1
|
Kraus J, Meingast L, Hald J, Beil SB, Biskupek J, Ritterhoff CL, Gsänger S, Eisenkolb J, Meyer B, Kaiser U, Maultzsch J, von Delius M. Simultaneous Inside and Outside Functionalization of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402417. [PMID: 38489608 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Functionalizing single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in a robust way that does not affect the sp2 carbon framework is a considerable research challenge. Here we describe how triiodide salts of positively charged macrocycles can be used not only to functionalize SWCNTs from the outside, but simultaneously from the inside. We employed disulfide exchange in aqueous solvent to maximize the solvophobic effect and therefore achieve a high degree of macrocycle immobilization. Characterization by Raman spectroscopy, EDX-STEM and HR-TEM clearly showed that serendipitously this wet-chemical functionalization procedure also led to the encapsulation of polyiodide chains inside the nanotubes. The resulting three-shell composite materials are redox-active and experience an intriguing interplay of electrostatic, solvophobic and mechanical effects that could be of interest for applications in energy storage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kraus
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Laura Meingast
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Janina Hald
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sebastian B Beil
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Johannes Biskupek
- Central Facility of Electron Microscopy, Electron Microscopy Group of Materials Science, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christian L Ritterhoff
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) and Computer Chemistry Center (CCC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstraße 25, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Gsänger
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) and Computer Chemistry Center (CCC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstraße 25, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jasmin Eisenkolb
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Center of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dr.-Mack-Str. 81, 90762, Fürth, Germany
| | - Bernd Meyer
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) and Computer Chemistry Center (CCC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstraße 25, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Central Facility of Electron Microscopy, Electron Microscopy Group of Materials Science, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Janina Maultzsch
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Max von Delius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hoving M, Haaksma JJ, Stoppel A, Chronc L, Hoffmann J, Beil SB. Triplet Energy Transfer Mechanism in Copper Photocatalytic N- and O-Methylation. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400560. [PMID: 38363220 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Methylation reactions are chemically simple but challenging to perform under mild and non-toxic conditions. A photochemical energy transfer strategy was merged with copper catalysis to enable fast reaction times of minutes and broad applicability to N-heterocycles, (hetero-)aromatic carboxylic acids, and drug-like molecules in high yields and good functional group tolerance. Detailed mechanistic investigations, using kinetic analysis, aprotic MS, UV/Vis, and luminescence quenching experiments revealed a triplet-triplet energy transfer mechanism between hypervalent iodine(III) reagents and readily available photosensitizers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martijn Hoving
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacob-Jan Haaksma
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Stoppel
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lukas Chronc
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jonas Hoffmann
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian B Beil
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kidonakis M, Villotet A, Witte MD, Beil SB, Minnaard AJ. Site-Selective Electrochemical Oxidation of Glycosides. ACS Catal 2023; 13:2335-2340. [PMID: 36846820 PMCID: PMC9942207 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c06318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Quinuclidine-mediated electrochemical oxidation of glycopyranosides provides C3-ketosaccharides with high selectivity and good yields. The method is a versatile alternative to Pd-catalyzed or photochemical oxidation and is complementary to the 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl (TEMPO)-mediated C6-selective oxidation. Contrary to the electrochemical oxidation of methylene and methine groups, the reaction proceeds without oxygen.
