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Espie D, Barrin S, Rajnpreht I, Vimeux L, Donnadieu E. Live Imaging of CAR T Cell Ca 2+ Signals in Tumor Slices Using Confocal Microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2654:453-462. [PMID: 37106200 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3135-5_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The immune synapse is a key structure organizing T-cell activation against foreign entities, such as cancer cells expressing neoantigens. One crucial step in this activation cascade is the intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) response that shapes T cells for proliferation, differentiation, and cytotoxicity. The development of calcium probes coupled to real-time fluorescence microscopy has allowed a close study of this phenomenon in vitro. Such systems have provided valuable insights on the consequences of Ca2+ responses on T cells, including cytotoxicity and cytoskeletal remodeling. However, in vitro models do not recapitulate the tissue architecture that T cells come in contact with in vivo. Thus, there is a growing necessity for better understanding the factors influencing Ca2+ response in T cells including in genetically modified T cells (e.g., CAR T cells). In this methodology chapter, we describe an experimental system to measure [Ca2+]i signals of CAR T cells loaded with the calcium probe Fluo-4 on fresh tumor slices. Combined with confocal fluorescent imaging, this model offers an approach to image early T-cell activation in a three-dimensional (3D) tissue environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Espie
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INSERM, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- Invectys, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Barrin
- Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon-Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Irena Rajnpreht
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INSERM, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Lene Vimeux
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INSERM, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Donnadieu
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INSERM, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.
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2
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Kantari-Mimoun C, Barrin S, Vimeux L, Haghiri S, Gervais C, Joaquina S, Mittelstaet J, Mockel-Tenbrinck N, Kinkhabwala A, Damotte D, Lupo A, Sibony M, Alifano M, Dondi E, Bercovici N, Trautmann A, Kaiser AD, Donnadieu E. CAR T-cell Entry into Tumor Islets Is a Two-Step Process Dependent on IFNγ and ICAM-1. Cancer Immunol Res 2021; 9:1425-1438. [PMID: 34686489 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-20-0837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) has shown remarkable clinical efficacy against advanced B-cell malignancies but not yet against solid tumors. Here, we used fluorescent imaging microscopy and ex vivo assays to compare the early functional responses (migration, Ca2+, and cytotoxicity) of CD20 and EGFR CAR T cells upon contact with malignant B cells and carcinoma cells. Our results indicated that CD20 CAR T cells rapidly form productive ICAM-1-dependent conjugates with their targets. By comparison, EGFR CAR T cells only initially interacted with a subset of carcinoma cells located at the periphery of tumor islets. After this initial peripheral activation, EGFR CAR T cells progressively relocated to the center of tumor cell regions. The analysis of this two-step entry process showed that activated CAR T cells triggered the upregulation of ICAM-1 on tumor cells in an IFNγ-dependent pathway. The ICAM-1/LFA-1 interaction interference, through antibody or shRNA blockade, prevented CAR T-cell enrichment in tumor islets. The requirement for IFNγ and ICAM-1 to enable CAR T-cell entry into tumor islets is of significance for improving CAR T-cell therapy in solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chahrazade Kantari-Mimoun
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014, Paris, France.,Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Barrin
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014, Paris, France.,Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Lene Vimeux
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014, Paris, France.,Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Haghiri
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014, Paris, France.,Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Claire Gervais
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014, Paris, France.,Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Sandy Joaquina
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014, Paris, France.,Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Diane Damotte
- Department of Pathology, Paris Centre University Hospitals, AP-HP, Paris, France.,INSERM U1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Team Cancer, Immune Control and Escape, Paris, France; University Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Audrey Lupo
- Department of Pathology, Paris Centre University Hospitals, AP-HP, Paris, France.,INSERM U1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Team Cancer, Immune Control and Escape, Paris, France; University Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Sibony
- Department of Pathology, Paris Centre University Hospitals, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Marco Alifano
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Paris Centre University Hospitals, AP-HP, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Elisabetta Dondi
- INSERM, UMR 978, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Labex Inflamex, Bobigny, France
| | - Nadège Bercovici
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014, Paris, France.,Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Alain Trautmann
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014, Paris, France.,Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | | | - Emmanuel Donnadieu
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014, Paris, France. .,Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
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3
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Nicolas-Boluda A, Vaquero J, Vimeux L, Guilbert T, Barrin S, Kantari-Mimoun C, Ponzo M, Renault G, Deptula P, Pogoda K, Bucki R, Cascone I, Courty J, Fouassier L, Gazeau F, Donnadieu E. Tumor stiffening reversion through collagen crosslinking inhibition improves T cell migration and anti-PD-1 treatment. eLife 2021; 10:58688. [PMID: 34106045 PMCID: PMC8203293 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Only a fraction of cancer patients benefits from immune checkpoint inhibitors. This may be partly due to the dense extracellular matrix (ECM) that forms a barrier for T cells. Comparing five preclinical mouse tumor models with heterogeneous tumor microenvironments, we aimed to relate the rate of tumor stiffening with the remodeling of ECM architecture and to determine how these features affect intratumoral T cell migration. An ECM-targeted strategy, based on the inhibition of lysyl oxidase, was used. In vivo stiffness measurements were found to be strongly correlated with tumor growth and ECM crosslinking but negatively correlated with T cell migration. Interfering with collagen stabilization reduces ECM content and tumor stiffness leading to improved T cell migration and increased efficacy of anti-PD-1 blockade. This study highlights the rationale of mechanical characterizations in solid tumors to understand resistance to immunotherapy and of combining treatment strategies targeting the ECM with anti-PD-1 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Nicolas-Boluda
