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Pop MA, Cosnita M, Croitoru C, Zaharia SM, Matei S, Spîrchez C. 3D-Printed PLA Molds for Natural Composites: Mechanical Properties of Green Wax-Based Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15112487. [PMID: 37299287 DOI: 10.3390/polym15112487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The first part of this paper is dedicated to obtaining 3D-printed molds using poly lactic acid (PLA) incorporating specific patterns, which have the potential to serve as the foundation for sound-absorbing panels for various industries and aviation. The molding production process was utilized to create all-natural environmentally friendly composites. These composites mainly comprise paper, beeswax, and fir resin, including automotive function as the matrices and binders. In addition, fillers, such as fir needles, rice flour, and Equisetum arvense (horsetail) powder, were added in varying amounts to achieve the desired properties. The mechanical properties of the resulting green composites, including impact and compressive strength, as well as maximum bending force value, were evaluated. The morphology and internal structure of the fractured samples were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and an optical microscopy. The highest impact strength was measured for the composites with beeswax, fir needles, recyclable paper, and beeswax fir resin and recyclable paper, 19.42 and 19.32 kJ/m2, respectively, while the highest compressive strength was 4 MPa for the beeswax and horsetail-based green composite. Natural-material-based composites exhibited 60% higher mechanical performance compared to similar commercial products used in the automotive industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Alin Pop
- Materials Science Department, Transilvania University of Brasov, 29 Eroilor Ave., 500484 Brasov, Romania
| | - Mihaela Cosnita
- Department of Product Design, Mechatronics and Environment, Transilvania University of Brasov, 29 Eroilor Ave., 500484 Brasov, Romania
| | - Cătălin Croitoru
- Materials Engineering and Welding Department, Transilvania University of Brasov, 29 Eroilor Ave., 500484 Brasov, Romania
| | - Sebastian Marian Zaharia
- Manufacturing Engineering Department, Faculty of Technological Engineering and Industrial Management, Transilvania University of Brasov, 29 Eroilor Ave., 500484 Brasov, Romania
| | - Simona Matei
- Materials Science Department, Transilvania University of Brasov, 29 Eroilor Ave., 500484 Brasov, Romania
| | - Cosmin Spîrchez
- Wood Processing and Furniture Design of Wood, Transilvania University of Brasov, 29 Eroilor Ave., 500484 Brasov, Romania
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Zaharia SM, Pop MA, Chicos LA, Buican GR, Lancea C, Pascariu IS, Stamate VM. Compression and Bending Properties of Short Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers Sandwich Structures Produced via Fused Filament Fabrication Process. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142923. [PMID: 35890699 PMCID: PMC9323064 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing, through the process of thermoplastic extrusion of filament, allows the manufacture of complex composite sandwich structures in a short time with low costs. This paper presents the design and fabrication by Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) of composite sandwich structures with short fibers, having three core types C, Z, and H, followed by mechanical performance testing of the structures for compression and bending in three points. Flatwise compression tests and three-point bending have clearly indicated the superior performance of H-core sandwich structures due to dense core structures. The main modes of failure of composite sandwich structures were analyzed microscopically, highlighting core shear buckling in compression tests and face indentation in three-point bending tests. The strength–mass ratio allowed the identification of the structures with the best performances considering the desire to reduce the mass, so: the H-core sandwich structures showed the best results in compression tests and the C-core sandwich structures in three-point bending tests. The feasibility of the FFF process and the three-point bending test of composite wing sections, which will be used on an unmanned aircraft, have also been demonstrated. The finite element analysis showed the distribution of equivalent stresses and reaction forces for the composite wing sections tested for bending, proving to validate the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Marian Zaharia
- Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania; (L.-A.C.); (G.R.B.); (C.L.); (I.S.P.); (V.-M.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mihai Alin Pop
- Department of Materials Science, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania;
| | - Lucia-Antoneta Chicos
- Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania; (L.-A.C.); (G.R.B.); (C.L.); (I.S.P.); (V.-M.S.)
| | - George Razvan Buican
- Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania; (L.-A.C.); (G.R.B.); (C.L.); (I.S.P.); (V.-M.S.)
| | - Camil Lancea
- Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania; (L.-A.C.); (G.R.B.); (C.L.); (I.S.P.); (V.-M.S.)
| | - Ionut Stelian Pascariu
- Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania; (L.-A.C.); (G.R.B.); (C.L.); (I.S.P.); (V.-M.S.)
| | - Valentin-Marian Stamate
- Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania; (L.-A.C.); (G.R.B.); (C.L.); (I.S.P.); (V.-M.S.)