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
The development of palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling methods for the activation of C(sp2)-Br bonds facilitated access to arene-rich molecules, enabling a concomitant increase in the prevalence of this structural motif in drug molecules in recent decades. Today, there is a growing appreciation of the value of incorporating saturated C(sp3)-rich scaffolds into pharmaceutically active molecules as a means to achieve improved solubility and physiological stability, providing the impetus to develop new coupling strategies to access these challenging motifs in the most straightforward way possible. As an alternative to classical two-electron chemistry, redox chemistry can enable access to elusive transformations, most recently, by interfacing abundant first-row transition-metal catalysis with photoredox catalysis. As such, the functionalization of ubiquitous and versatile functional handles such as (aliphatic) carboxylic acids via metallaphotoredox catalysis has emerged as a valuable field of research over the past eight years.In this Account, we will outline recent progress in the development of methodologies that employ aliphatic and (hetero)aromatic carboxylic acids as adaptive functional groups. Whereas recent decarboxylative functionalization methodologies often necessitate preactivated aliphatic carboxylic acids in the form of redox-active esters or as ligands for hypervalent iodine reagents, methods that enable the direct use of the native carboxylic acid functionality are highly desired and have been accomplished through metallaphotoredox protocols. As such, we found that bench-stable aliphatic carboxylic acids can undergo diverse transformations, such as alkylation, arylation, amination, and trifluoromethylation, by leveraging metallaphotoredox catalysis with prevalent first-row transition metals such as nickel and copper. Likewise, abundant aryl carboxylic acids are now able to undergo halogenation and borylation, enabling new entry points for traditional, primarily palladium- or copper-catalyzed cross-coupling strategies. Given the breadth of the functional group tolerance of the employed reaction conditions, the late-stage functionalization of abundant carboxylic acids toward desired targets has become a standard tool in reaction design, enabling the synthesis of various diversified drug molecules. The rapid rise of this field has positively inspired pharmaceutical discovery and will be further accelerated by novel reaction development. The achievement of generality through reaction optimization campaigns allows for future breakthroughs that can render protocols more reliable and applicable for industry. This article is intended to highlight, in particular, (i) the employment of aliphatic and (hetero)aryl carboxylic acids as powerful late-stage adaptive functional handles in drug discovery and (ii) the need for the further development of still-elusive and selective transformations.We strongly believe that access to native functionalities such as carboxylic acids as adaptive handles will further inspire researchers across the world to investigate new methodologies for complex molecular targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian B Beil
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Tiffany Q Chen
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Nicholas E Intermaggio
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - David W C MacMillan
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
The naturally occurring colchicine and allocolchicines in the meadow saffron are potentially active ingredients for cancer therapy. A concise protocol for the sustainable synthesis of allocolchicines using up to two electro-organic key transformations is demonstrated. This straightforward synthesis of N-acetylcolchinol methyl ether in a five-step protocol was adopted using protecting groups to enable access to N-acetylcolchinol and the phosphate derivative ZD6126.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Pollok
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Florian U Rausch
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian B Beil
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter Franzmann
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Beil SB. Accessing aliphatic alcohols for metallaphotoredox catalyzed C(sp3)-arylation. Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
7
|
Abstract
The use of electric current as a traceless activator and reagent is experiencing a renaissance. This sustainable synthetic method is evolving into a hot topic in contemporary organic chemistry. Since researchers with various scientific backgrounds are entering this interdisciplinary field, different parameters and methods are reported to describe the experiments. The variation in the reported parameters can lead to problems with the reproducibility of the reported electroorganic syntheses. As an example, parameters such as current density or electrode distance are in some cases more significant than often anticipated. This Minireview provides guidelines on reporting electrosynthetic data and dispels myths about this technique, thereby streamlining the experimental parameters to facilitate reproducibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian B. Beil
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Dennis Pollok
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Stricker F, Kölsch JC, Beil SB, Preiß S, Waldvogel SR, Opatz T, Besenius P. Facile access to foldable redox-active flavin-peptide conjugates. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:4483-4486. [PMID: 33960997 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00414j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A convenient approach for the synthesis of foldable redox-active flavin peptide conjugates was established. A model β-hairpin oligopeptide motif was utilized to demonstrate that azidolysine side-chains are readily functionalised with an alkyne-bearing flavine derivative. The folding equilibrium of the peptide backbone as well as the redox behaviour of the flavin moieties remains intact after the conjugation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Stricker
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Jonas Christopher Kölsch
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Sebastian B Beil
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. and Graduate School of Materials Science in Mainz, Staudingerweg 9, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Preiß
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. and Graduate School of Materials Science in Mainz, Staudingerweg 9, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Till Opatz
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Pol Besenius
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. and Graduate School of Materials Science in Mainz, Staudingerweg 9, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian B. Beil
- Department Chemie Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Dennis Pollok
