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Andersen MK, Giampà M, Midtbust E, Høiem TS, Krossa S, Tessem MB. Sample Preparation for Metabolite Detection in Mass Spectrometry Imaging. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2688:135-146. [PMID: 37410290 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3319-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Metabolites reflect the biological state of cells and tissue, and metabolomics is therefore a field of high interest both to understand normal physiological functions and disease development. When studying heterogeneous tissue samples, mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is a valuable tool as it conserves the spatial distribution of analytes on tissue sections. A large proportion of metabolites are, however, small and polar, making them vulnerable to delocalizing through diffusion during sample preparation. Here we present a sample preparation method optimized to limit diffusion and delocalization of small polar metabolites in fresh frozen tissue sections. This sample preparation protocol includes cryosectioning, vacuum frozen storage, and matrix application. The methods described were primely developed for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) MSI, but the protocol describing cryosectioning and vacuum freezing storage can also be applied before desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) MSI. Our vacuum drying and vacuum packing approach offers a particular advantage to limit delocalization and safe storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria K Andersen
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Marco Giampà
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Elise Midtbust
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Clinic of Surgery, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Therese S Høiem
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sebastian Krossa
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - May-Britt Tessem
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Clinic of Surgery, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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2
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Giampà M, Andersen MK, Krossa S, Denti V, Smith A, Moestue SA. Visualization of Small Intact Proteins in Breast Cancer FFPE Tissue. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2688:161-172. [PMID: 37410292 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3319-9_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Molecular visualization of metabolites, lipids, and proteins by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI MSI) is becoming an in-demand analytical approach to aid the histopathological analysis of breast cancer. Particularly, proteins seem to play a role in cancer progression, and specific proteins are currently used in the clinic for staging. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues are ideal for correlating the molecular markers with clinical outcomes due to their long-term storage. So far, to obtain proteomic information by MSI from this kind of tissue, antigen retrieval and tryptic digestion steps are required. In this chapter, we present a protocol to spatially detect small proteins in tumor and necrotic regions of patient-derived breast cancer xenograft FFPE tissues without employing any on-tissue digestion. This protocol can be used for other kinds of FFPE tissue following specific optimization of the sample preparation phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Giampà
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Maria K Andersen
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sebastian Krossa
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Vanna Denti
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Vedano al Lambro, Italy
| | - Andrew Smith
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Vedano al Lambro, Italy
| | - Siver Andreas Moestue
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Pharmacy, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
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3
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Rye MB, Krossa S, Hall M, van Mourik C, Bathen TF, Drabløs F, Tessem MB, Bertilsson H. The genes controlling normal function of citrate and spermine secretion are lost in aggressive prostate cancer and prostate model systems. iScience 2022; 25:104451. [PMID: 35707723 PMCID: PMC9189124 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
High secretion of the metabolites citrate and spermine is a unique hallmark for normal prostate epithelial cells, and is reduced in aggressive prostate cancer. However, the identity of the genes controlling this biological process is mostly unknown. In this study, we have created a gene signature of 150 genes connected to citrate and spermine secretion in the prostate. We have computationally integrated metabolic measurements with multiple transcriptomics datasets from the public domain, including 3826 tissue samples from prostate and prostate cancer. The accuracy of the signature is validated by its unique enrichment in prostate samples and prostate epithelial tissue compartments. The signature highlights genes AZGP1, ANPEP and metallothioneins with zinc-binding properties not previously studied in the prostate, and the expression of these genes are reduced in more aggressive cancer lesions. However, the absence of signature enrichment in common prostate model systems can make it challenging to study these genes mechanistically. Novel 150 gene signature reflecting prostatic citrate and spermine secretion Identified several zinc-binding proteins not previously investigated in the prostate The signature is absent in prostate model systems
