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Jeevanandham S, Kochhar D, Agrawal O, Pahari S, Kar C, Goswami T, Sulania I, Mukherjee M. Unravelling the formation of carbyne nanocrystals from graphene nanoconstrictions through the hydrothermal treatment of agro-industrial waste molasses. Nanoscale Adv 2024; 6:2390-2406. [PMID: 38694474 PMCID: PMC11059479 DOI: 10.1039/d4na00076e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
The delicate synthesis of one-dimensional (1D) carbon nanostructures from two-dimensional (2D) graphene moiré layers holds tremendous interest in materials science owing to its unique physiochemical properties exhibited during the formation of hybrid configurations with sp-sp2 hybridization. However, the controlled synthesis of such hybrid sp-sp2 configurations remains highly challenging. Therefore, we employed a simple hydrothermal technique using agro-industrial waste as the carbon source to synthesize 1D carbyne nanocrystals from the nanoconstricted zones of 2D graphene moiré layers. By employing suite of characterization techniques, we delineated the mechanism of carbyne nanocrystal formation, wherein the origin of carbyne nanochains was deciphered from graphene intermediates due to the presence of a hydrothermally cut nanoconstriction regime engendered over well-oriented graphene moiré patterns. The autogenous hydrothermal pressurization of agro-industrial waste under controlled conditions led to the generation of epoxy-rich graphene intermediates, which concomitantly gave rise to carbyne nanocrystal formation in oriented moiré layers with nanogaps. The unique growth of carbyne nanocrystals over a few layers of holey graphene exhibits excellent paramagnetic properties, the predominant localization of electrons and interfacial polarization effects. Further, we extended the application of the as-synthesized carbyne product (Cp) for real-time electrochemical-based toxic metal (As3+) sensing in groundwater samples (from riverbanks), which depicted superior sensitivity (0.22 mA μM-1) even at extremely lower concentrations (0.0001 μM), corroborating the impedance spectroscopy analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampathkumar Jeevanandham
- Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research and Studies, Amity University Uttar Pradesh Noida 201301 India
| | - Dakshi Kochhar
- Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research and Studies, Amity University Uttar Pradesh Noida 201301 India
| | - Omnarayan Agrawal
- Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research and Studies, Amity University Uttar Pradesh Noida 201301 India
| | - Siddhartha Pahari
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry 200 College Street Toronto ON M5S 3E5 Canada
| | - Chirantan Kar
- Amity Institute of Applied Science, Amity University Kolkata Kolkata West Bengal 700135 India
| | - Tamal Goswami
- Department of Chemistry, Raiganj University Uttar Dinajpur Raiganj West Bengal 733134 India
| | - Indra Sulania
- Inter University Accelerator Centre Vasant Kunj New Delhi Delhi 110067 India
| | - Monalisa Mukherjee
- Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research and Studies, Amity University Uttar Pradesh Noida 201301 India
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2
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Nithesh Kumar H, Jeevanandham S, Ganesh M S, Ashmi Sabana M, Manivasakam P. Emerging Strategies and Effective Prevention Measures for Investigating the Association Between Stroke and Sudden Cardiac Fatality. Curr Cardiol Rev 2024; 20:CCR-EPUB-137547. [PMID: 38310557 DOI: 10.2174/011573403x259676231222053709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Stroke-related cardiac death is a significant concern for patients with stroke and their healthcare providers. It is a complex and multifaceted condition that requires careful management of both modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. This review provides an overview of the pathophysiology, risk factors, and prevention strategies for stroke-related cardiac death. The review highlights the importance of identifying and managing modifiable risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, and lifestyle factors, as well as non-modifiable risk factors such as age and genetics. Additionally, the review explores emerging strategies for prevention, including the use of wearable devices and genetic testing to identify patients at risk, stem cell therapy and gene therapy for cardiac dysfunction, and precision medicine for personalized treatment plans. Despite some limitations to this review, it provides valuable insights into the current understanding of stroke-related cardiac death and identifies important areas for future research. Ultimately, the implementation of evidence-based prevention strategies and personalized treatment plans has the potential to improve outcomes for patients with stroke and reduce the burden of stroke-related cardiac death in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nithesh Kumar
- Pharmacy Practice, JKKN College of Pharmacy, Namakkal, India
| | - S Jeevanandham
- Pharmacy Practice, JKKN College of Pharmacy, Namakkal, India
| | | | - M Ashmi Sabana
- Pharmacy Practice, JKKN College of Pharmacy, Namakkal, India
| | - P Manivasakam
- Pharmacy Practice, JKKN College of Pharmacy, Namakkal, India
