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Cardoso F, Goetz CG, Mestre TA, Sampaio C, Adler CH, Berg D, Bloem BR, Burn DJ, Fitts MS, Gasser T, Klein C, de Tijssen MAJ, Lang AE, Lim SY, Litvan I, Meissner WG, Mollenhauer B, Okubadejo N, Okun MS, Postuma RB, Svenningsson P, Tan LCS, Tsunemi T, Wahlstrom-Helgren S, Gershanik OS, Fung VSC, Trenkwalder C. A Statement of the MDS on Biological Definition, Staging, and Classification of Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2024; 39:259-266. [PMID: 38093469 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Cardoso
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Internal Medicine Department, The Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Christopher G Goetz
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Tiago A Mestre
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, The Ottawa Hospital Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cristina Sampaio
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Charles H Adler
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Daniela Berg
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel and Christian Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Bastiaan R Bloem
- Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Center of Expertise for Parkinson and Movement Disorders, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - David J Burn
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S Fitts
- UAB Libraries, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Thomas Gasser
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marina A J de Tijssen
- Department of Neurology, Expertise Centre Movement Disorders, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anthony E Lang
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, University Health Network and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shen-Yang Lim
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, and the Mah Pooi Soo and Tan Chin Nam Centre for Parkinson's and Related Disorders, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Irene Litvan
- Parkinson and Other Movement Disorders Center, Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Wassilios G Meissner
- CHU Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Bordeaux, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, Bordeaux, France
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Brit Mollenhauer
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Kassel, Germany
| | - Njideka Okubadejo
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Michael S Okun
- Adelaide Lackner Professor of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida Health, Gainsville, Florida, USA
| | - Ronald B Postuma
- Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Taiji Tsunemi
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Oscar S Gershanik
- Movement Disorders Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Favaloro Foundation University Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Victor S C Fung
- Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Claudia Trenkwalder
- Paracelsus-Elena Klinik, Kassel, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany
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Wahlstrom-Helgren S, Montgomery JE, Vanpelt KT, Biltz SL, Peck JH, Masino MA. Glutamate receptor subtypes differentially contribute to optogenetically activated swimming in spinally transected zebrafish larvae. J Neurophysiol 2019; 122:2414-2426. [PMID: 31642404 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00337.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The spinal cord (SC) contains neural networks that are capable of producing organized locomotor activity autonomously from the brain. Locomotor activity can be induced in spinally transected (spinalized) animals by adding a source of tonic excitation to activate spinal networks. This is commonly accomplished by activating N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors through bath application of NMDA. More recently, optogenetic approaches have enabled both activation and inactivation of neuronal cell populations to control the activity of locomotor networks. Larval zebrafish are exceptionally amenable to optogenetic techniques due to their transparency, which permits noninvasive light delivery. In this study, we induced locomotor activity in spinalized transgenic zebrafish larvae that expressed channelrhodopsin-2 in all subtypes of spinal vesicular glutamate transporter 2a (vglut2a)-expressing neurons by applying 10 s of constant blue light to the preparations. The resultant locomotor activity possessed all of the characteristics of swimming: bilateral alternation, rostrocaudal progression, and organization into discrete swimming episodes. Spatially restricted light application revealed that illumination of the rostral SC produced more robust activity than illumination of the caudal SC. Moreover, illumination of only three body segments was sufficient to produce fictive swimming. Intriguingly, organized swimming activity persisted during NMDA receptor antagonism but was disrupted by α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor antagonism. Hence, AMPA receptor signaling is required for episodically-organized swimming, whereas NMDA receptor signaling is not necessary.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Spinal locomotor networks have the intrinsic capacity to transform unpatterned excitatory input into patterned output. Conventionally, spinally mediated fictive locomotor activity is experimentally elicited by N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) application to bias the network toward activation. We present a novel experimental paradigm that permits spatially and temporally controllable activation of spinal vesicular glutamate transporter 2a-expressing neurons in larval zebrafish, eliciting patterned locomotor activity that is not dependent on NMDA receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacob E Montgomery
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Kayce T Vanpelt
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Samantha L Biltz
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jack H Peck
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Mark A Masino
