1
|
Pouget JG, Han B, Wu Y, Mignot E, Ollila HM, Barker J, Spain S, Dand N, Trembath R, Martin J, Mayes MD, Bossini-Castillo L, López-Isac E, Jin Y, Santorico SA, Spritz RA, Hakonarson H, Polychronakos C, Raychaudhuri S, Knight J. Cross-disorder analysis of schizophrenia and 19 immune-mediated diseases identifies shared genetic risk. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 28:3498-3513. [PMID: 31211845 PMCID: PMC6891073 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Many immune diseases occur at different rates among people with schizophrenia compared to the general population. Here, we evaluated whether this phenomenon might be explained by shared genetic risk factors. We used data from large genome-wide association studies to compare the genetic architecture of schizophrenia to 19 immune diseases. First, we evaluated the association with schizophrenia of 581 variants previously reported to be associated with immune diseases at genome-wide significance. We identified five variants with potentially pleiotropic effects. While colocalization analyses were inconclusive, functional characterization of these variants provided the strongest evidence for a model in which genetic variation at rs1734907 modulates risk of schizophrenia and Crohn’s disease via altered methylation and expression of EPHB4—a gene whose protein product guides the migration of neuronal axons in the brain and the migration of lymphocytes towards infected cells in the immune system. Next, we investigated genome-wide sharing of common variants between schizophrenia and immune diseases using cross-trait LD score regression. Of the 11 immune diseases with available genome-wide summary statistics, we observed genetic correlation between six immune diseases and schizophrenia: inflammatory bowel disease (rg = 0.12 ± 0.03, P = 2.49 × 10−4), Crohn’s disease (rg = 0.097 ± 0.06, P = 3.27 × 10−3), ulcerative colitis (rg = 0.11 ± 0.04, P = 4.05 × 10–3), primary biliary cirrhosis (rg = 0.13 ± 0.05, P = 3.98 × 10−3), psoriasis (rg = 0.18 ± 0.07, P = 7.78 × 10–3) and systemic lupus erythematosus (rg = 0.13 ± 0.05, P = 3.76 × 10–3). With the exception of ulcerative colitis, the degree and direction of these genetic correlations were consistent with the expected phenotypic correlation based on epidemiological data. Our findings suggest shared genetic risk factors contribute to the epidemiological association of certain immune diseases and schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennie G Pouget
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | | | - Buhm Han
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Wu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Emmanuel Mignot
- Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Hanna M Ollila
- Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine, Helsinki, Finland.,Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA and Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan Barker
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.,St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah Spain
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nick Dand
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Richard Trembath
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.,Queen Mary University of London, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Javier Martin
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine López-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPBLN-CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Maureen D Mayes
- The University of Texas Health Science Center-Houston, Houston, USA
| | - Lara Bossini-Castillo
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elena López-Isac
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine López-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPBLN-CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Ying Jin
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora 80045, CO, USA
| | - Stephanie A Santorico
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA.,Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Richard A Spritz
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora 80045, CO, USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Constantin Polychronakos
- Endocrine Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics and the Child Health Program of the Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Soumya Raychaudhuri
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Partners HealthCare Center for Personalized Genetic Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Rheumatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jo Knight
- Lancaster Medical School and Data Science Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Silberzahn R, Uhlmann EL, Martin DP, Anselmi P, Aust F, Awtrey E, Bahník Š, Bai F, Bannard C, Bonnier E, Carlsson R, Cheung F, Christensen G, Clay R, Craig MA, Dalla Rosa A, Dam L, Evans MH, Flores Cervantes I, Fong N, Gamez-Djokic M, Glenz A, Gordon-McKeon S, Heaton TJ, Hederos K, Heene M, Hofelich Mohr AJ, Högden F, Hui K, Johannesson M, Kalodimos J, Kaszubowski E, Kennedy DM, Lei R, Lindsay TA, Liverani S, Madan CR, Molden D, Molleman E, Morey RD, Mulder LB, Nijstad BR, Pope NG, Pope B, Prenoveau JM, Rink F, Robusto E, Roderique H, Sandberg A, Schlüter E, Schönbrodt FD, Sherman MF, Sommer SA, Sotak K, Spain S, Spörlein C, Stafford T, Stefanutti L, Tauber S, Ullrich J, Vianello M, Wagenmakers EJ, Witkowiak M, Yoon S, Nosek BA. Many Analysts, One Data Set: Making Transparent How Variations in Analytic Choices Affect Results. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/2515245917747646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-nine teams involving 61 analysts used the same data set to address the same research question: whether soccer referees are more likely to give red cards to dark-skin-toned players than to light-skin-toned players. Analytic approaches varied widely across the teams, and the estimated effect sizes ranged from 0.89 to 2.93 ( Mdn = 1.31) in odds-ratio units. Twenty teams (69%) found a statistically significant positive effect, and 9 teams (31%) did not observe a significant relationship. Overall, the 29 different analyses used 21 unique combinations of covariates. Neither analysts’ prior beliefs about the effect of interest nor their level of expertise readily explained the variation in the outcomes of the analyses. Peer ratings of the quality of the analyses also did not account for the variability. These findings suggest that significant variation in the results of analyses of complex data may be difficult to avoid, even by experts with honest intentions. Crowdsourcing data analysis, a strategy in which numerous research teams are recruited to simultaneously investigate the same research question, makes transparent how defensible, yet subjective, analytic choices influence research results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R. Silberzahn
- Organisational Behaviour, University of Sussex Business School
| | | | - D. P. Martin
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia
| | - P. Anselmi
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padua
| | - F. Aust
- Department of Psychology, University of Cologne
| | - E. Awtrey
- Department of Management, University of Cincinnati
| | - Š. Bahník