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Majood M, Shakeel A, Agarwal A, Jeevanandham S, Bhattacharya R, Kochhar D, Singh A, Kalyanasundaram D, Mohanty S, Mukherjee M. Hydrogel Nanosheets Confined 2D Rhombic Ice: A New Platform Enhancing Chondrogenesis. Biomed Mater 2022; 17. [PMID: 36044885 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac8e43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanoconfinement within flexible interfaces is a key step towards exploiting confinement effects in several biological and technological systems wherein flexible 2D materials are frequently utilized but are arduous to prepare. Hitherto unreported, the synthesis of 2D Hydrogel nanosheets (HNS) using a template- and catalyst-free process is developed representing a fertile ground for fundamental structure-property investigations. In due course of time, nucleating folds propagating along the edges trigger co-operative deformations of HNS generating regions of nanoconfinement within trapped water islands. These severely constricting surfaces force water molecules to pack within the nanoscale regime of HNS almost parallel to the surface bringing about phase transition into puckered rhombic ice with AA and AB Bernal stacking pattern, which was mostly restricted to Molecular dynamics (MD) studies so far. Interestingly, under high lateral pressure and spatial inhomogeneity within nanoscale confinement, bilayer rhombic ice structures were formed with an in-plane lattice spacing of 0.31 nm. In this work, a systematic exploration of rhombic ice formation within HNS has been delineated using High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and its ultrathin morphology was examined using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images revealed high porosity while mechanical testing presented young's modulus of 155 kPa with ~84% deformation, whereas contact angle suggested high hydrophilicity. The combinations of nanosheets, porosity, nanoconfinement, hydrophilicity, and mechanical strength, motivated us to explore their application as a scaffold for cartilage regeneration, by inducing chondrogenesis of human Wharton Jelly derived mesenchymal stem cells (hWJ MSCs). HNS promoted the formation of cell aggregates giving higher number of spheroid formation and a marked expression of chondrogenic markers (ColI, ColII, ColX, ACAN and S-100), thereby providing some cues for guiding chondrogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misba Majood
- AICCRS, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, INDIA
| | - Adeeba Shakeel
- AICCRS, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, INDIA
| | - Aakanksha Agarwal
- AICCRS, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, INDIA
| | | | | | - Dakshi Kochhar
- Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, INDIA
| | - Aarti Singh
- AICCRS, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, INDIA
| | | | - Sujata Mohanty
- Stem Cell Facility, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Cardio-Thoracic Sciences Centre, Orbo Building, first floor,, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, 110029, INDIA
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Agarwal A, Jeevanandham S, Sangam S, Chakraborty A, Mukherjee M. Exploring the Role of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in Microalgae for the Sustainable Production of Bioactive Compounds and Beyond. ACS Omega 2022; 7:22061-22072. [PMID: 35811909 PMCID: PMC9260754 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
An enchanting yet challenging task is the development of higher productivity in plants to meet the ample food demands for the growing global population while harmonizing the ecosystem using front-line technologies. This has kindled the practice of green microalgae cultivation as a driver of key biostimulant products, targeting agronomic needs. To this end, a prodigious and economical strategy for producing bioactive compounds (sources of secondary metabolites) from microalgae using carbon-based nanomaterials (CNMs) as a platform can circumvent these hurdles. Recently, the nanobionics approach of incorporating CNMs with living systems has emerged as a promising technique to develop organelles with new and augmented functions. Herein, we discuss the importance of 2D carbon nanosheets (CNS) as an alternative carbon source for the phototrophic cultivation of microalgae. CNS not only aids in cost reduction for algal cultivation but also confers combinatorial innate or exogenous functions that enhance its programmed biosynthetic metabolism, proliferation, or tolerance to stress. Moreover, the inherent ability of CNS to act as efficient biocatalysts can enhance the rate of photosynthesis. The primary focus of this mini-review is the development of an economic route for enhanced yield of bioactive compounds while simultaneously serving as a heterogeneous platform for enhancing the sustainable production of biostimulants including bioactive compounds from algal biomass for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakanksha Agarwal
- Molecular
Science and Engineering Laboratory, Amity Institute of Click Chemistry
Research and Studies, Amity University Uttar
Pradesh, Noida 201313, India
| | - Sampathkumar Jeevanandham
- Molecular
Science and Engineering Laboratory, Amity Institute of Click Chemistry
Research and Studies, Amity University Uttar
Pradesh, Noida 201313, India
| | - Sujata Sangam
- Molecular
Science and Engineering Laboratory, Amity Institute of Click Chemistry
Research and Studies, Amity University Uttar
Pradesh, Noida 201313, India
- Amity
Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University
Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India
| | - Arnab Chakraborty
- Molecular
Science and Engineering Laboratory, Amity Institute of Click Chemistry
Research and Studies, Amity University Uttar
Pradesh, Noida 201313, India
| | - Monalisa Mukherjee
- Molecular
Science and Engineering Laboratory, Amity Institute of Click Chemistry
Research and Studies, Amity University Uttar
Pradesh, Noida 201313, India
- Amity
Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University
Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India
- . Tel: +91(0)-120-4392194