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Zaharia SM, Pop MA, Udroiu R. Reliability and lifetime assessment of glider wing's composite spar through accelerated fatigue life testing. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:ma13102310. [PMID: 32429585 PMCID: PMC7287895 DOI: 10.3390/ma13102310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The evaluation of the reliability and the lifetime of aerospace components has become an important segment of the design stage. The aeronautical components are subjected to complex, rigorous tests and have a long test life. The main goal in the field of aviation is to have components with high reliability and quality and to meet the mandatory requirements and regulations. The spars are stiffening components positioned along the wing and which take up most of the load and are tested for fatigue over a long period of time. The spar which was analysed in this study has a sandwich structure with GFRP (glass fiber reinforced plastic) skin and foam core. In this paper, the performances in the static and dynamic conditions of the GFRP-foam sandwich structures cut out of the composite spar of a glider were analysed. Additionally, using accelerated techniques based on the three-point fatigue bending test, the main reliability indicators of the GFRP-foam sandwich structures were determined. Using the statistical processing of the experimental data and the Inverse Power Law–Weibull acceleration model, the mean number of cycles to failure, in normal testing conditions of the GFRP-foam specimens was determined, with a value of 102,814. Using the accelerated testing techniques of the GFRP-foam sandwich structures an important decrease of the test time (8.43 times) was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Marian Zaharia
- Manufacturing Engineering Department, Transilvania University of Brasov, Eroilor 29 Str, 500036 Brasov, Romania;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-268-421-318
| | - Mihai Alin Pop
- Materials Science Department, Transilvania University of Brasov, Eroilor 29 Str, 500036 Brasov, Romania;
| | - Răzvan Udroiu
- Manufacturing Engineering Department, Transilvania University of Brasov, Eroilor 29 Str, 500036 Brasov, Romania;
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Pop MA, Croitoru C, Bedo T, Geamăn V, Radomir I, Zaharia SM, Chicoș LA. Influence of Internal Innovative Architecture on the Mechanical Properties of 3D Polymer Printed Parts. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12051129. [PMID: 32423075 PMCID: PMC7285309 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The utilization of polymer-based materials is quickly expanding. The enterprises of today are progressively seeking techniques to supplant metal parts with polymer-based materials as a result of their light weight, simple support and modest costs. The ceaselessly developing requirement for composite materials with new or enhanced properties brings about the preparation of different polymer mixes with various arrangements, morphologies and properties. Fused filament fabrication processes such as 3D-printing are nowadays shaping the actual pathway to a full pallet of materials, from art-craft to biomaterials. In this study, the structural and mechanical behavior of three types of commercially available filaments comprised of synthetic poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene-co-styrene) (ABS), poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(lactic acid)/polyhydroxyalkanoate reinforced with bamboo wood flour composite (PLA/PHA BambooFill) were assessed through mechanical testing and optical microscopy, aiming to understand how the modifications that occur in the printed models with internal architecture are influencing the mechanical properties of the 3D-printed material. It has been determined that the material printed from PLA presents the highest compression strength, three-point bending and shock resistance, while the ABS shows the best tensile strength performance. A probability plot was used to verify the normality hypothesis of data for the tensile strength, in conjunction with the Anderson-Darling statistic test. The results of the statistic indicated that the data were normally distributed and that there is a marked influence of the internal architecture of the 3D-printed models on the mechanical properties of the printed material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Alin Pop
- Materials Science Department, Transilvania University of Brasov, 29 Eroilor Ave., 500036 Brasov, Romania; (T.B.); (V.G.)