- Department of Management, Faculty of Business Administration, University of Economics, Prague
| | - F. Bai
- Department of Management and Marketing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University
| | - C. Bannard
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool
| | - E. Bonnier
- Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics
| | - R. Carlsson
- Department of Psychology, Linnaeus University
| | - F. Cheung
- School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong
| | - G. Christensen
- Berkeley Institute for Data Science, University of California, Berkeley
| | - R. Clay
- Department of Psychology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York
| | - M. A. Craig
- Department of Psychology, New York University
| | - A. Dalla Rosa
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padua
| | - L. Dam
- Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen
| | - M. H. Evans
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester
| | | | - N. Fong
- Department of Marketing and Supply Chain Management, Temple University
| | - M. Gamez-Djokic
- Department of Management and Organizations, Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University
| | - A. Glenz
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich
| | | | - T. J. Heaton
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sheffield
| | - K. Hederos
- Swedish Institute for Social Research (SOFI), Stockholm University
| | - M. Heene
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | | | - F. Högden
- Department of Psychology, University of Cologne
| | - K. Hui
- School of Management, Xiamen University
| | | | | | - E. Kaszubowski
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Santa Catarina
| | - D. M. Kennedy
- School of Business, University of Washington Bothell
| | - R. Lei
- Department of Psychology, New York University
| | | | - S. Liverani
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London
| | - C. R. Madan
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham
| | - D. Molden
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University
| | - E. Molleman
- Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen
| | | | - L. B. Mulder
- Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen
| | - B. R. Nijstad
- Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen
| | - N. G. Pope
- Department of Economics, University of Maryland
| | - B. Pope
- Department of Economics, Brigham Young University
| | | | - F. Rink
- Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen
| | - E. Robusto
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padua
| | - H. Roderique
- Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto
| | - A. Sandberg
- Swedish Institute for Social Research (SOFI), Stockholm University
| | - E. Schlüter
- Department of Social Sciences and Cultural Studies, Institute of Sociology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen
| | - F. D. Schönbrodt
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - M. F. Sherman
- Department of Psychology, Loyola University Maryland
| | | | - K. Sotak
- Department of Marketing and Management, SUNY Oswego
| | - S. Spain
- John Molson School of Business, Concordia University
| | - C. Spörlein
- Lehrstuhl für Soziologie, insb. Sozialstrukturanalyse, Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg
| | - T. Stafford
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield
| | - L. Stefanutti
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padua
| | - S. Tauber
- Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen
| | - J. Ullrich
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich
| | - M. Vianello
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padua
| | | | | | - S. Yoon
- Department of Marketing and Supply Chain Management, Temple University
| | - B. A. Nosek
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia
- Center for Open Science, Charlottesville, Virginia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Scott IC, Walker J, Quist J, Spain S, Tan R, Okada Y, Raychaudhuri S, Steer S, Cope AP, Lewis CM. 264. Genetic Susceptibility Variants for Rheumatoid Arthritis do not Associate with Radiological Progression in Early Active Disease. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keu122.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
4
|
Dunlop MG, Dobbins SE, Farrington SM, Jones AM, Palles C, Whiffin N, Tenesa A, Spain S, Broderick P, Ooi LY, Domingo E, Smillie C, Henrion M, Frampton M, Martin L, Grimes G, Gorman M, Semple C, Ma Y, Barclay E, Prendergast J, Cazier JB, Olver B, Carvajal-Carmona LG, Ballereau S, Lloyd A, Vijayakrishnan J, Zgaga L, Rudan I, Theodoratou E, Starr JM, Deary I, Kirac I, Kovačević D, Aaltonen LA, Renkonen-Sinisalo L, Mecklin JP, Matsuda K, Nakamura Y, Okada Y, Gallinger S, Duggan DJ, Conti D, Newcomb P, Hopper J, Jenkins MA, Schumacher F, Casey G, Easton D, Shah M, Pharoah P, Lindblom A, Liu T, Smith CG, West H, Cheadle JP, Midgley R, Kerr DJ, Campbell H, Tomlinson IP, Houlston RS. Common variation near CDKN1A, POLD3 and SHROOM2 influences colorectal cancer risk. Nat Genet 2012; 44:770-6. [PMID: 22634755 PMCID: PMC4747430 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We performed a meta-analysis of five genome-wide association studies to identify common variants influencing colorectal cancer (CRC) risk comprising 8,682 cases and 9,649 controls. Replication analysis was performed in case-control sets totaling 21,096 cases and 19,555 controls. We identified three new CRC risk loci at 6p21 (rs1321311, near CDKN1A; P = 1.14 × 10(-10)), 11q13.4 (rs3824999, intronic to POLD3; P = 3.65 × 10(-10)) and Xp22.2 (rs5934683, near SHROOM2; P = 7.30 × 10(-10)) This brings the number of independent loci associated with CRC risk to 20 and provides further insight into the genetic architecture of inherited susceptibility to CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm G Dunlop
- Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Sara E Dobbins
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | - Susan Mary Farrington
- Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Angela M Jones
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Claire Palles
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Nicola Whiffin
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | - Albert Tenesa
- Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Sarah Spain
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Peter Broderick
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | - Li-Yin Ooi
- Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Enric Domingo
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Claire Smillie
- Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Marc Henrion
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | - Matthew Frampton
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | - Lynn Martin
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Graeme Grimes
- Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Maggie Gorman
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Colin Semple
- Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Yussanne Ma
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | - Ella Barclay
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - James Prendergast
- Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | | | - Bianca Olver
