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Isa HM, Hasan AZ, Khalifa SI, Alhewaizem SS, Mahroofi AD, Alkhan FN, Al-Beltagi M. Hepatic involvement in children with acute bronchiolitis. World J Hepatol 2022; 14:1907-1919. [PMID: 36340752 PMCID: PMC9627436 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v14.i10.1907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a prevalent cause of lower respiratory tract infections. It may be associated with hepatocellular involvement, as indicated by increased liver enzymes aspartate aminotransferase and alanine transaminase (ALT).
AIM To evaluate the rate of increased liver enzyme levels in children with acute bronchiolitis and correlate them with clinical, laboratory, and radiological variables.
METHODS The study was a retrospective review of the medical records of children who presented with acute bronchiolitis when admitted to the Pediatric Department, Salmaniya Medical Complex, the Kingdom of Bahrain, between 2019 and 2020. We collected the demographic data, the clinical presentation, the laboratory and radiological findings, and the clinical outcomes. We compared the patients with elevated liver enzymes to those with normal levels at the time of presentation and at follow-up.
RESULTS We included 166 (57.8%) of 287 patients with acute bronchiolitis who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Ninety-three (56%) patients were males. The median age at presentation was 3.4 (interquartile range 1.1 to 12.4) mo. Fifty-four (28%) patients tested positive for RSV, which was confirmed in 15 of them (28%) by PCR. Laboratory findings of 161 patients tested at presentation showed high ALT levels in 14 (8.7%) patients and normal ALT in 147 (91.3%). Coagulation profiles were measured in 46 (27.7%) of 166 patients. High prothrombin time was present in 15 (32.6%), a high international normalized ratio was present in 13 (28.3%), and high activated partial thromboplastin time was present in three (6.5%). Thrombin time was elevated in nine (27.3%) of 33 patients. Five (21.7%) of 23 patients with available radiological data had hepatomegaly; one of them had findings suggestive of fatty infiltration. High ALT had a significant association with lengthy hospital stays (P < 0.05) and positive urine culture (P < 0.05). Seventy (42.2%) patients had documented follow-up with liver function tests over a median follow-up period of 10.2 (IQR, 2.4-23.3) mo. Total serum protein and serum globulin levels were normalized at the follow-up time, with a significant P value of < 0.05.
CONCLUSION This study showed a low prevalence of liver function involvement in patients with acute bronchiolitis with a benign course. However, there was a rising trend in ALT during follow-up. Prolonged hospital stay and positive urine cultures were associated with elevated liver enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan M Isa
- Department of Pediatrics, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Manama 12, Bahrain
- Department of Pediatrics, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 26671, Bahrain
| | - Asma Z Hasan
- Department of Pediatrics, Sulwan Psychiatric Hospital, Manama 973, Bu Quwah, Bahrain
| | - Sara I Khalifa
- Department of Pediatrics, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Manama 12, Bahrain
| | - Sana S Alhewaizem
- Department of Pediatrics, Dream Reem Medical Center, Muharraq 50573, Bahrain
| | | | - Fatema N Alkhan
- Department of Pediatrics, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Manama 12, Bahrain
| | - Mohammed Al-Beltagi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Algharbia, Egypt
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center, King Abdulla Medical City, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 26671, Bahrain
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center, Dr. Sulaiman Al-Habib Medical Group, Bahrain, Manama 26671, Bahrain
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Hamadeh IS, Shahin MH, Lima SM, Oliveira F, Wilson L, Khalifa SI, Langaee TY, Cooper-DeHoff RM, Cavallari LH, Johnson JA. Impact of GGCX, STX1B and FPGS Polymorphisms on Warfarin Dose Requirements in European-Americans and Egyptians. Clin Transl Sci 2016; 9:36-42. [PMID: 26751406 PMCID: PMC4760888 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Genotype-based algorithms that include VKORC1 and CYP2C9 genotypes are less predictive of warfarin dose variability in Africans as opposed to Europeans. Polymorphisms in GGCX, FPGS, or STX1B are associated with warfarin dose requirements in African-Americans. We sought to determine if they influenced warfarin dose in European-Americans, and another African population, specifically Egyptians. We genotyped 529 adults (n = 325 European-Americans, 204 Egyptians) on a stable warfarin dose for GGCX rs12714145 and rs10654848, FPGS rs7856096, and STX1B rs4889606. Rs12714145, rs10654848, and rs7856096 were not associated with warfarin dose, whereas STX1B rs4889606 was a significant determinant in univariate analysis (P < 0.0001) in both cohorts. However, STX1B rs4889606 was in high linkage disequilibrium with VKORC1-1639 G>A, and was no longer significant after including VKORC1-1639 G>A in the regression model. Based on these data, the polymorphisms do not appear to influence, in a clinically important way, warfarin dose requirements in European-Americans and Egyptians.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Hamadeh