- Department Chemie Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department Chemie Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Balakrishna B, Menon A, Cao K, Gsänger S, Beil SB, Villalva J, Shyshov O, Martin O, Hirsch A, Meyer B, Kaiser U, Guldi DM, von Delius M. Dynamic Covalent Formation of Concave Disulfide Macrocycles Mechanically Interlocked with Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:18774-18785. [PMID: 32544289 PMCID: PMC7590186 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The formation of discrete macrocycles wrapped around single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) has recently emerged as an appealing strategy to functionalize these carbon nanomaterials and modify their properties. Here, we demonstrate that the reversible disulfide exchange reaction, which proceeds under mild conditions, can install relatively large amounts of mechanically interlocked disulfide macrocycles on the one-dimensional nanotubes. Size-selective functionalization of a mixture of SWCNTs of different diameters were observed, presumably arising from error correction and the presence of relatively rigid, curved π-systems in the key building blocks. A combination of UV/Vis/NIR, Raman, photoluminescence excitation, and transient absorption spectroscopy indicated that the small (6,4)-SWCNTs were predominantly functionalized by the small macrocycles 12 , whereas the larger (6,5)-SWCNTs were an ideal match for the larger macrocycles 22 . This size selectivity, which was rationalized computationally, could prove useful for the purification of nanotube mixtures, since the disulfide macrocycles can be removed quantitatively under mild reductive conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bugga Balakrishna
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Arjun Menon
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kecheng Cao
- Electron Microscopy of Materials Science, Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sebastian Gsänger
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) & Computer-Chemistry-Center (CCC), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstrasse 25, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian B Beil
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Julia Villalva
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Shyshov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Oliver Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bernd Meyer
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) & Computer-Chemistry-Center (CCC), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstrasse 25, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Electron Microscopy of Materials Science, Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Max von Delius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Balakrishna B, Menon A, Cao K, Gsänger S, Beil SB, Villalva J, Shyshov O, Martin O, Hirsch A, Meyer B, Kaiser U, Guldi DM, Delius M. Mechanische Verzahnung von einwandigen Kohlenstoffnanoröhren durch dynamisch‐kovalente Bildung von konkaven Disulfidmakrozyklen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202005081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bugga Balakrishna
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
| | - Arjun Menon
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie & Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Molekulare Materialien Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Kecheng Cao
- Elektronenmikroskopie der Materialwissenschaften Zentrale Einrichtung für Elektronenmikroskopie Universität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
| | - Sebastian Gsänger
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Molekulare Materialien & Computer-Chemie-Zentrum (CCC) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Nägelsbachstrasse 25 91052 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Sebastian B. Beil
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
| | - Julia Villalva
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
| | - Oleksandr Shyshov
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
| | - Oliver Martin
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie & Gemeinsames Institut für Angewandte Materialien und Prozesse (ZMP) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie & Gemeinsames Institut für Angewandte Materialien und Prozesse (ZMP) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Bernd Meyer
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Molekulare Materialien & Computer-Chemie-Zentrum (CCC) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Nägelsbachstrasse 25 91052 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Elektronenmikroskopie der Materialwissenschaften Zentrale Einrichtung für Elektronenmikroskopie Universität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie & Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Molekulare Materialien Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Max Delius
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Beil SB, Breiner M, Schulz L, Schüll A, Müller T, Schollmeyer D, Bomm A, Holtkamp M, Karst U, Schade W, Waldvogel SR. About the selectivity and reactivity of active nickel electrodes in C–C coupling reactions. RSC Adv 2020; 10:14249-14253. [PMID: 35498499 PMCID: PMC9052091 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02673e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Active anodes which are operating in highly stable protic media such as 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol are rare. Nickel forms, within this unique solvent, a non-sacrificial active anode at constant current conditions, which is superior to the reported powerful molybdenum system. The reactivity for dehydrogenative coupling reactions of this novel active anode increases when the electrolyte is not stirred during electrolysis. Besides the aryl–aryl coupling, a dehydrogenative arylation reaction of benzylic nitriles was found while stirring the mixture providing quick access to synthetically useful building blocks. Active anodes which are operating in highly stable protic media such as 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol are rare.![]()
Collapse
|
13
|
Beil SB, Franzmann P, Müller T, Hielscher MM, Prenzel T, Pollok D, Beiser N, Schollmeyer D, Waldvogel SR. Investigations on isomerization and rearrangement of polycyclic arenes under oxidative conditions – Anodic versus reagent-mediated reactions. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
14
|