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | | | - Stephane Ballereau
- Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Amy Lloyd
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | | | - Lina Zgaga
- Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
- Public Health Sciences, Teviot Place, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Igor Rudan
- Public Health Sciences, Teviot Place, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | - John M Starr
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8, 9AG
| | - Ian Deary
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8, 9AG
| | - Iva Kirac
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University Hospital for Tumors, University Hospital Center ‘Sestre milosrdnice’, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dujo Kovačević
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Center ‘Sestre milosrdnice’, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lauri A Aaltonen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Jukka-Pekka Mecklin
- Jyväskylä Central Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Koichi Matsuda
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakamura
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukinori Okada
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Steven Gallinger
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - David J Duggan
- Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - David Conti
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, CA 90089, USA
| | - Polly Newcomb
- Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - John Hopper
- Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic, and Analytic Epidemiology, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mark A. Jenkins
- Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic, and Analytic Epidemiology, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Fredrick Schumacher
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, CA 90089, USA
| | - Graham Casey
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, CA 90089, USA
| | - Douglas Easton
- Departments of Oncology and Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, CB1 RN, UK
| | - Mitul Shah
- Departments of Oncology and Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, CB1 RN, UK
| | - Paul Pharoah
- Departments of Oncology and Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, CB1 RN, UK
| | - Annika Lindblom
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, S17176 Stockholm
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, S17176 Stockholm
| | | | - Christopher G Smith
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Hannah West
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Jeremy P. Cheadle
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | | | - Rachel Midgley
- Department of Oncology, Oxford University, Radcliffe Infirmary, Old Road Campus Research Building, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - David J Kerr
- Department of Oncology, Oxford University, Radcliffe Infirmary, Old Road Campus Research Building, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Harry Campbell
- Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
- Public Health Sciences, Teviot Place, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian P Tomlinson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Oxford NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre
| | - Richard S Houlston
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Howarth K, Ranta S, Winter E, Teixeira A, Schaschl H, Harvey JJ, Rowan A, Jones A, Spain S, Clark S, Guenther T, Stewart A, Silver A, Tomlinson I. A mitotic recombination map proximal to the APC locus on chromosome 5q and assessment of influences on colorectal cancer risk. BMC Med Genet 2009; 10:54. [PMID: 19515250 PMCID: PMC2705358 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-10-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Mitotic recombination is important for inactivating tumour suppressor genes by copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity (LOH). Although meiotic recombination maps are plentiful, little is known about mitotic recombination. The APC gene (chr5q21) is mutated in most colorectal tumours and its usual mode of LOH is mitotic recombination. Methods We mapped mitotic recombination boundaries ("breakpoints") between the centromere (~50 Mb) and APC (~112 Mb) in early colorectal tumours. Results Breakpoints were non-random, with the highest frequency between 65 Mb and 75 Mb, close to a low copy number repeat region (68–71 Mb). There were, surprisingly, few breakpoints close to APC, contrary to expectations were there constraints on tumorigenesis caused by uncovering recessive lethal alleles or if mitotic recombination were mechanistically favoured by a longer residual chromosome arm. The locations of mitotic and meiotic recombination breakpoints were correlated, suggesting that the two types of recombination are influenced by similar processes, whether mutational or selective in origin. Breakpoints were also associated with higher local G+C content. The recombination and gain/deletion breakpoint maps on 5q were not, however, associated, perhaps owing to selective constraints on APC dosage in early colorectal tumours. Since polymorphisms within the region of frequent mitotic recombination on 5q might influence the frequency of LOH, we tested the 68–71 Mb low copy number repeat and nearby tagSNPs, but no associations with colorectal cancer risk were found. Conclusion LOH on 5q is non-random, but local factors do not greatly influence the rate of LOH at APC or explain inter differential susceptibility to colorectal tumours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley Howarth
- Molecular and Population Genetics Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Carvajal-Carmona LG, Spain S, Kerr D, Houlston R, Cazier JB, Tomlinson I. Common variation at the adiponectin locus is not associated with colorectal cancer risk in the UK. Hum Mol Genet 2009; 18:1889-92. [PMID: 19264763 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent study examined common genetic variants at the adiponectin locus (ADIPOQ) in two case-control colorectal cancer (CRC) series from the USA and reported a positive association between a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the 5' region of the gene (rs266729) and decreased disease risk. In an attempt to replicate the previously reported association, we examined data from two CRC genome-wide association studies based on the UK population. The first cohort comprised 931 familial colorectal tumour cases and 929 cancer-free controls. The second included 1216 individuals with Dukes stage B or C CRCs from two clinical trials and 1436 controls from the 1958 Birth Cohort. We tested associations between CRC risk and 82 SNPs in a region of 250 kb around the ADIPOQ gene; nine of these SNPs were located in the coding and promoter regions. None of the markers tested was significantly associated with CRC risk after correction for multiple testing under any of the models in any of the two cohorts. A meta-analysis of the data also failed to detect any association. We, therefore, failed to replicate an association between common variants at ADIPOQ and CRC risk in the UK, and suggest that the previous report is either population-specific or a false-positive result.