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Beck Rye
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 8905, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.,Clinic of Surgery, St.Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, 7030 Trondheim, Norway.,Clinic of Laboratory Medicine, St.Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, 7030 Trondheim, Norway.,BioCore - Bioinformatics Core Facility, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 8905, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sebastian Krossa
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Martina Hall
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Casper van Mourik
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 8905, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.,Institute for Life Science & Technology, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, 9747 AS Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tone F Bathen
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Finn Drabløs
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 8905, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - May-Britt Tessem
- Clinic of Surgery, St.Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, 7030 Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Helena Bertilsson
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 8905, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.,Clinic of Surgery, St.Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
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Høiem TS, Andersen MK, Martin-Lorenzo M, Longuespée R, Claes BSR, Nordborg A, Dewez F, Balluff B, Giampà M, Sharma A, Hagen L, Heeren RMA, Bathen TF, Giskeødegård GF, Krossa S, Tessem MB. An optimized MALDI MSI protocol for spatial detection of tryptic peptides in fresh frozen prostate tissue. Proteomics 2022; 22:e2100223. [PMID: 35170848 PMCID: PMC9285595 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202100223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
MALDI MS imaging (MSI) is a powerful analytical tool for spatial peptide detection in heterogeneous tissues. Proper sample preparation is crucial to achieve high quality, reproducible measurements. Here we developed an optimized protocol for spatially resolved proteolytic peptide detection with MALDI time‐of‐flight MSI of fresh frozen prostate tissue sections. The parameters tested included four different tissue washes, four methods of protein denaturation, four methods of trypsin digestion (different trypsin densities, sprayers, and incubation times), and five matrix deposition methods (different sprayers, settings, and matrix concentrations). Evaluation criteria were the number of detected and excluded peaks, percentage of high mass peaks, signal‐to‐noise ratio, spatial localization, and average intensities of identified peptides, all of which were integrated into a weighted quality evaluation scoring system. Based on these scores, the optimized protocol included an ice‐cold EtOH+H2O wash, a 5 min heating step at 95°C, tryptic digestion incubated for 17h at 37°C and CHCA matrix deposited at a final amount of 1.8 μg/mm2. Including a heat‐induced protein denaturation step after tissue wash is a new methodological approach that could be useful also for other tissue types. This optimized protocol for spatial peptide detection using MALDI MSI facilitates future biomarker discovery in prostate cancer and may be useful in studies of other tissue types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese S Høiem
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Maria K Andersen
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marta Martin-Lorenzo
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Rémi Longuespée
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Britt S R Claes
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Anna Nordborg
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Frédéric Dewez
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Balluff
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Marco Giampà
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Animesh Sharma
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,PROMEC Core Facility for Proteomics and Modomics, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology and the Central Norway Regional Health Authority Norway, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lars Hagen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,PROMEC Core Facility for Proteomics and Modomics, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology and the Central Norway Regional Health Authority Norway, Trondheim, Norway.,Clinic of Laboratory Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ron M A Heeren
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Tone F Bathen
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of radiology and nuclear medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Guro F Giskeødegård
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sebastian Krossa
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - May-Britt Tessem