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016/CNRS UMR 8104, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France.,Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), CNRS, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Javier Vaquero
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Paris, France.,TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain.,LPP (Laboratoire de physique des plasmas, UMR 7648), Sorbonne Université, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Ecole Polytechnique, Paris, France.,Oncology Program, CIBEREHD, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lene Vimeux
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016/CNRS UMR 8104, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Guilbert
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016/CNRS UMR 8104, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Barrin
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016/CNRS UMR 8104, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Chahrazade Kantari-Mimoun
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016/CNRS UMR 8104, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Matteo Ponzo
- CNRS ERL 9215, CRRET laboratory, University of Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Paris, France
| | - Gilles Renault
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016/CNRS UMR 8104, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Piotr Deptula
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pogoda
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Robert Bucki
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Ilaria Cascone
- CNRS ERL 9215, CRRET laboratory, University of Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Paris, France
| | - José Courty
- CNRS ERL 9215, CRRET laboratory, University of Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Paris, France
| | - Laura Fouassier
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Paris, France
| | - Florence Gazeau
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), CNRS, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Donnadieu
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016/CNRS UMR 8104, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
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4
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Le Saux O, Lounici Y, Wajda P, Barrin S, Caux C, Dubois B, Ray-Coquard I. Neoadjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer, current state of the art. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2020; 157:103172. [PMID: 33278676 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.103172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has been a revolution in cancer management in the metastatic setting. This has led to a prompt evaluation of such therapies in earlier stages. This article discusses the still limited amount of data finding the rationale to assess such therapy in this setting and reviews preclinical and clinical data available. Overall, neoadjuvant immunotherapy is a promising approach for the treatment of cancers and the rationale supporting its use is strong. Neoadjuvant immunotherapy resulted, in the majority of clinical trials, in improved pathologic complete response rates with a favorable toxicity profile and no delay in surgery. Various regimens were effective: inhibitory immune check-point blockers (IICPB) alone, combination of PD-1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors, combination of chemotherapy (CT) and IICPB, phased CT and IICPB (either IICPB before CT or IICPB after CT). Yet the question whether neoadjuvant immunotherapy will benefit to patients in terms of disease-free and, ultimately, overall survival remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Le Saux
- Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon-Bérard, Inserm 1052, 69008 Lyon, France.
| | - Yasmine Lounici
- Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon-Bérard, Inserm 1052, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Pauline Wajda
- Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon-Bérard, Inserm 1052, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Sarah Barrin
- Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon-Bérard, Inserm 1052, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Christophe Caux
- Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon-Bérard, Inserm 1052, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Bertrand Dubois
- Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon-Bérard, Inserm 1052, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Isabelle Ray-Coquard
- Medical Oncology Department, Centre Léon-Bérard, 28, rue Laennec, 69008 Lyon, France
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5
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El-Barbry H, Capitao M, Barrin S, Amziani S, Pierre Paul P, Borreill S, Guilbert T, Donnadieu E, Niedergang F, Ouaaz F. Extracellular Release of Antigen by Dendritic Cell Regurgitation Promotes B Cell Activation through NF-κB/cRel. J Immunol 2020; 205:608-618. [PMID: 32580933 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional APCs, which sample Ags in the periphery and migrate to the lymph node where they activate T cells. DCs can also present native Ag to B cells through interactions observed both in vitro and in vivo. However, the mechanisms of Ag transfer and B cell activation by DCs remain incompletely understood. In this study, we report that murine DCs are an important cell transporter of Ag from the periphery to the lymph node B cell zone and also potent inducers of B cell activation both in vivo and in vitro. Importantly, we highlight a novel extracellular mechanism of B cell activation by DCs. In this study, we demonstrate that Ag released upon DC regurgitation is sufficient to efficiently induce early B cell activation, which is BCR driven and mechanistically dependent on the nuclear accumulation of the transcription factor NF-κB/cRel. Thus, our study provides new mechanistic insights into Ag delivery and B cell activation modalities by DCs and a promising approach for targeting NF-κB/cRel pathway to modulate the DC-elicited B cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houssam El-Barbry
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR 8104, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Marisa Capitao
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR 8104, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Sarah Barrin
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR 8104, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Samir Amziani