Collapse
|
7
|
Pittman AM, Webb E, Carvajal-Carmona L, Howarth K, Di Bernardo MC, Broderick P, Spain S, Walther A, Price A, Sullivan K, Twiss P, Fielding S, Rowan A, Jaeger E, Vijayakrishnan J, Chandler I, Penegar S, Qureshi M, Lubbe S, Domingo E, Kemp Z, Barclay E, Wood W, Martin L, Gorman M, Thomas H, Peto J, Bishop T, Gray R, Maher ER, Lucassen A, Kerr D, Evans GR, van Wezel T, Morreau H, Wijnen JT, Hopper JL, Southey MC, Giles GG, Severi G, Castellví-Bel S, Ruiz-Ponte C, Carracedo A, Castells A, Försti A, Hemminki K, Vodicka P, Naccarati A, Lipton L, Ho JWC, Cheng KK, Sham PC, Luk J, Agúndez JAG, Ladero JM, de la Hoya M, Caldés T, Niittymäki I, Tuupanen S, Karhu A, Aaltonen LA, Cazier JB, Tomlinson IPM, Houlston RS. Refinement of the basis and impact of common 11q23.1 variation to the risk of developing colorectal cancer. Hum Mol Genet 2008; 17:3720-7. [PMID: 18753146 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddn267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The common single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs3802842 at 11q23.1 has recently been reported to be associated with risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). To examine this association in detail we genotyped rs3802842 in eight independent case-control series comprising a total of 10 638 cases and 10 457 healthy individuals. A significant association between the C allele of rs3802842 and CRC risk was found (per allele OR = 1.17; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.12-1.22; P = 1.08 x 10(-12)) with the risk allele more frequent in rectal than colonic disease (P = 0.02). In combination with 8q21, 8q24, 10p14, 11q, 15q13.3 and 18q21 variants, the risk of CRC increases with an increasing numbers of variant alleles for the six loci (OR(per allele) = 1.19; 95% CI: 1.15-1.23; P(trend) = 7.4 x 10(-24)). Using the data from our genome-wide association study of CRC, LD mapping and imputation, we were able to refine the location of the causal locus to a 60 kb region and screened for coding changes. The absence of exonic mutations in any of the transcripts (FLJ45803, LOC120376, C11orf53 and POU2AF1) mapping to this region makes the association likely to be a consequence of non-coding effects on gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan M Pittman
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Papaemmanuil E, Carvajal-Carmona L, Sellick GS, Kemp Z, Webb E, Spain S, Sullivan K, Barclay E, Lubbe S, Jaeger E, Vijayakrishnan J, Broderick P, Gorman M, Martin L, Lucassen A, Bishop DT, Evans DG, Maher ER, Steinke V, Rahner N, Schackert HK, Goecke TO, Holinski-Feder E, Propping P, Van Wezel T, Wijnen J, Cazier JB, Thomas H, Houlston RS, Tomlinson I. Deciphering the genetics of hereditary non-syndromic colorectal cancer. Eur J Hum Genet 2008; 16:1477-86. [PMID: 18628789 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2008.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we have localized to chromosome 3q21-q24, a predisposition locus for colorectal cancer (CRC), through a genome-wide linkage screen (GWLS) of 69 families without familial adenomatous polyposis or hereditary non-polyposis CRC. To further investigate Mendelian susceptibility to CRC, we extended our screen to include a further GWLS of an additional 34 CRC families. We also searched for a disease gene at 3q21-q24 by linkage disequilibrium mapping in 620 familial CRC cases and 960 controls by genotyping 1676 tagging SNPs and sequencing 30 candidate genes from the region. Linkage analysis was conducted using the Affymetrix 10K SNP array. Data from both GWLSs were pooled and multipoint linkage statistics computed. The maximum NPL score (3.01; P=0.0013) across all families was at 3q22, maximal evidence for linkage coming from families segregating rectal CRC. The same genomic position also yielded the highest multipoint heterogeneity LOD (HLOD) score under a dominant model (HLOD=2.79; P=0.00034), with an estimated 43% of families linked. In the case-control analysis, the strongest association was obtained at rs698675 (P=0.0029), but this was not significant after adjusting for multiple testing. Analysis of candidate gene mapping to the region of maximal linkage on 3q22 failed to identify a causal mutation. There was no evidence for linkage to the previously reported 9q CRC locus (NPL=0.95, P=0.23; HLOD(dominant)=0.40, HLOD(recessive)=0.20). Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that variation at 3q22 contributes to the risk of CRC, but this is unlikely to be mediated through a restricted set of alleles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eli Papaemmanuil