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - M H Shahin
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - S M Lima
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - F Oliveira
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - L Wilson
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Florida A&M University College of Pharmacy, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - S I Khalifa
- College of Pharmacy, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - T Y Langaee
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - R M Cooper-DeHoff
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - L H Cavallari
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - J A Johnson
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Abstract
Studies on the microbial transformation of the sesquiterpene endoperoxide artemisitene have revealed that artemisitene was metabolized by Aspergillus niger (NRRL 599) to yield 11-epi-artemisinin, 9 beta-hydroxydeoxy-11-epi-artemisinin and 9 beta-hydroxy-11-epi-artemisinnin. These metabolites were characterized on the basis of their spectral data.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Y Orabi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Khalifa SI, Baker JK, Jung M, McChesney JD, Hufford CD. Microbial and mammalian metabolism studies on the semisynthetic antimalarial, deoxoartemisinin. Pharm Res 1995; 12:1493-8. [PMID: 8584488 DOI: 10.1023/a:1016239505506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Deoxoartemisinin is a semisynthetic antimalarial with potential for treatment of multiple drug resistant malaria. Metabolism studies were conducted to aid in future drug development. METHODS Microbial model systems were employed which have been shown to be good predictors of mammalian drug metabolites. Metabolism studies using rats were also performed. RESULTS Three microbial metabolites of deoxoartemisinin were identified (2, 3, and 4). Metabolite 3 was also found in rat plasma. HPLC/MS analyses were performed on the rat plasma using 2, 3, and 4 as standards. All metabolites were thoroughly characterized by 1H and 13C-NMR. An additional rat plasma metabolite was revealed and it was shown not to be 9 alpha-hydroxyartemisinin. CONCLUSIONS Deoxoartemisinin was metabolized to three microbial metabolites. Metabolism by rats showed the presence of two metabolites in the plasma, one of which was the same as the microbial metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Khalifa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University 38677, USA
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Khalifa SI, Baker JK, Rogers RD, el-Feraly FS, Hufford CD. Microbial and mammalian metabolism studies of the semisynthetic antimalarial, anhydrodihydroartemisinin. Pharm Res 1994; 11:990-4. [PMID: 7937560 DOI: 10.1023/a:1018979202933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Microbial metabolism studies of the semisynthetic antimalarial anhydrodihydroartemisinin (1), have shown that it is metabolized by a number of microorganisms. Large scale fermentation with Streptomyces lavendulae L-105 and Rhizopogon species (ATCC 36060) have resulted in the isolation of four microbial metabolites. These metabolites have been identified as a 14-carbon rearranged product (2), 9 beta-hydroxyanhydrodihydroartemisinin (3), 11-epi-deoxydihydroartemisinin (4), and 3 alpha-hydroxydeoxyanhydrodihydroartemisinin (5). Microbial metabolites were completely characterized by spectral methods, including 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. The structure and stereochemistry of metabolite 2 were unequivocally established by X-ray crystallographic analysis. Thermospray mass spectroscopy/high-performance liquid chromatographic analyses of plasma from rats used in mammalian metabolism studies of 1 have shown microbial metabolite 3 to be the major mammalian metabolite. In vitro antimalarial testing has shown metabolite 3 to possess antimalarial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Khalifa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University 38677
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al-Said MS, Abdelsattar EA, Khalifa SI, el-Feraly FS. Isolation and identification of an anti-inflammatory principle from Capparis spinosa. Pharmazie 1988; 43:640-1. [PMID: 3244735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The homologous polyprenols cappaprenol-12 (1), cappaprenol-13 (2) and cappaprenol-14 (3) with 12, 13 and 14 isoprene units, respectively, could be isolated by preparative HPLC from alcoholic extracts of Capparis spinosa. Testing 2 for its anti-inflammatory activity an inhibition of the carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats of 44 vs. 67% for the standard oxyphenbutazone was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S al-Said
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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