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Kumar A, Dutta S, Kim S, Kwon T, Patil SS, Kumari N, Jeevanandham S, Lee IS. Solid-State Reaction Synthesis of Nanoscale Materials: Strategies and Applications. Chem Rev 2022; 122:12748-12863. [PMID: 35715344 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials (NMs) with unique structures and compositions can give rise to exotic physicochemical properties and applications. Despite the advancement in solution-based methods, scalable access to a wide range of crystal phases and intricate compositions is still challenging. Solid-state reaction (SSR) syntheses have high potential owing to their flexibility toward multielemental phases under feasibly high temperatures and solvent-free conditions as well as their scalability and simplicity. Controlling the nanoscale features through SSRs demands a strategic nanospace-confinement approach due to the risk of heat-induced reshaping and sintering. Here, we describe advanced SSR strategies for NM synthesis, focusing on mechanistic insights, novel nanoscale phenomena, and underlying principles using a series of examples under different categories. After introducing the history of classical SSRs, key theories, and definitions central to the topic, we categorize various modern SSR strategies based on the surrounding solid-state media used for nanostructure growth, conversion, and migration under nanospace or dimensional confinement. This comprehensive review will advance the quest for new materials design, synthesis, and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Nanospace-confined Chemical Reactions (NCCR) and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Soumen Dutta
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Nanospace-confined Chemical Reactions (NCCR) and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Seonock Kim
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Nanospace-confined Chemical Reactions (NCCR) and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Taewan Kwon
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Nanospace-confined Chemical Reactions (NCCR) and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Santosh S Patil
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Nanospace-confined Chemical Reactions (NCCR) and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Nitee Kumari
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Nanospace-confined Chemical Reactions (NCCR) and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Sampathkumar Jeevanandham
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Nanospace-confined Chemical Reactions (NCCR) and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - In Su Lee
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Nanospace-confined Chemical Reactions (NCCR) and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea.,Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology (I-CREATE), Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
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Singh A, Shakeel A, Kochhar D, Jeevanandham S, Rajput SK, Mukherjee M. Polymeric worm-like nanomicellar system for accelerated wound healing. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2020; 11:36-43. [PMID: 32154157 PMCID: PMC7034177 DOI: 10.4103/japtr.japtr_153_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-assembly is an unparalleled step in designing macromolecular analogs of nature's simple amphiphiles. Tailoring hydrogel systems - a material with ample potential for wound healing applications - to simultaneously alleviate infection and prompt wound closure is vastly appealing. The poly (DEAEMA-co-AAc) (PDEA) is examined with a cutaneous excisional wound model alterations in wound size, and histological assessments revealed a higher wound healing rate, including dermis proliferation, re-epithelialization, reduced scar formation, and anti-inflammatory properties. Moreover, a mechanism for the formation of spherical and worm-like micelles (WLMs) is delineated using a suite of characterizations. The excellent porosity and ability to absorb exudates impart the PDEA with reliable wound healing. Altogether, this system demonstrates exceptional promise as an infection-mitigating, cell-stimulating, homeostasis-maintaining dressing for accelerated wound healing. The aim and objective of this study is to understand the mechanism of self-assembly in synthesized WLMs from PDEA and their application in wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Singh
- Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research and Studies, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Adeeba Shakeel
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Dakshi Kochhar
- Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research and Studies, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sampathkumar Jeevanandham
- Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research and Studies, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Monalisa Mukherjee
- Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research and Studies, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Shakeel A, Bhattacharya R, Jeevanandham S, Kochhar D, Singh A, Mehra L, Ghufran M, Garg P, Sangam S, Biswas S, Tyagi A, Kalyanasundaram D, Chakrabarti S, Mukherjee M. Graphene Quantum Dots in the Game of Directing Polymer Self-Assembly to Exotic Kagome Lattice and Janus Nanostructures. ACS Nano 2019; 13:9397-9407. [PMID: 31381848 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b04188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are the harbingers of a paradigm shift that revitalize self-assembly of the colloidal puzzle by adding shape and size to the material-design palette. Although self-assembly is ubiquitous in nature, the extent to which these molecular legos can be engineered reminds us that we are still apprenticing polymer carpenters. In this quest to unlock exotic nanostructures ascending from eventual anisotropy, we have utilized different concentrations of GQDs as a filler in free-radical-mediated aqueous copolymerization. Extensive polymer grafting over the geometrically confined landscape of GQDs (0.05%) bolsters crystallization instilling a loom which steers interaction of polymeric cilia into interlaced equilateral triangles with high sophistication. Such two-dimensional (2D) assemblies epitomizing the planar tiling of "Star of David" forming a molecular kagome lattice (KL) without metal templation evoke petrichor. Interestingly, a higher percentage (0.3%) of GQDs allow selective tuning of the interfacial property of copolymers breaking symmetry due to surface energy incongruity, producing exotic Janus nanomicelles (JNMs). Herein, with the help of a suite of characterizations, we delineate the mechanism behind the formation of the KL and JNMs which forms a depot of heightened drug accretion with targeted delivery of 5-fluorouracil in the colon as validated by gamma scintigraphy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeeba Shakeel
