1
|
Jadhav SG, Setten RL, Medina C, Cui XS, Dowdy SF. Design, Synthesis, and Biochemical Analysis of a Molecule Designed to Enhance Endosomal Escape. AAPS J 2023; 26:10. [PMID: 38133698 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-023-00876-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA therapeutics, including siRNAs, ASOs, and PMOs, have great potential to treat human disease. However, RNA therapeutics are too large, too charged, and/or too hydrophilic to cross the cellular membrane and are instead taken up into cells by endocytosis. Unfortunately, the vast majority of RNA therapeutics remain trapped inside endosomes (≥ 99%), which is the sole reason preventing their use to treat cancer, COVID, and other diseases. In contrast, enveloped viruses, such as influenza, also have an endosomal escape problem, but have evolved a highly efficient endosomal escape mechanism using trimeric hemagglutinin (HA) fusogenic protein. HA contains an outer hydrophilic domain (HA1) that masks an inner hydrophobic fusogenic/endosomal escape domain (HA2). Once inside endosomes, HA1 is shed to expose HA2 that, due to hydrophobicity, buries itself into the endosomal lipid bilayer, driving escape into the cytoplasm in a non-toxic fashion. To begin to address the RNA therapeutics rate-limiting endosomal escape problem, we report here a first step in the design and synthesis of a universal endosomal escape domain (uEED) that biomimics the enveloped virus escape mechanism. uEED contains an outer hydrophilic mask covalently attached to an inner hydrophobic escape domain. In plasma, uEED is inert and highly metabolically stable; however, when placed in endo/lysosomal conditions, uEED is activated by enzymatic removal of the hydrophilic mask, followed by self-immolation of the linker resulting in exposure of the hydrophobic indole ring domain in the absence of any hydrophilic tags. Thus, uEED is a synthetic biomimetic of the highly efficient viral endosomal escape mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satish G Jadhav
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, UCSD School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Dr, MC0686, La Jolla, California, 92093-0686, USA
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, 92008, USA
| | - Ryan L Setten
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, UCSD School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Dr, MC0686, La Jolla, California, 92093-0686, USA
- , San Diego, California, USA
| | - Carlos Medina
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, UCSD School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Dr, MC0686, La Jolla, California, 92093-0686, USA
- Genedit, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Xian-Shu Cui
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, UCSD School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Dr, MC0686, La Jolla, California, 92093-0686, USA
| | - Steven F Dowdy
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, UCSD School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Dr, MC0686, La Jolla, California, 92093-0686, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
RNA therapeutics, including siRNAs, antisense oligonucleotides, and other oligonucleotides, have great potential to selectively treat a multitude of human diseases, from cancer to COVID to Parkinson's disease. RNA therapeutic activity is mechanistically driven by Watson-Crick base pairing to the target gene RNA without the requirement of prior knowledge of the protein structure, function, or cellular location. However, before widespread use of RNA therapeutics becomes a reality, we must overcome a billion years of evolutionary defenses designed to keep invading RNAs from entering cells. Unlike small-molecule therapeutics that are designed to passively diffuse across the cell membrane, macromolecular RNA therapeutics are too large, too charged, and/or too hydrophilic to passively diffuse across the cellular membrane and are instead taken up into cells by endocytosis. However, similar to the cell membrane, endosomes comprise a lipid bilayer that entraps 99% or more of RNA therapeutics, even in semipermissive tissues such as the liver, central nervous system, and muscle. Consequently, before RNA therapeutics can achieve their ultimate clinical potential to treat widespread human disease, the rate-limiting delivery problem of endosomal escape must be solved in a clinically acceptable manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven F. Dowdy
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ryan L. Setten
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Xian-Shu Cui
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Satish G. Jadhav
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Affiliation(s)
- Satish G Jadhav
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Steven F Dowdy
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jadhav SG, Agarwal N, Sarate N, Gutte A, Walinjkar S, Nagendra S. Isolated Subclavian Artery Thrombosis. J Assoc Physicians India 2015; 63:81-82. [PMID: 27608702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We presume this case to highlight the importance of underestimated percutaneous angioplasty with stent in isolated subclavian artery thrombosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S G Jadhav
- Professor and Head of Unit, Dept. of Medicine
| | | | | | - Avinash Gutte
- Associate Professor, Department of Interventional Radiology, Grant Medical College and Sir JJ Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, Maharashtra
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Patil R, Sangoi P, Wasekar N, Vishwanathan D, Jadhav SG, Joglekar VK. Chorea as a rare manifestation of hyperglycaemia. J Assoc Physicians India 2013; 61:663-664. [PMID: 24772709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We present a case of chorea presenting as a clinical manifestation of hyperglycaemia.The purpose of presenting this case is to highlight the fact that movement disorder may be the clinical presentation of hyperglycaemia and it reverts on treatment of hyperglycaemia. CASE PRESENTATION A 66-year-old female known case of type 2 diabetes mellitus and on oral hypoglycaemic drugs presented with abnormal and involuntary movements of the whole body and face since 7 days and high plasma glucose (446 mg/dl) and without ketosis. On controlling the blood sugar, there has been significant decrease in choreiform movements within 48 hrs and complete resolution of involuntary movements found at discharge at 1 week. CONCLUSION Movement disorder like chorea may be the clinical presentation of the hyperglycaemia which could completely recover on rapid detection and correction of hyperglycaemia.
Collapse
|
7
|
Sawant RT, Jadhav SG, Waghmode SB. Intra- and Intermolecular Oxa-Pictet-Spengler Cyclization Strategy for the Enantioselective Synthesis of Deoxy Analogues of (+)-Nanomycin A Methyl Ester, (+)-Eleutherin, (+)-Allo-Eleutherin, and (+)-Thysanone. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201000476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|