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR 8104, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Pascal Pierre Paul
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR 8104, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Susanna Borreill
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR 8104, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Thomas Guilbert
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR 8104, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Donnadieu
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR 8104, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Florence Niedergang
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR 8104, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Fatah Ouaaz
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR 8104, F-75014 Paris, France
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6
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Peranzoni E, Bougherara H, Barrin S, Mansuet-Lupo A, Alifano M, Damotte D, Donnadieu E. Ex Vivo Imaging of Resident CD8 T Lymphocytes in Human Lung Tumor Slices Using Confocal Microscopy. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 29364247 PMCID: PMC5908391 DOI: 10.3791/55709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8 T cell are key players in the fight against cancer. In order for CD8 T cells to kill tumor cells they need to enter into the tumor, migrate within the tumor microenvironment and respond adequately to tumor antigens. The recent development of improved imaging approaches, such as 2-photon microscopy, and the use of powerful mouse tumor models have shed light on some of the mechanisms that regulate anti-tumor T cell activities. Whereas such systems have provided valuable insights, they do not always predict human responses. In human, our knowledge in the field mainly comes from a description of fixed tumor samples from human patients, as well as in vitro studies. However, in vitro models lack the complex three-dimensional tumor milieu and, therefore, are incomplete approximations of in vivo T cell activities. Fresh slices made from explanted tissue represent a complex multi-cellular tumor environment that can act as an important link between co-cultured studies and animal models. Originally set up in murine lymph nodes1 and previously described in a JoVE article2, this approach has now been transposed to human tumors to examine the dynamics of both plated3 as well as resident T cells4. Here, a protocol for the preparation of human lung tumor slices, immunostaining of resident CD8 T and tumor cells, and tracking of CD8 T lymphocytes within the tumor microenvironment using confocal microscopy is described. This system is uniquely placed to screen for novel immunotherapy agents favoring T cell migration in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Peranzoni
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016-CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes
| | | | - Sarah Barrin
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016-CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes
| | - Audrey Mansuet-Lupo
- Department of Pathology, Paris Centre University Hospitals, Université Paris Descartes; INSERM U1138, Cancer and Immune Escape, Cordeliers Research Center, University Pierre and Marie Curie
| | - Marco Alifano
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Paris Centre University Hospitals, University Paris Descartes
| | - Diane Damotte
- Department of Pathology, Paris Centre University Hospitals, Université Paris Descartes; INSERM U1138, Cancer and Immune Escape, Cordeliers Research Center, University Pierre and Marie Curie
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7
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Huskova H, Ardin M, Weninger A, Vargova K, Barrin S, Villar S, Olivier M, Stopka T, Herceg Z, Hollstein M, Zavadil J, Korenjak M. Modeling cancer driver events in vitro using barrier bypass-clonal expansion assays and massively parallel sequencing. Oncogene 2017; 36:6041-6048. [PMID: 28692054 PMCID: PMC5666318 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The information on candidate cancer driver alterations available from public databases is often descriptive and of limited mechanistic insight, which poses difficulties for reliable distinction between true driver and passenger events. To address this challenge, we performed in-depth analysis of whole-exome sequencing data from cell lines generated by a barrier bypass-clonal expansion (BBCE) protocol. The employed strategy is based on carcinogen-driven immortalization of primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts and recapitulates early steps of cell transformation. Among the mutated genes were almost 200 COSMIC Cancer Gene Census genes, many of which were recurrently affected in the set of 25 immortalized cell lines. The alterations affected pathways regulating DNA damage response and repair, transcription and chromatin structure, cell cycle and cell death, as well as developmental pathways. The functional impact of the mutations was strongly supported by the manifestation of several known cancer hotspot mutations among the identified alterations. We identified a new set of genes encoding subunits of the BAF chromatin remodeling complex that exhibited Ras-mediated dependence on PRC2 histone methyltransferase activity, a finding that is similar to what has been observed for other BAF subunits in cancer cells. Among the affected BAF complex subunits, we determined Smarcd2 and Smarcc1 as putative driver candidates not yet fully identified by large-scale cancer genome sequencing projects. In addition, Ep400 displayed characteristics of a driver gene in that it showed a mutually exclusive mutation pattern when compared with mutations in the Trrap subunit of the TIP60 complex, both in the cell line panel and in a human tumor data set. We propose that the information generated by deep sequencing of the BBCE cell lines coupled with phenotypic analysis of the mutant cells can yield mechanistic insights into driver events relevant to human cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Huskova
- Molecular Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
- Biocev, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Ardin
- Molecular Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - A Weninger
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - K Vargova
- Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - S Barrin
- Dynamics of T cell Interactions Team, Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Paris, France
| | - S Villar
- Molecular Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - M Olivier
- Molecular Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - T Stopka
- Biocev, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Z Herceg
- Epigenetics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - M Hollstein
- Molecular Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, LIGHT Laboratories, Leeds, UK
| | - J Zavadil
- Molecular Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - M Korenjak
- Molecular Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
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