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Yeh H, Skubel SA, Patel H, Cai Shi D, Bushek D, Chikindas ML. From Farm to Fingers: an Exploration of Probiotics for Oysters, from Production to Human Consumption. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 12:351-364. [PMID: 32056150 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-019-09629-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Oysters hold a unique place within the field of aquaculture as one of the only organisms that is regularly shipped live to be consumed whole and raw. The microbiota of oysters is capable of adapting to a wide range of environmental conditions within their dynamic estuarine environments; however, human aquaculture practices can challenge the resilience of this microbial community. Several discrete stages in oyster cultivation and market processing can cause disruption to the oyster microbiota, thus increasing the possibility of proliferation by pathogens and spoilage bacteria. These same pressure points offer the opportunity for the application of probiotics to help decrease disease occurrence in stocks, improve product yields, minimize the risk of shellfish poisoning, and increase product shelf life. This review provides a summary of the current knowledge on oyster microbiota, the impact of aquaculture upon this community, and the current status of oyster probiotic development. In response to this biotechnological gap, the authors highlight opportunities of highest potential impact within the aquaculture pipeline and propose a strategy for oyster-specific probiotic candidate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Yeh
- Haskin Shellfish Research Laboratory, Rutgers State University, 6959 Miller Avenue, Port Norris, NJ, 08349, USA.
| | - Sarah A Skubel
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers State University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08904, USA
| | - Harna Patel
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers State University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08904, USA
| | - Denia Cai Shi
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers State University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08904, USA
| | - David Bushek
- Haskin Shellfish Research Laboratory, Rutgers State University, 6959 Miller Avenue, Port Norris, NJ, 08349, USA
| | - Michael L Chikindas
- Health Promoting Naturals Laboratory, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers State University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08904, USA.,Don State Technical University, Rostov-on-Don, 344002, Russia
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Skubel SA, Dushenkov V, Graf BL, Niu Q, Poulev A, Kalariya HM, Foxcroft LC, Raskin I. Rapid, field-deployable method for collecting and preserving plant metabolome for biochemical and functional characterization. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203569. [PMID: 30188945 PMCID: PMC6126852 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Study of plant metabolome is a growing field of science that catalogs vast biochemical and functional diversity of phytochemicals. However, collecting and storing samples of plant metabolome, sharing these samples across the scientific community and making them compatible with bioactivity assays presents significant challenges to the advancement of metabolome research. We have developed a RApid Metabolome Extraction and Storage (RAMES) technology that allows efficient, highly compact, field-deployable collection and storage of libraries of plant metabolome. RAMES technology combines rapid extraction with immobilization of extracts on glass microfiber filter discs. Two grams of plant tissue extracted in ethanol, using a specially adapted Dremel® rotary tool, produces 25-35 replicas of 10 mm glass fiber discs impregnated with phytochemicals. These discs can be either eluted with solvents (such as 70% ethanol) to study the metabolomic profiles or used directly in a variety of functional assays. We have developed simple, non-sterile, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, and anti-oxidant assays formatted for 24-multiwell plates directly compatible with RAMES discs placed inside the wells. Using these methods we confirmed activity in 30 out of 32 randomly selected anti-microbial medicinal plants and spices. Seven species scored the highest activity (total kill) in the anti-bacterial (bacteria from human saliva) and two anti-fungal screens (Fusarium spp. and Saccharomyces cerevisiae), providing functional validation of RAMES technology. RAMES libraries showed limited degradation of compounds after 12 months of storage at -20°C, while others remained stable. Fifty-eight percent of structures characterized in the extracts loaded onto RAMES discs could be eluted from the discs without significant losses. Miniaturized RAMES technology, as described and validated in this manuscript offers a labor, cost, and time-effective alternative to conventional collection of phytochemicals. RAMES technology enables creation of comprehensive metabolomic libraries from various ecosystems and geographical regions in a format compatible with further biochemical and functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Skubel
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Vyacheslav Dushenkov
- Hostos Community College, City University of New York, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Brittany L. Graf
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Qingwei Niu
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Alexander Poulev
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Hetalben M. Kalariya
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Llewellyn C. Foxcroft
- Centre for Invasion Biology (C•I•B), Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University and Scientific Services, South African National Parks, Skukuza, South Africa
| | - Ilya Raskin
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
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