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Surgery, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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Krossa S, Andersen M, Midtbust E, Viset T, Størkersen Ø, Giskeødegård G, Rye M, Tessem MB. Inflammatory chemokines upregulated in the tumor microenvironment of prostate cancer patients experiencing relapse after radical prostatectomy. Eur Urol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s0302-2838(22)01025-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Pedersen C, Midtbust E, Krossa S, Andersen M, Viset T, Størkersen Ø, Giskeødegård G, Rye M, Tessem MB. DNA methylation aberrations predicts recurrence both in tumor and normal appearing prostate tissue. Eur Urol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s0302-2838(22)01017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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7
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Andersen M, Krossa S, Elise M, Viset T, Størkersen Ø, Giskeødegård G, Rye M, Tessem MB. Multiomics spatial mapping of lipid metabolism in prostate cancer. Eur Urol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s0302-2838(22)01023-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
A rapid and cost-efficient tissue preparation protocol for laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry imaging (LA–ICP–MSI) has been developed within this study as an alternative to the current gold standard using fresh-frozen samples or other preparation techniques such as formalin fixation (FFix) and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedding (FFPE). Samples were vacuum dried at room temperature (RT) and stored in sealed vacuum containers for storage and shipping between collaborating parties. We compared our new protocol to established methods using prostate tissue sections investigating typical endogenous elements such as zinc, iron, and phosphorous with LA–ICP–MSI. The new protocol yielded comparable imaging results as fresh-frozen sections. FFPE sections were also tested due to the wide use and availability of FFPE tissue. However, the FFPE protocol and the FFix alone led to massive washout of the target elements on the sections tested in this work. Therefore, our new protocol presents an easy and rapid alternative for tissue preservation with comparable results to fresh-frozen sections for LA–ICP–MSI. It overcomes washout risks of commonly used tissue fixation techniques and does not require expensive and potentially unstable and time-critical shipping of frozen material on dry ice. Additionally, this protocol is likely applicable for several bioimaging approaches, as the dry condition may act comparable to other dehydrating fixatives, such as acetone or methanol, preventing degradation while avoiding washout effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria K Andersen
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Michael Holtkamp
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Sperling
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- European Virtual Institute for Speciation Analysis (EVISA), Münster, Germany
| | - Uwe Karst
- Correspondence: Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany. E-mail: (Uwe Karst)
| | - May-Britt Tessem
- Correspondence: NTNU, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Postboks 8905, 7491 Trondheim, Norway. E-mail: (May-Britt Tessem)
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Andersen MK, Høiem TS, Claes BSR, Balluff B, Martin-Lorenzo M, Richardsen E, Krossa S, Bertilsson H, Heeren RMA, Rye MB, Giskeødegård GF, Bathen TF, Tessem MB. Spatial differentiation of metabolism in prostate cancer tissue by MALDI-TOF MSI. Cancer Metab 2021; 9:9. [PMID: 33514438 PMCID: PMC7847144 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-021-00242-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer tissues are inherently heterogeneous, which presents a challenge for metabolic profiling using traditional bulk analysis methods that produce an averaged profile. The aim of this study was therefore to spatially detect metabolites and lipids on prostate tissue sections by using mass spectrometry imaging (MSI), a method that facilitates molecular imaging of heterogeneous tissue sections, which can subsequently be related to the histology of the same section. Methods Here, we simultaneously obtained metabolic and lipidomic profiles in different prostate tissue types using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) MSI. Both positive and negative ion mode were applied to analyze consecutive sections from 45 fresh-frozen human prostate tissue samples (N = 15 patients). Mass identification was performed with tandem MS. Results Pairwise comparisons of cancer, non-cancer epithelium, and stroma revealed several metabolic differences between the tissue types. We detected increased levels of metabolites crucial for lipid metabolism in cancer, including metabolites involved in the carnitine shuttle, which facilitates fatty acid oxidation, and building blocks needed for lipid synthesis. Metabolites associated with healthy prostate functions, including citrate, aspartate, zinc, and spermine had lower levels in cancer compared to non-cancer epithelium. Profiling of stroma revealed higher levels of important energy metabolites, such as ADP, ATP, and glucose, and higher levels of the antioxidant taurine compared to cancer and non-cancer epithelium. Conclusions This study shows that specific tissue compartments within prostate cancer samples have distinct metabolic profiles and pinpoint the advantage of methodology providing spatial information compared to bulk analysis. We identified several differential metabolites and lipids that have potential to be developed further as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for prostate cancer. Spatial and rapid detection of cancer-related analytes showcases MALDI-TOF MSI as a promising and innovative diagnostic tool for the clinic. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40170-021-00242-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria K Andersen