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology , Amity University , Noida 201303 , India
| | - Rohan Bhattacharya
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology , Amity University , Noida 201303 , India
- Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research and Studies , Amity University , Noida 201303 , India
| | - Sampathkumar Jeevanandham
- Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research and Studies , Amity University , Noida 201303 , India
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology , Amity University , Noida 201303 , India
| | - Dakshi Kochhar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology , Amity University , Noida 201303 , India
| | - Aarti Singh
- Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research and Studies , Amity University , Noida 201303 , India
| | - Lalita Mehra
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences , Defence Research & Development Organisation , Timarpur , Delhi 110054 , India
| | - Maryam Ghufran
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research , Amity University , Noida 201303 , India
| | - Piyush Garg
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology , Amity University , Noida 201303 , India
| | - Sujata Sangam
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology , Amity University , Noida 201303 , India
| | - Subhrajit Biswas
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research , Amity University , Noida 201303 , India
| | - Amit Tyagi
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences , Defence Research & Development Organisation , Timarpur , Delhi 110054 , India
| | - Dinesh Kalyanasundaram
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Delhi , Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016 , India
| | - Sandip Chakrabarti
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology , Amity University , Noida 201303 , India
| | - Monalisa Mukherjee
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology , Amity University , Noida 201303 , India
- Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research and Studies , Amity University , Noida 201303 , India
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Jeevanandham S, Dhachinamoorthi D, Senthil V, Chandra S. Fabrication and evaluation of oral tablets using natural mucoadhesive agent from seeds of Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) SW. Asian J Pharm 2010. [DOI: 10.4103/0973-8398.68465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Jeevanandham S, Dhachinamoorthi D, Chandra Sekhar KB, Muthukumaran M, Sriram N, Joysaruby J. Formulation and evaluation of naproxen sodium orodispersible tablets - A sublimation technique. Asian J Pharm 2010. [DOI: 10.4103/0973-8398.63985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Jeevanandham S, Sekar M, Dhachinamoorthi D, Muthukumaran M, Sriram N, Joysaruby J. Sustain-release of various drugs from leucaena leucocephala polysaccharide. J Young Pharm 2010; 2:15-20. [PMID: 21331185 PMCID: PMC3035878 DOI: 10.4103/0975-1483.62207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examines the sustained release behavior of both water-soluble (acetaminophen, caffeine, theophylline and salicylic acid) and water-insoluble (indomethacin) drugs from Leucaena leucocephala seed Gum isolated from Leucaena leucocephala kernel powder. It further investigates the effect of incorporation of diluents like microcrystalline cellulose and lactose on release of caffeine and partial cross-linking of the gum (polysaccharide) on release of acetaminophen. Applying exponential equation, the mechanism of release of soluble drugs was found to be anomalous. The insoluble drug showed near case II or zero-order release mechanism. The rate of release was in the decreasing order of caffeine, acetaminophen, theophylline, salicylic acid and indomethacin. An increase in release kinetics of drug was observed on blending with diluents. However, the rate of release varied with type and amount of blend in the matrix. The mechanism of release due to effect of diluents was found to be anomalous. The rate of release of drug decreased on partial cross-linking and the mechanism of release was found to be super case II.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jeevanandham
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Santhiram College of Pharmacy, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - M Sekar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Santhiram College of Pharmacy, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - D Dhachinamoorthi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, QIS College of Pharmacy, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - M Muthukumaran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Santhiram College of Pharmacy, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - N Sriram
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Santhiram College of Pharmacy, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - J Joysaruby
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Santhiram College of Pharmacy, Andhra Pradesh, India
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