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tomlinson IPM, Webb E, Carvajal-Carmona L, Broderick P, Howarth K, Pittman AM, Spain S, Lubbe S, Walther A, Sullivan K, Jaeger E, Fielding S, Rowan A, Vijayakrishnan J, Domingo E, Chandler I, Kemp Z, Qureshi M, Farrington SM, Tenesa A, Prendergast JGD, Barnetson RA, Penegar S, Barclay E, Wood W, Martin L, Gorman M, Thomas H, Peto J, Bishop DT, Gray R, Maher ER, Lucassen A, Kerr D, Evans DGR, Schafmayer C, Buch S, Völzke H, Hampe J, Schreiber S, John U, Koessler T, Pharoah P, van Wezel T, Morreau H, Wijnen JT, Hopper JL, Southey MC, Giles GG, Severi G, Castellví-Bel S, Ruiz-Ponte C, Carracedo A, Castells A, Försti A, Hemminki K, Vodicka P, Naccarati A, Lipton L, Ho JWC, Cheng KK, Sham PC, Luk J, Agúndez JAG, Ladero JM, de la Hoya M, Caldés T, Niittymäki I, Tuupanen S, Karhu A, Aaltonen L, Cazier JB, Campbell H, Dunlop MG, Houlston RS. A genome-wide association study identifies colorectal cancer susceptibility loci on chromosomes 10p14 and 8q23.3. Nat Genet 2008. [PMID: 18372905 DOI: 10.1038/mg.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To identify colorectal cancer (CRC) susceptibility alleles, we conducted a genome-wide association study. In phase 1, we genotyped 550,163 tagSNPs in 940 familial colorectal tumor cases (627 CRC, 313 high-risk adenoma) and 965 controls. In phase 2, we genotyped 42,708 selected SNPs in 2,873 CRC cases and 2,871 controls. In phase 3, we evaluated 11 SNPs showing association at P < 10(-4) in a joint analysis of phases 1 and 2 in 4,287 CRC cases and 3,743 controls. Two SNPs were taken forward to phase 4 genotyping (10,731 CRC cases and 10,961 controls from eight centers). In addition to the previously reported 8q24, 15q13 and 18q21 CRC risk loci, we identified two previously unreported associations: rs10795668, located at 10p14 (P = 2.5 x 10(-13) overall; P = 6.9 x 10(-12) replication), and rs16892766, at 8q23.3 (P = 3.3 x 10(-18) overall; P = 9.6 x 10(-17) replication), which tags a plausible causative gene, EIF3H. These data provide further evidence for the 'common-disease common-variant' model of CRC predisposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian P M Tomlinson
- Molecular and Population Genetics Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London WC2A 3PX, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Suraweera N, Latchford A, McCart A, Rogers P, Spain S, Sieber O, Phillips R, Tomlinson I, Silver A. Pregnancy does not influence colonic polyp multiplicity but may modulate upper gastrointestinal disease in patients with FAP. J Med Genet 2007; 44:541-4. [PMID: 17496195 PMCID: PMC2597927 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2007.049965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2007] [Revised: 04/24/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reproductive factors have been shown by epidemiology studies to alter colorectal cancer risk in women. Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) patients carry a germline adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) mutation predisposing to multiple adenoma formation in the intestine. The Min mouse provides a good model of FAP, and we recently reported a significant increase in intestinal tumour multiplicity in a recombinant line of mice following pregnancy. AIM We considered whether reproduction modulates intestinal tract disease in a large cohort of female patients with FAP (n = 180). RESULTS Multiple regression analysis showed that the number of colonic polyps observed was not related to the person's pregnancy status nor the position of their APC germline mutation. The proportion of women attaining a high Spigelman stage (3 or 4) was unrelated to having a pregnancy prior to attaining the maximum Spigelman stage (p = 0.6). On the other hand, having a pregnancy significantly increased the proportion of women that attained the highest Spigelman stage when their APC germline mutation occurred within the mutation cluster region or at or after codon 1020 (50%, 6/12, p = 0.005 and 42%, 13/31, p = 0.006, respectively; multivariable logistic regression). CONCLUSION Our data suggest that reproduction may influence disease severity in the upper gastrointestinal tract in patients with FAP.