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Therese S Høiem
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Britt S R Claes
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging institute (M4I), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Balluff
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging institute (M4I), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marta Martin-Lorenzo
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging institute (M4I), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Elin Richardsen
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT The Artic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of North Norway, UNN, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Sebastian Krossa
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Helena Bertilsson
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Urology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ron M A Heeren
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging institute (M4I), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Morten B Rye
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Clinic of Surgery, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.,Clinic of Laboratory Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.,BioCore-Bioinformatics Core Facility, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Guro F Giskeødegård
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tone F Bathen
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - May-Britt Tessem
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway. .,Clinic of Surgery, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
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Andersen MK, Krossa S, Høiem TS, Buchholz R, Claes BSR, Balluff B, Ellis SR, Richardsen E, Bertilsson H, Heeren RMA, Bathen TF, Karst U, Giskeødegård GF, Tessem MB. Simultaneous Detection of Zinc and Its Pathway Metabolites Using MALDI MS Imaging of Prostate Tissue. Anal Chem 2020; 92:3171-3179. [PMID: 31944670 PMCID: PMC7584334 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Levels
of zinc, along with its mechanistically related metabolites citrate
and aspartate, are widely reported as reduced in prostate cancer compared
to healthy tissue and are therefore pointed out as potential cancer
biomarkers. Previously, it has only been possible to analyze zinc
and metabolites by separate detection methods. Through matrix-assisted
laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MSI), we were
for the first time able to demonstrate, in two different sample sets
(n = 45 and n = 4), the simultaneous
spatial detection of zinc, in the form of ZnCl3–, together with citrate, aspartate, and N-acetylaspartate
on human prostate cancer tissues. The reliability of the ZnCl3– detection was validated by total zinc
determination using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma MSI
on adjacent serial tissue sections. Zinc, citrate, and aspartate were
correlated with each other (range r = 0.46 to 0.74)
and showed a significant reduction in cancer compared to non-cancer
epithelium (p < 0.05, log2 fold change
range: −0.423 to −0.987), while no significant difference
between cancer and stroma tissue was found. Simultaneous spatial detection
of zinc and its metabolites is not only a valuable tool for analyzing
the role of zinc in prostate metabolism but might also provide a fast
and simple method to detect zinc, citrate, and aspartate levels as
a biomarker signature for prostate cancer diagnostics and prognostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria K Andersen
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging , Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , 7491 Trondheim , Norway
| | - Sebastian Krossa
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging , Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , 7491 Trondheim , Norway
| | - Therese S Høiem
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging , Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , 7491 Trondheim , Norway
| | - Rebecca Buchholz
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , University of Münster , D-48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Britt S R Claes
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I) , Maastricht University , 6229 ER Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Balluff
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I) , Maastricht University , 6229 ER Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Shane R Ellis
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I) , Maastricht University , 6229 ER Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Elin Richardsen
- Department of Medical Biology , The Arctic University of Norway (UIT) , 9037 Tromsø , Norway.,Department of Clinical Pathology , University Hospital of North Norway, UNN , 9019 Tromsø , Norway
| | - Helena Bertilsson
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine , Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , 7491 Trondheim , Norway.,Clinic of Surgery, St. Olavs Hospital , Trondheim University Hospital , 7030 Trondheim , Norway
| | - Ron M A Heeren
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I) , Maastricht University , 6229 ER Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Tone F Bathen
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging , Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , 7491 Trondheim , Norway
| | - Uwe Karst
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , University of Münster , D-48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Guro F Giskeødegård
