali
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience Research, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghun Kim
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hwan Kwak
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience Research, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunseong Lee
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Young Shin
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience Research, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong Wook Han
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea; School of Biotechnology and Healthcare, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020, China.
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Kim SM, Lim KT, Kwak TH, Lee SC, Im JH, Hali S, In Hwang S, Kim D, Hwang J, Kim KP, Chung HJ, Kim JB, Ko K, Chung HM, Lee HT, Schöler HR, Han DW. Induced neural stem cells from distinct genetic backgrounds exhibit different reprogramming status. Stem Cell Res 2016; 16:460-8. [PMID: 26930613 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2016.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic cells could be directly converted into induced neural stem cells (iNSCs) by ectopic expression of defined transcription factors. However, the underlying mechanism of direct lineage transition into iNSCs is largely unknown. In this study, we examined the effect of genetic background on the direct conversion process into an iNSC state. The iNSCs from two different mouse strains exhibited the distinct efficiency of lineage conversion as well as clonal expansion. Furthermore, the expression levels of endogenous NSC markers, silencing of transgenes, and in vitro differentiation potential were also different between iNSC lines from different strains. Therefore, our data suggest that the genetic background of starting cells influences the conversion efficiency as well as reprogramming status of directly converted iNSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Min Kim
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Tae Lim
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hwan Kwak
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Chan Lee
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hyun Im
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sai Hali
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon In Hwang
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dajeong Kim
- Dong-A Socio Holdings Research Center, 21, Geumhwa-ro 105 beon-gil, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongho Hwang
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee-Pyo Kim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstraße 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hak-Jae Chung
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Suwon 441-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Beom Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kinarm Ko
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea; KU Open-Innovation Center, Institute of Biomedical Science & Technology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Min Chung
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea; KU Open-Innovation Center, Institute of Biomedical Science & Technology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Taek Lee
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hans R Schöler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstraße 20, 48149 Münster, Germany; University of Münster, Medical Faculty, Domagkstraße 3, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Dong Wook Han
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea; KU Open-Innovation Center, Institute of Biomedical Science & Technology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea.
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