Collapse
|
11
|
Tomlinson I, Webb E, Carvajal-Carmona L, Broderick P, Kemp Z, Spain S, Penegar S, Chandler I, Gorman M, Wood W, Barclay E, Lubbe S, Martin L, Sellick G, Jaeger E, Hubner R, Wild R, Rowan A, Fielding S, Howarth K, Silver A, Atkin W, Muir K, Logan R, Kerr D, Johnstone E, Sieber O, Gray R, Thomas H, Peto J, Cazier JB, Houlston R. A genome-wide association scan of tag SNPs identifies a susceptibility variant for colorectal cancer at 8q24.21. Nat Genet 2007; 39:984-8. [PMID: 17618284 DOI: 10.1038/ng2085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 678] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2007] [Accepted: 06/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Much of the variation in inherited risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) is probably due to combinations of common low risk variants. We conducted a genome-wide association study of 550,000 tag SNPs in 930 familial colorectal tumor cases and 960 controls. The most strongly associated SNP (P = 1.72 x 10(-7), allelic test) was rs6983267 at 8q24.21. To validate this finding, we genotyped rs6983267 in three additional CRC case-control series (4,361 affected individuals and 3,752 controls; 1,901 affected individuals and 1,079 controls; 1,072 affected individuals and 415 controls) and replicated the association, providing P = 1.27 x 10(-14) (allelic test) overall, with odds ratios (ORs) of 1.27 (95% confidence interval (c.i.): 1.16-1.39) and 1.47 (95% c.i.: 1.34-1.62) for heterozygotes and rare homozygotes, respectively. Analyses based on 1,477 individuals with colorectal adenoma and 2,136 controls suggest that susceptibility to CRC is mediated through development of adenomas (OR = 1.21, 95% c.i.: 1.10-1.34; P = 6.89 x 10(-5)). These data show that common, low-penetrance susceptibility alleles predispose to colorectal neoplasia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Tomlinson
- Molecular and Population Genetics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London WC2A 3PX, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kemp Z, Carvajal-Carmona L, Spain S, Barclay E, Gorman M, Martin L, Jaeger E, Brooks N, Bishop DT, Thomas H, Tomlinson I, Papaemmanuil E, Webb E, Sellick GS, Wood W, Evans G, Lucassen A, Maher ER, Houlston RS. Evidence for a colorectal cancer susceptibility locus on chromosome 3q21–q24 from a high-density SNP genome-wide linkage scan. Hum Mol Genet 2006. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddl435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
13
|
Kemp Z, Carvajal-Carmona L, Spain S, Barclay E, Gorman M, Martin L, Jaeger E, Brooks N, Bishop DT, Thomas H, Tomlinson I, Papaemmanuil E, Webb E, Sellick GS, Wood W, Evans G, Lucassen A, Maher ER, Houlston RS. Evidence for a colorectal cancer susceptibility locus on chromosome 3q21-q24 from a high-density SNP genome-wide linkage scan. Hum Mol Genet 2006; 15:2903-10. [PMID: 16923799 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddl231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify a novel susceptibility gene for colorectal cancer (CRC), we conducted a genome-wide linkage analysis of 69 pedigrees segregating colorectal neoplasia in which involvement of known loci had been excluded, using a high-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array containing 10,204 markers. Multipoint linkage analyses were undertaken using both non-parametric (model-free) and parametric (model-based) methods. After the removal of SNPs in strong linkage disequilibrium, we obtained a maximum non-parametric linkage statistic of 3.40 (P=0.0003) at chromosomal region 3q21-q24. The same genomic position also yielded the highest multipoint heterogeneity LOD (HLOD) score under a dominant model (HLOD=3.10, genome-wide P=0.038) with 62% of families linked to the locus. We provide evidence for a novel CRC susceptibility gene. Further studies are needed to confirm this localization and to evaluate the contribution of this locus to disease incidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Kemp
- Molecular and Population Genetics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kemp ZE, Carvajal-Carmona LG, Barclay E, Gorman M, Martin L, Wood W, Rowan A, Donohue C, Spain S, Jaeger E, Evans DG, Maher ER, Bishop T, Thomas H, Houlston R, Tomlinson I. Evidence of linkage to chromosome 9q22.33 in colorectal cancer kindreds from the United Kingdom. Cancer Res 2006; 66:5003-6. [PMID: 16707420 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-4074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
About 30% of all colorectal cancers are thought to have a genetic basis and the known predisposing genes can only account for a small fraction of cases. A previous report suggested that a colorectal cancer candidate gene, explaining at least 20% of colorectal cancer cases with family history, was located within a 25 cM region on chromosome 9q22.2-q31.3. We typed 16 polymorphic markers encompassing the region of putative linkage in 57 colorectal tumor families from the United Kingdom. Known Mendelian syndromes had been excluded. We found suggestive evidence of linkage, as positive parametric (HLOD = 1.23) and nonparametric (NPL = 1.21, P = 0.11) LOD scores were obtained by analysis of the whole family set. Enrichment for cases with a priori genetic etiology by analyzing families with at least one person affected at <45 years of age (n = 39 families) gave a maximum multipoint NPL score of 2.65 (P = 0.007). In this group, significant NPL scores >1.67 (P < 0.05) were found in a 6.5 cM region between D9S1851 and D9S277. With a more stringent threshold (NPL>2.4, P < 0.01), the linked region was 1.7 cM between D9S971 and D9S272/D9S173. Exclusion from the analysis of kindreds with a phenotype of multiple polyposis also found evidence of linkage in the same region (NPL = 2.47 at close to D9S277, P = 0.009). The type I transforming growth factor-beta receptor, a prime candidate gene, was excluded as a cause of disease. The results presented here further support the existence of a colorectal cancer susceptibility gene on chromosome 9q and refine its likely location.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoe E Kemp