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging , Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , 7491 Trondheim , Norway
| | - May-Britt Tessem
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging , Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , 7491 Trondheim , Norway.,Clinic of Surgery, St. Olavs Hospital , Trondheim University Hospital , 7030 Trondheim , Norway
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11
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Bartels AK, Göttert S, Desel C, Schäfer M, Krossa S, Scheidig AJ, Grötzinger J, Lorenzen I. KDEL Receptor 1 Contributes to Cell Surface Association of Protein Disulfide Isomerases. Cell Physiol Biochem 2019; 52:850-868. [PMID: 30958660 DOI: 10.33594/000000059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident proteins with a C-terminal KDEL ERretention sequence are captured in the Golgi apparatus by KDEL receptors (KDELRs). The binding of such proteins to these receptors induces their retrograde transport. Nevertheless, some KDEL proteins, such as Protein Disulfide Isomerases (PDIs), are found at the cell surface. PDIs target disulfide bridges in the extracellular domains of proteins, such as integrins or A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17) leading to changes in the structure and function of these molecules. Integrins become activated and ADAM17 inactivated upon disulfide isomerization. The way that PDIs escape from retrograde transport and reach the plasma membrane remains far from clear. Various mechanisms might exist, depending on whether a local cell surface association or a more global secretion is required. METHODS To get a more detailed insight in the transport of PDIs to the cell surface, methods such as cell surface biotinylation, flow cytometric analysis, immunoprecipitation, fluorescence microscopy as well as labeling of cells with fluorescence labled recombinant PDIA6 was performed. RESULTS Here, we show that the C-terminal KDEL ER retention sequence is sufficient to prevent secretion of PDIA6 into the extracellular space but is mandatory for its association with the cell surface. The cell surface trafficking of PDIA1, PDIA3, and PDIA6 is dependent on KDELR1, which travels in a dynamic manner to the cell surface. This transport is assumed to result in PDI cell surface association, which differs from PDI inducible secretion into the extracellular space. Distinct PDIs differ in their trafficking properties. Endogenous KDELR1, detectable at the cell surface, might be involved not only in the transport of cell-surface-associated PDIs, but also in their retrieval and internalization from the extracellular space. CONCLUSION Beside their ER retention motive PDIs travel to the cell surface. Here they target different proteins to render their function. To escape the ER PDIs travel via various pathways. One of them depends on the KDELR1, which can transport its target to the cell surface, where it is to be expected to release its cargo in close vicinity to its target molecules. Hence, the KDEL sequence is needed for cell surface association of PDIs, such as PDIA6.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sascha Göttert
- Institute of Biochemistry, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Miriam Schäfer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sebastian Krossa
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, NTNU-The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Axel J Scheidig
- Centre of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Structural Biology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Inken Lorenzen
- Centre of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Structural Biology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany,
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Schäfer M, Granato DC, Krossa S, Bartels AK, Yokoo S, Düsterhöft S, Koudelka T, Scheidig AJ, Tholey A, Paes Leme AF, Grötzinger J, Lorenzen I. GRP78 protects a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 against protein-disulfide isomerase A6 catalyzed inactivation. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:3567-3587. [PMID: 28949004 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The shedding of ectodomains is a crucial mechanism in many physiological and pathological events. A disintegrin and metalloprotease-17 (ADAM17) is a key sheddase involved in essential processes, such as development, regeneration, and immune defense. ADAM17 exists in two conformations which differ in their disulfide connection in the membrane-proximal domain (MPD). Protein-disulfide isomerases (PDIs) on the cell surface convert the open MPD into a rigid closed form, which corresponds to inactive ADAM17. ADAM17 is expressed in its open activatable form in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and consequently must be protected against ER-resident PDI activity. Here, we show that the chaperone 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) protects the MPD against PDI-dependent disulfide-bond isomerization by binding to this domain and, thereby, preventing ADAM17 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Schäfer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniela C Granato
- Laboratório de Espectrometria de Massas, Laboratório Nacional de Biociências, LNBio, CNPEM, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Sebastian Krossa
- Department of Structural Biology, Institute of Zoology, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Sami Yokoo
- Laboratório de Espectrometria de Massas, Laboratório Nacional de Biociências, LNBio, CNPEM, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Tomas Koudelka