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Montgomery JE, Wahlstrom-Helgren S, Wiggin TD, Corwin BM, Lillesaar C, Masino MA. Intraspinal serotonergic signaling suppresses locomotor activity in larval zebrafish. Dev Neurobiol 2018; 78:10.1002/dneu.22606. [PMID: 29923318 PMCID: PMC6301152 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5HT) is a modulator of many vital processes in the spinal cord (SC), such as production of locomotion. In the larval zebrafish, intraspinal serotonergic neurons (ISNs) are a source of spinal 5HT that, despite the availability of numerous genetic and optical tools, has not yet been directly shown to affect the spinal locomotor network. In order to better understand the functions of ISNs, we used a combination of strategies to investigate ISN development, morphology, and function. ISNs were optically isolated from one another by photoconverting Kaede fluorescent protein in individual cells, permitting morphometric analysis as they developed in vivo. ISN neurite lengths and projection distances exhibited the greatest amount of change between 3 and 4 days post-fertilization (dpf) and appeared to stabilize by 5 dpf. Overall ISN innervation patterns were similar between cells and between SC regions. ISNs possessed rostrally-extending neurites resembling dendrites and a caudally-extending neurite resembling an axon, which terminated with an enlarged growth cone-like structure. Interestingly, these enlargements remained even after neurite extension had ceased. Functionally, application of exogenous 5HT reduced spinally-produced motor nerve bursting. A selective 5HT reuptake inhibitor and ISN activation with channelrhodopsin-2 each produced similar effects to 5HT, indicating that spinally-intrinsic 5HT originating from the ISNs has an inhibitory effect on the spinal locomotor network. Taken together this suggests that the ISNs are morphologically mature by 5 dpf and supports their involvement in modulating the activity of the spinal locomotor network. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Timothy D. Wiggin
- University of Minnesota, Department of Neuroscience, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | - Christina Lillesaar
- University of Würzburg, Department of Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mark A. Masino
- University of Minnesota, Department of Neuroscience, Minneapolis, MN
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Wahlstrom-Helgren S, Klyachko VA. Dynamic balance of excitation and inhibition rapidly modulates spike probability and precision in feed-forward hippocampal circuits. J Neurophysiol 2016; 116:2564-2575. [PMID: 27605532 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00413.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Feed-forward inhibitory (FFI) circuits are important for many information-processing functions. FFI circuit operations critically depend on the balance and timing between the excitatory and inhibitory components, which undergo rapid dynamic changes during neural activity due to short-term plasticity (STP) of both components. How dynamic changes in excitation/inhibition (E/I) balance during spike trains influence FFI circuit operations remains poorly understood. In the current study we examined the role of STP in the FFI circuit functions in the mouse hippocampus. Using a coincidence detection paradigm with simultaneous activation of two Schaffer collateral inputs, we found that the spiking probability in the target CA1 neuron was increased while spike precision concomitantly decreased during high-frequency bursts compared with a single spike. Blocking inhibitory synaptic transmission revealed that dynamics of inhibition predominately modulates the spike precision but not the changes in spiking probability, whereas the latter is modulated by the dynamics of excitation. Further analyses combining whole cell recordings and simulations of the FFI circuit suggested that dynamics of the inhibitory circuit component may influence spiking behavior during bursts by broadening the width of excitatory postsynaptic responses and that the strength of this modulation depends on the basal E/I ratio. We verified these predictions using a mouse model of fragile X syndrome, which has an elevated E/I ratio, and found a strongly reduced modulation of postsynaptic response width during bursts. Our results suggest that changes in the dynamics of excitatory and inhibitory circuit components due to STP play important yet distinct roles in modulating the properties of FFI circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Wahlstrom-Helgren
- Departments of Cell Biology & Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitable Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Vitaly A Klyachko
- Departments of Cell Biology & Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitable Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Wahlstrom-Helgren S, Klyachko VA. GABAB receptor-mediated feed-forward circuit dysfunction in the mouse model of fragile X syndrome. J Physiol 2015; 593:5009-24. [PMID: 26282581 DOI: 10.1113/jp271190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Cortico-hippocampal feed-forward circuits formed by the temporoammonic (TA) pathway exhibit a marked increase in excitation/inhibition ratio and abnormal spike modulation functions in Fmr1 knock-out (KO) mice. Inhibitory, but not excitatory, synapse dysfunction underlies cortico-hippocampal feed-forward circuit abnormalities in Fmr1 KO mice. GABA release is reduced in TA-associated inhibitory synapses of Fmr1 KO mice in a GABAB receptor-dependent manner. Inhibitory synapse and feed-forward circuit defects are mediated predominately by presynaptic GABAB receptor signalling in the TA pathway of Fmr1 KO mice. GABAB receptor-mediated inhibitory synapse defects are circuit-specific and are not observed in the Schaffer collateral pathway-associated inhibitory synapses in stratum radiatum. ABSTRACT Circuit hyperexcitability has been implicated in neuropathology of fragile X syndrome, the most common inheritable cause of intellectual disability. Yet, how canonical unitary circuits are affected in this disorder remains poorly understood. Here, we examined this question in the context of the canonical feed-forward inhibitory circuit formed by the temporoammonic (TA) branch of the perforant path, the major cortical input to the hippocampus. TA feed-forward circuits exhibited a marked increase in excitation/inhibition ratio and major functional defects in spike modulation tasks in Fmr1 knock-out (KO) mice, a fragile X mouse model. Changes in feed-forward circuits were caused specifically by inhibitory, but not excitatory, synapse defects. TA-associated inhibitory synapses exhibited increase in paired-pulse ratio and in the coefficient of variation of IPSPs, consistent with decreased GABA release probability. TA-associated inhibitory synaptic transmission in Fmr1 KO mice was also more sensitive to inhibition of GABAB receptors, suggesting an increase in presynaptic GABAB receptor (GABAB R) signalling. Indeed, the differences in inhibitory synaptic transmission between Fmr1 KO and wild-type (WT) mice were eliminated by a GABAB R antagonist. Inhibition of GABAB Rs or selective activation of presynaptic GABAB Rs also abolished the differences in the TA feed-forward circuit properties between Fmr1 KO and WT mice. These GABAB R-mediated defects were circuit-specific and were not observed in the Schaffer collateral pathway-associated inhibitory synapses. Our results suggest that the inhibitory synapse dysfunction in the cortico-hippocampal pathway of Fmr1 KO mice causes hyperexcitability and feed-forward circuit defects, which are mediated in part by a presynaptic GABAB R-dependent reduction in GABA release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Wahlstrom-Helgren
- Departments of Cell Biology and Physiology, Biomedical Engineering, Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitable Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Vitaly A Klyachko
- Departments of Cell Biology and Physiology, Biomedical Engineering, Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitable Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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