- Correspondence: (M.A.P.); (C.C.); Tel.: +40-744-687-408 (M.A.P.); +40-748-126-598 (C.C.)
| | - Cătălin Croitoru
- Materials Engineering and Welding Department, Transilvania University of Brasov, 29 Eroilor Ave., 500036 Brasov, Romania
- Correspondence: (M.A.P.); (C.C.); Tel.: +40-744-687-408 (M.A.P.); +40-748-126-598 (C.C.)
| | - Tibor Bedo
- Materials Science Department, Transilvania University of Brasov, 29 Eroilor Ave., 500036 Brasov, Romania; (T.B.); (V.G.)
| | - Virgil Geamăn
- Materials Science Department, Transilvania University of Brasov, 29 Eroilor Ave., 500036 Brasov, Romania; (T.B.); (V.G.)
| | - Irinel Radomir
- Mathematics and Informatics Department, Transilvania University of Brasov, 29 Eroilor Ave., 500036 Brasov, Romania;
| | - Sebastian Marian Zaharia
- Manufacturing Engineering Department, Faculty of Technological Engineering and Industrial Management, Transilvania University of Brasov, 29 Eroilor Ave., 500036 Brasov, Romania; (S.M.Z.); (L.A.C.)
| | - Lucia Antoaneta Chicoș
- Manufacturing Engineering Department, Faculty of Technological Engineering and Industrial Management, Transilvania University of Brasov, 29 Eroilor Ave., 500036 Brasov, Romania; (S.M.Z.); (L.A.C.)
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Pop MA, Croitoru C, Bedő T, Geamăn V, Radomir I, Cosnită M, Zaharia SM, Chicos LA, Milosan I. Structural changes during 3D printing of bioderived and synthetic thermoplastic materials. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Alin Pop
- Transilvania University of Brasov, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Materials Science; Colina Universitatii Street; no. 1, 500084, Brasov Romania
| | - Cătălin Croitoru
- Department of Materials Engineering and Welding; Transilvania University of Brasov, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering; Colina Universitatii Street, no. 1, 500084, Brasov Romania
| | - Tibor Bedő
- Transilvania University of Brasov, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Materials Science; Colina Universitatii Street; no. 1, 500084, Brasov Romania
| | - Virgil Geamăn
- Transilvania University of Brasov, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Materials Science; Colina Universitatii Street; no. 1, 500084, Brasov Romania
| | - Irinel Radomir
- Department of Mathematics and Informatics; Transilvania University of Brasov, Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics; 29 Eroilor Avenue, 500036, Brasov Romania
| | - Mihaela Cosnită
- Department of Product Design, Mechatronics and Environment; Transilvania University of Brasov, Faculty of Product Design and Environment; Colina Universitatii Street, no. 1, 500068, Brasov Romania
| | - Sebastian Marian Zaharia
- Department of Manufacturing Engineering; Transilvania University of Brasov, Faculty of Technological Engineering and Industrial Management; Mihai Viteazu Street, no. 5, 500174, Brasov Romania
| | - Lucia Antoaneta Chicos
- Department of Manufacturing Engineering; Transilvania University of Brasov, Faculty of Technological Engineering and Industrial Management; Mihai Viteazu Street, no. 5, 500174, Brasov Romania
| | - Ioan Milosan
- Transilvania University of Brasov, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Materials Science; Colina Universitatii Street; no. 1, 500084, Brasov Romania
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Lancea C, Chicos LA, Zaharia SM, Pop MA, Semenescu A, Florea B, Chivu OR. Accelerated Corrosion Analysis of AlSi10Mg Alloy Manufactured by Selective Laser Melting (SLM). Rev Chim 2018. [DOI: 10.37358/rc.18.4.6240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Selective Laser Melting (SLM) technology uses metal powders as building material which is melted and welded together using a high-power laser in order to obtain quick configuration of complex parts, most often for testing them. Another advantage of this method is the fact that allows obtaining any 3D geometry of the parts, even parts that cannot be processed through conventional manufacturing procedures. In this work were performed a number of tests for accelerated corrosion of AlSi10Mg alloy specimens in order to determine their mean life in the conditions of their use in a high salinity environment. For specimens, optical analysis was used the SEM microscope which has the advantage of obtaining an enlarged image of the investigated objects without processing. Following these analyses, it has been determined the mass loss of specimens due to corrosion.
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