- Molecular and Population Genetics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Goldsmith HL, Bell DN, Spain S, McIntosh FA. Effect of red blood cells and their aggregates on platelets and white cells in flowing blood. Biorheology 2000; 36:461-8. [PMID: 10818647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H L Goldsmith
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Quebec, Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine which measurements and test conditions on posturography are most useful for identifying balance problems in older people. SUBJECTS Two samples of 70 community-dwelling older subjects (> 75 years). One group (controls) considered their balance normal for their age, and the other (patients) complained of imbalance. MEASUREMENTS Velocity of sway on static (with and without foam) and dynamic posturography, Tinetti gait and balance score, self-reported fear of falling, and number and circumstances of falls. RESULTS Mean sway velocity was significantly increased in patients compared with controls. The greatest difference between patients and controls occurred with measures of anterior-posterior sway velocity during angular tilt of the platform. Sway velocity was not significantly increased in patients or controls who reported falls compared with those who did not report falls. Even when comparing those who fell as a result of loss of balance with those who fell because of trips or slips, there was no significant difference in sway velocity. By contrast, those who reported fear of falling (patients and controls) had significantly increased sway velocity compared with those who did not report fear of falling. CONCLUSION On average, velocity of sway (particularly in the anterior-posterior direction) is higher in older subjects who complain of imbalance compared with age-matched controls, and the difference is greater with dynamic posturography than with static posturography. However, the posturography data provided little information about the cause of the imbalance and did not correlate with the frequency of reported falls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R W Baloh
- Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine 90024-1769, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bell DN, Spain S, Goldsmith HL. Extracellular-free Ca++ accounts for the sex difference in the aggregation of human platelets in citrated platelet-rich plasma. Thromb Res 1990; 58:47-60. [PMID: 2343444 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(90)90242-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown in Poiseuille flow, that the ADP-induced aggregation of human platelets in citrated plasma from female donors is significantly greater than from male donors over a range of mean tube shear rate, G, from 41.9 s-1 to 1920 s-1 and mean transit time, t, from 0.2 to 86 s. The present work verifies the sex difference at G = 335 s-1 and t = 43 s and deals with the effect of free Ca2+ on it. An inverse correlation between the extent of single platelet aggregation and donor hematocrit, and between hematocrit and the plasma ionized calcium concentration, [Ca2+], as well as a positive correlation between the extent of single platelet aggregation and [Ca2+] was found. This indicated that the sex difference is due to hematocrit-dependent differences in the [Ca2+] that result when a fixed volume of the chelating agent citrate is used to anticoagulate blood. When the initial citrate concentration was adjusted to compensate for the variable volume dilution of citrate in plasma among donors and the [Ca2+] of males raised above that of females, the sex difference was reversed. Again, aggregation correlated with [Ca2+]. At the physiological [Ca2+] in both heparinized PRP and hirudinized PRP, the rate of aggregation and aggregate size were much greater than in citrated plasma but no sex difference was detected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D N Bell
- McGill University Medical Clinic, Montreal General Hospital, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bell DN, Spain S, Goldsmith HL. The effect of red blood cells on the ADP-induced aggregation of human platelets in flow through tubes. Thromb Haemost 1990; 63:112-21. [PMID: 2339347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The effect of red blood cells, rbc, and shear rate on the ADP-induced aggregation of platelets in whole blood, WB, flowing through polyethylene tubing was studied using a previously described technique (1). Effluent WB was collected into 0.5% glutaraldehyde and the red blood cells removed by centrifugation through Percoll. At 23 degrees C the rate of single platelet aggregation was upt to 9 x greater in WB than previously found in platelet-rich plasma (2) at mean tube shear rates G = 41.9, 335, and 1,920 s-1, and at both 0.2 and 1.0 microM ADP. At 0.2 microM ADP, the rate of aggregation was greatest at G = 41.9 s-1 over the first 1.7 s mean transit time through the flow tube, t, but decreased steadily with time. At G greater than or equal to 335 s-1 the rate of aggregation increased between t = 1.7 and 8.6 s; however, aggregate size decreased with increasing shear rate. At 1.0 microM ADP, the initial rate of single platelet aggregation was still highest at G = 41.9 s-1 where large aggregates up to several millimeters in diameter containing rbc formed by t = 43 s. At this ADP concentration, aggregate size was still limited at G greater than or equal to 335 s-1 but the rate of single platelet aggregation was markedly greater than at 0.2 microM ADP. By t = 43 s, no single platelets remained and rbc were not incorporated into aggregates. Although aggregate size increased slowly, large aggregates eventually formed. White blood cells were not significantly incorporated into aggregates at any shear rate or ADP concentration. Since the present technique did not induce platelet thromboxane A2 formation or cause cell lysis, these experiments provide evidence for a purely mechanical effect of rbc in augmenting platelet aggregation in WB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D N Bell