Peters BK, Rodriguez KX, Reisberg SH, Beil SB, Hickey DP, Kawamata Y, Collins M, Starr J, Chen L, Udyavara S, Klunder K, Gorey TJ, Anderson SL, Neurock M, Minteer SD, Baran PS. Scalable and safe synthetic organic electroreduction inspired by Li-ion battery chemistry. Science 2019; 363:838-845. [PMID: 30792297 PMCID: PMC7001862 DOI: 10.1126/science.aav5606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Reductive electrosynthesis has faced long-standing challenges in applications to complex organic substrates at scale. Here, we show how decades of research in lithium-ion battery materials, electrolytes, and additives can serve as an inspiration for achieving practically scalable reductive electrosynthetic conditions for the Birch reduction. Specifically, we demonstrate that using a sacrificial anode material (magnesium or aluminum), combined with a cheap, nontoxic, and water-soluble proton source (dimethylurea), and an overcharge protectant inspired by battery technology [tris(pyrrolidino)phosphoramide] can allow for multigram-scale synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant building blocks. We show how these conditions have a very high level of functional-group tolerance relative to classical electrochemical and chemical dissolving-metal reductions. Finally, we demonstrate that the same electrochemical conditions can be applied to other dissolving metal-type reductive transformations, including McMurry couplings, reductive ketone deoxygenations, and epoxide openings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byron K Peters
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | - Sebastian B Beil
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - David P Hickey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Yu Kawamata
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael Collins
- Discovery Sciences, Medicine Design, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Jeremy Starr
- Discovery Sciences, Medicine Design, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Longrui Chen
- Asymchem Life Science (Tianjin), Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Zone, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Sagar Udyavara
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Kevin Klunder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Timothy J Gorey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Scott L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Matthew Neurock
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Shelley D Minteer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Phil S Baran
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Franzmann P, Beil SB, Schollmeyer D, Waldvogel SR. Mo‐Based Oxidizers as Powerful Tools for the Synthesis of Thia‐ and Selenaheterocycles. Chemistry 2019; 25:1936-1940. [PMID: 30537384 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Franzmann
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Sebastian B. Beil
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
- Material Science in Mainz (MAINZ)Graduate School of Excellence Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
- Material Science in Mainz (MAINZ)Graduate School of Excellence Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Beil SB, Uecker I, Franzmann P, Müller T, Waldvogel SR. Mild, Fast, and Easy To Conduct MoCl5-Mediated Dehydrogenative Coupling Reactions in Flow. Org Lett 2018; 20:4107-4110. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian B. Beil
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- MAterial Science IN MainZ (MAINZ), Graduate School of Excellence, Staudingerweg 9, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ise Uecker
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter Franzmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Timo Müller
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- MAterial Science IN MainZ (MAINZ), Graduate School of Excellence, Staudingerweg 9, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Beil SB, Möhle S, Enders P, Waldvogel SR. Electrochemical instability of highly fluorinated tetraphenyl borates and syntheses of their respective biphenyls. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:6128-6131. [PMID: 29808852 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc02996b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Highly fluorinated tetraphenyl borate anions are of importance as weakly coordinating anions in metalorganic reactions. However, at high positive potentials their electrochemical stability in organic solvents is not sufficient. This was investigated by a comprehensive cyclic voltammetry study and can be used synthetically to generate highly fluorinated biphenyls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian B Beil
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Beil SB, Müller T, Sillart SB, Franzmann P, Bomm A, Holtkamp M, Karst U, Schade W, Waldvogel SR. Aktive Anode auf Molybdänbasis für dehydrierende Kupplungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian B. Beil
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- MAterial Science IN MainZ (MAINZ); Exzellenzgraduiertenschule; Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Timo Müller
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Sydney B. Sillart
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Peter Franzmann
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Alexander Bomm
- Fraunhofer Heinrich-Hertz-Institut; Abteilung Faseroptische Sensorsysteme; Am Stollen 19H 38640 Goslar Deutschland
| | - Michael Holtkamp
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Westfälische Wilhelms Universität Münster; Corrensstraße 30 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Uwe Karst
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Westfälische Wilhelms Universität Münster; Corrensstraße 30 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Wolfgang Schade
- Fraunhofer Heinrich-Hertz-Institut; Abteilung Faseroptische Sensorsysteme; Am Stollen 19H 38640 Goslar Deutschland
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- MAterial Science IN MainZ (MAINZ); Exzellenzgraduiertenschule; Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Beil SB, Müller T, Sillart SB, Franzmann P, Bomm A, Holtkamp M, Karst U, Schade W, Waldvogel SR. Active Molybdenum-Based Anode for Dehydrogenative Coupling Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:2450-2454. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian B. Beil
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
- Material Science in Mainz (MAINZ); Graduate School of Excellence; Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Timo Müller
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Sydney B. Sillart
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Peter Franzmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Alexander Bomm
- Fraunhofer Heinrich-Hertz-Institut; Abteilung Faseroptische Sensorsysteme; Am Stollen 19H 38640 Goslar Germany
| | - Michael Holtkamp
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; University of Münster; Corrensstrasse 30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Uwe Karst
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; University of Münster; Corrensstrasse 30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schade
- Fraunhofer Heinrich-Hertz-Institut; Abteilung Faseroptische Sensorsysteme; Am Stollen 19H 38640 Goslar Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
- Material Science in Mainz (MAINZ); Graduate School of Excellence; Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Germany
| |
Collapse
|