- Division of Systematic Proteome Research, Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Axel J Scheidig
- Department of Structural Biology, Institute of Zoology, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas Tholey
- Division of Systematic Proteome Research, Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Adriana F Paes Leme
- Laboratório de Espectrometria de Massas, Laboratório Nacional de Biociências, LNBio, CNPEM, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Joachim Grötzinger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Inken Lorenzen
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany.,Department of Structural Biology, Institute of Zoology, Kiel, Germany
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Krossa S, Schmitt AD, Hattermann K, Fritsch J, Scheidig AJ, Mehdorn HM, Held-Feindt J. Down regulation of Akirin-2 increases chemosensitivity in human glioblastomas more efficiently than Twist-1. Oncotarget 2016; 6:21029-45. [PMID: 26036627 PMCID: PMC4673248 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The Twist-1 transcription factor and its interacting protein Akirin-2 regulate apoptosis. We found that in glioblastomas, highly malignant brain tumors, Akirin-2 and Twist-1 were expressed in glial fibrillary acidic protein positive tumor regions as well as in tumor endothelial cells and infiltrating macrophages / microglia. Temozolomide (TMZ) induced the expression of both molecules, partly shifting their nuclear to cytosolic localization. The knock-down (kd) of Akirin-2 increased the activity of cleaved (c)Caspase-3/-7, the amounts of cCaspases-3, -7 and cPARP-1 and resulted in an increased number of apoptotic cells after TMZ exposure. Glioblastoma cells containing decreased amounts of Akirin-2 after kd contained increased amounts of cCaspase-3 as determined by the ImageStreamx Mark II technology. For Twist-1, similar results were obtained with the exception that the combination of TMZ treatment and Twist-1 kd failed to significantly reduce chemoresistance compared with controls. This could be attributed to a cell population containing only slightly increased cCaspase-3 together with decreased Twist-1 levels, which was clearly larger than the respective population observed under Akirin-2 kd. Our results showed that, compared with Twist-1, Akirin-2 is the more promising target for RNAi strategies antagonizing Twist-1/Akirin-2 facilitated glioblastoma cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Krossa
- Institute of Zoology, Department of Structural Biology, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Anne Dorothée Schmitt
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Schleswig-Holstein Medical Center, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Fritsch
- Institute of Immunology, University of Schleswig-Holstein Medical Center, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Axel J Scheidig
- Institute of Zoology, Department of Structural Biology, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Janka Held-Feindt
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Schleswig-Holstein Medical Center, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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Hattermann K, Gebhardt H, Krossa S, Ludwig A, Lucius R, Held-Feindt J, Mentlein R. Transmembrane chemokines act as receptors in a novel mechanism termed inverse signaling. eLife 2016; 5:e10820. [PMID: 26796342 PMCID: PMC4739769 DOI: 10.7554/elife.10820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The transmembrane chemokines CX3CL1/fractalkine and CXCL16 are widely expressed in different types of tumors, often without an appropriate expression of their classical receptors. We observed that receptor-negative cancer cells could be stimulated by the soluble chemokines. Searching for alternative receptors we detected that all cells expressing or transfected with transmembrane chemokine ligands bound the soluble chemokines with high affinity and responded by phosphorylation of intracellular kinases, enhanced proliferation and anti-apoptosis. This activity requires the intracellular domain and apparently the dimerization of the transmembrane chemokine ligand. Thus, shed soluble chemokines can generate auto- or paracrine signals by binding and activating their transmembrane forms. We term this novel mechanism “inverse signaling”. We suppose that inverse signaling is an autocrine feedback and fine-tuning system in the communication between cells that in tumors supports stabilization and proliferation. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.10820.001 The cells that make up an animal need to communicate with each other for a variety of purposes, including controlling the growth and repair of tissues. Commonly, such signaling involves ‘ligand’ molecules binding to specific ‘receptor’ proteins embedded in the cell membrane. When a ligand docks to the right receptor protein, the parts of the receptor inside the cell change shape. This activates signaling pathways within that cell. Types of ligands called transmembrane ligands are found embedded in cell membranes. Some cancer cells have high levels of transmembrane ligands called CXCL16 and CX3CL1 but do not produce the corresponding receptors for these molecules. The part of these ligands that sits outside of the cells can also be separated from the rest of the molecule to produce a soluble ligand that can move around outside the cell. By studying cancer cells using microscopy and biochemical approaches, Hattermann, Gebhardt et al. now show that the soluble forms of CXCL16 and CX3CL1 bind to their transmembrane equivalents. This activates signaling pathways that promote cell growth and make the cancer cells more resistant to cell death. However, this signaling did not occur if the transmembrane ligands were altered to lack the part normally found inside the cell, which suggests that transmembrane CXCL16 and CX3CL1 act as receptors. It was not previously known that a soluble ligand could activate its transmembrane equivalent. Hattermann, Gebhardt et al. have named this process “inverse signaling”, and suggest that it helps to fine-tune the communication between cells. Future experiments will need to study the importance of inverse signaling in living animals and investigate how it works alongside other signaling methods. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.10820.002