- McGill University Medical Clinic, Montreal General Hospital, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bell DN, Spain S, Goldsmith HL. Adenosine diphosphate-induced aggregation of human platelets in flow through tubes. I. Measurement of concentration and size of single platelets and aggregates. Biophys J 1989; 56:817-28. [PMID: 2605298 PMCID: PMC1280581 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(89)82728-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A double infusion flow system and particle sizing technique were developed to study the effect of time and shear rate on adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation in Poiseuille flow. Citrated platelet-rich plasma, PRP, and 2 microM ADP were simultaneously infused into a 40-microliters cylindrical mixing chamber at a fixed flow ratio, PRP/ADP = 9:1. After rapid mixing by a rotating magnetic stirbar, the platelet suspension flowed through 1.19 or 0.76 mm i.d. polyethylene tubing for mean transit times, t, from 0.1 to 86 s, over a range of mean tube shear rate, G, from 41.9 to 1,000 s-1. Known volumes of suspension were collected into 0.5% buffered glutaraldehyde, and all particles in the volume range 1-10(5) microns 3 were counted and sized using a model ZM particle counter (Coulter Electronics Inc., Hialeah, FL) and a logarithmic amplifier. The decrease in the single platelet concentration served as an overall index of aggregation. The decrease in the total particle concentration was used to calculate the collision capture efficiency during the early stages of aggregation, and aggregate growth was followed by changes in the volume fraction of particles of successively increasing size. Preliminary results demonstrate that both collision efficiency and particle volume fraction reveal important aspects of the aggregation process not indicated by changes in the single platelet concentration alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D N Bell
- McGill University Medical Clinic, Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bell DN, Spain S, Goldsmith HL. Adenosine diphosphate-induced aggregation of human platelets in flow through tubes. II. Effect of shear rate, donor sex, and ADP concentration. Biophys J 1989; 56:829-43. [PMID: 2605299 PMCID: PMC1280582 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(89)82729-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of shear rate on the adenosine diphosphate-induced aggregation of human platelets in Poiseuille flow was studied using the method described in part I (Bell, D.N., S. Spain, and H.L. Goldsmith. 1989. Biophys. J. 56:817-828). The rate and extent of aggregation in citrated platelet-rich plasma were measured over a range of mean transit time from 0.2 to 8.6 s and mean tube shear rate, G, from 41.9 to 1,920 s-1. At 0.2 microM ADP, changes in the single platelet concentration with time suggest that more than one type of platelet-platelet bond mediates platelet aggregation at physiological shear rates. At low G, a high initial rate of aggregation reflects the formation of a weak bond of high affinity, the strength of which diminishes with time. Here, the fraction of collisions yielding stable doublets, the collision efficiency, reached a maximum of 26%. The collision efficiency decreased with increasing G and was accompanied by a progressive delay in the onset of aggregation. However, the gradual expression of a more shear rate-resistant bond at high shear rates and long mean transit times produced a subsequent increase in collision efficiency and a corresponding increase in the rate of aggregation. Although the collision efficiencies here were less than 1%, the high collision frequencies were able to sustain a high rate of aggregation. At 0.2 microM ADP, aggregate size generally decreased with increasing G. At 1.0 microM ADP, aggregate size was still limited at high shear rates even though the rate of single platelet aggregation was much higher than at 0.2 microM ADP. Platelet aggregation was greater for female than for male donors, an effect related to differences in the hematocrit of donors before preparing platelet-rich plasma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D N Bell
- McGill University Medical Clinic, Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Leukocyte margination in the vessels of the microcirculation has been attributed to a flow-dependent interaction with red cells. To determine the extent of this effect, experiments with human blood were done in 100- to 180-micron tubes to detect changes in cell distribution as a function of hematocrit and flow rate. Using a flow visualization technique, the leukocyte concentration distribution was determined in 45% ghost cell suspensions. Migration of cells toward the wall was observed at centerline velocities greater than 1 mm sec-1 and increased with increasing flow rate. The effect was probably due to a more rapid inward migration of ghosts than leukocytes because of fluid inertia and cell density differences. Experiments were therefore carried out in whole blood at hematocrits from 20 to 60%, measuring the number concentration of leukocytes and erythrocytes within the tube, nt, and comparing it to that in the infusing reservoir, no, (Fahraeus effect). At mean tube shear rates G less than 100 sec-1, nt/no less than 1 for both leukocytes and erythrocytes showing net migration of cells away from the wall, although at nearly all hematocrits there was an enrichment of leukocytes relative to erythrocytes in the tubes. At G less than 50 sec-1, nt/no remained less than 1 for erythrocytes but increased to greater than 1 for leukocytes showing migration toward the wall, the increase being greatest at 20% hematocrit in the 100-micron tubes. The nature of the effect was revealed by cine films which showed that, as the flow rate decreased, erythrocytes formed rouleaux which migrated inward creating a core and displacing leukocytes to the periphery. In control experiments using washed blood cells in phosphate buffer-albumin, nt/no less than 1 for both leukocytes and erythrocytes at all G and hematocrits, and leukocytes were now distributed. Cine films of washed blood confirmed that, in the absence of rouleaux, no significant inward migration of erythrocytes occurred.
Collapse
|
22
|
Goldsmith HL, Lichtarge O, Tessier-Lavigne M, Spain S. Some model experiments in hemodynamics: VI. Two-body collisions between blood cells. Biorheology 1981; 18:531-55. [PMID: 7326392 DOI: 10.3233/bir-1981-183-617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|