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sebastian Krossa
- Department of Structural Biology, Institute of Zoology, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas Ludwig
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralph Lucius
- Department of Anatomy, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Janka Held-Feindt
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Rolf Mentlein
- Department of Anatomy, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Krossa S, Faust A, Ober D, Scheidig AJ. Comprehensive Structural Characterization of the Bacterial Homospermidine Synthase-an Essential Enzyme of the Polyamine Metabolism. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19501. [PMID: 26776105 PMCID: PMC4725965 DOI: 10.1038/srep19501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly conserved bacterial homospermidine synthase (HSS) is a key enzyme of the polyamine metabolism of many proteobacteria including pathogenic strains such as Legionella pneumophila and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; The unique usage of NAD(H) as a prosthetic group is a common feature of bacterial HSS, eukaryotic HSS and deoxyhypusine synthase (DHS). The structure of the bacterial enzyme does not possess a lysine residue in the active center and thus does not form an enzyme-substrate Schiff base intermediate as observed for the DHS. In contrast to the DHS the active site is not formed by the interface of two subunits but resides within one subunit of the bacterial HSS. Crystal structures of Blastochloris viridis HSS (BvHSS) reveal two distinct substrate binding sites, one of which is highly specific for putrescine. BvHSS features a side pocket in the direct vicinity of the active site formed by conserved amino acids and a potential substrate discrimination, guiding, and sensing mechanism. The proposed reaction steps for the catalysis of BvHSS emphasize cation-π interaction through a conserved Trp residue as a key stabilizer of high energetic transition states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Krossa
- Structural Biology-Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 11, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Annette Faust
- Structural Biology-Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 11, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Dietrich Ober
- Botanical Institute - Biochemical Ecology and Molecular Evolution, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Axel J Scheidig
- Structural Biology-Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 11, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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Knerlich-Lukoschus F, Krossa S, Krause J, Mehdorn HM, Scheidig A, Held-Feindt J. Impact of chemokines on the properties of spinal cord-derived neural progenitor cells in a rat spinal cord lesion model. J Neurosci Res 2014; 93:562-71. [PMID: 25491360 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The existence of endogenous neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in the adult spinal cord (sc) provides the potential for tailored repair therapies after spinal cord injury (SCI). This study investigates the impact of inflammatory mediators on properties of NPC cultures derived from adult rats after SCI. The Infinite Horizon impactor was used to apply 200-kdyn thoracic sc lesions in adult rats. Control groups received laminectomies to equivalent sc regions. Thoracic sc segments were taken for neurosphere cell cultures. Cell proliferation was found to be significantly higher in lesion groups. Neurosphere-derived cells differentiated into neurons, oligodendroglia, and astroglia. Lesion cultures exhibited significantly higher amounts of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) mRNA (P < 0.0005) and β-III-tubulin mRNA (P < 0.05) compared with sham animals. Neurospheres from different treatment groups exhibited the same amounts of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 mRNA. C-C chemokine receptor (CCR) expression on neurospheres was examined by real-time RT-PCR. CCR1 was expressed most consistently in mRNA levels in neurospheres from both treatment groups. After cell differentiation, CCR1 mRNA amounts decreased. CCR1 was detectable by immunohistochemistry in neurospheres and differentiated cells of both groups. Application of CCL3 during differentiation cycles led to significantly higher GFAP mRNA amounts in sham animals compared with CCL3-free cultures; in contrast, CCL3 had no impact on cell differentiation in the lesion group. In conclusion, impact SCI alters differentiation tendencies and proliferation rates of adult-derived sc NPCs. Thereby, CCR1/CCL3 promotes specifically astroglial differentiation of NPCs, which provides a potential target for future neurorestorative approaches.
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