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Menaka R, Karthik R, Saranya S, Niranjan M, Kabilan S. An Improved AlexNet Model and Cepstral Coefficient-Based Classification of Autism Using EEG. Clin EEG Neurosci 2024; 55:43-51. [PMID: 37246419 DOI: 10.1177/15500594231178274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder that cannot be completely cured, but early intervention during childhood can improve outcomes. Identifying autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has relied on subjective detection methods that involve questionnaires, medical professionals, and therapists and are subject to observer variability. The need for early diagnosis and the limitations of subjective detection methods has led researchers to explore machine learning-based approaches, such as Random Forests, K-Nearest Neighbors, Naive Bayes, and Support Vector Machines, to predict ASD meltdowns. In recent years, deep learning techniques have gained traction for early ASD detection. This study evaluates the performance of various deep learning networks, including AlexNet, VGG16, and ResNet50, using 5 cepstral coefficient features for ASD detection. The main contributions of this study are the utilization of Cepstral Coefficients in the processing stage to construct spectrograms and the modification of the AlexNet architecture for precise classification. Experimental observations indicate that the AlexNet with Linear Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (LFCC) yields the highest accuracy of 85.1%, while a customized AlexNet with LFCC achieves 90% accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Menaka
- Centre for Cyber Physical Systems, School of Electronics Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, India
| | - R Karthik
- Centre for Cyber Physical Systems, School of Electronics Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, India
| | - S Saranya
- School of Electronics Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, India
| | - M Niranjan
- School of Electronics Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, India
| | - S Kabilan
- School of Electronics Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, India
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Vanitha U, Elancheran R, Manikandan V, Kabilan S, Krishnasamy K. Design, synthesis, characterization, molecular docking and computational studies of 3-phenyl-2-thioxoimidazolidin-4-one derivatives. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Ranjithkumar R, Saravanan K, Balaji B, Hima S, Sreeja S, Timane SR, Ram Pravin Kumar M, Kabilan S, Ramanathan M. Novel daidzein molecules exhibited anti-prostate cancer activity through nuclear receptor ERβ modulation, in vitro and in vivo studies. J Chemother 2021; 33:582-594. [PMID: 34060437 DOI: 10.1080/1120009x.2021.1924935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Eight novel ERβ selective daidzein analogues (NCE1-8) were synthesized and their anti-cancer activity was evaluated by in vitro and in vivo methods. Cytotoxicity study, Receptor binding studies, Luciferase assay, cMYC & Cyclin D1 expression and Caspase 3, 8 & 9 activities were measured to ascertain the anticancer activity and mechanism. Uterotropic, anti-androgenic and anti-tumour activities were performed in rodents. The results revealed that NCEs produced anti-prostate cancer activity in DU145, LNCaP and PC3 cell lines and 50% more active than genistein. NCEs was significantly down-regulated cMYC & Cyclin D1 genes and elevated caspase 3 & 9 levels and did not show any difference in uterotropic, anti-androgenic activities. The tumour weight was also reduced. The NCE 1 and 2 have shown ERβ selectivity in receptor binding studies. Daidzein with methyl substitution at R or R1 position exhibited more ERβ selectivity and could be considered as lead molecules for anti-prostate cancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ranjithkumar
- Department of Pharmacology, PSG College of Pharmacy, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Saravanan
- Drug Discovery Lab, Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - B Balaji
- Department of Pharmacology, PSG College of Pharmacy, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Hima
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - S Sreeja
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - S R Timane
- Department of Pharmacology, PSG College of Pharmacy, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Ram Pravin Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, PSG College of Pharmacy, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Kabilan
- Drug Discovery Lab, Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Ramanathan
- Department of Pharmacology, PSG College of Pharmacy, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Shylaja R, Loganathan C, Kabilan S, Vijayakumar T, Meganathan C. Synthesis and evaluation of the antagonistic activity of 3-acetyl-2H-benzo[g]chromen-2-one against mutant Y537S estrogen receptor alpha via E-Pharmacophore modeling, molecular docking, molecular dynamics, and in-vitro cytotoxicity studies. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Arjun HA, Anil Kumar GN, Elancheran R, Kabilan S. Crystal structure, DFT and Hirshfeld surface analysis of ( E)- N'-[(1-chloro-3,4-di-hydro-naph-thal-en-2-yl)methyl-idene]benzohydrazide monohydrate. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2020; 76:132-136. [PMID: 32071734 PMCID: PMC7001828 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989019017183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C18H15ClN2O·H2O, a benzohydrazide derivative, the dihedral angle between the mean plane of the di-hydro-naphthalene ring system and the phenyl ring is 17.1 (2)°. In the crystal, O-H⋯O, N-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the benzohydrazide and water mol-ecules, forming a layer parallel to the bc plane. Hirshfeld surface analysis and two-dimensional fingerprint plots indicate that the most important contributions to the crystal packing are from H⋯H (45.7%) and H⋯C/C⋯H (20.2%) contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. A. Arjun
- Drug Discovery Lab, Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Chidambaram 608002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G. N. Anil Kumar
- Department of Physics, Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bengaluru 560054, India
| | - R. Elancheran
- Drug Discovery Lab, Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Chidambaram 608002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S. Kabilan
- Drug Discovery Lab, Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Chidambaram 608002, Tamil Nadu, India
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Elancheran R, Saravanan K, Divakar S, Kumari S, Maruthanila VL, Kabilan S, Ramanathan M, Devi R, Kotoky J. Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel 1, 3- thiazolidine-2, 4-diones as Anti-prostate Cancer Agents. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2019; 17:1756-1768. [PMID: 28403781 DOI: 10.2174/1871521409666170412121820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgen receptor is an attractive target for the treatment of prostate cancer. The 1,3- thiazolidine-2,4-diones possess a wide diversity of important biochemical effects and interesting pharmacological properties. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study is to find the experimental and computational methods to investigate the interference of 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-diones with androgen receptor against prostate cancer. METHOD Structural modification and molecular docking-based virtual screening approaches were imposed to identify the novel 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-diones by using Schrödinger (Maestro 9.5). The best fit molecules (3-12 & 23-31) were synthesized and characterized using spectroscopic techniques, then in vitro antioxidant and antiprostate cancer activities were evaluated. Further, the structure of the intermediate (18) was confirmed by single crystal XRD analysis. The mechanism studies were performed through the gene expression for the compounds, 29, 30, and 31, the standards, dihydrotestosterone and R-bicalutamide. RESULTS The compounds, 29, 30 and 31 showed comparatively significant antioxidant activity and better antiproliferative activity against PC-3 and LNCaP cell lines. Also, very low cytotoxicity was observed in the noncancerous cell (3T3). The compounds, 29, 30 and 31 significantly decreased the mRNA expression of ARstimulated genes, PSA and TMPRSS2, which demonstrated their anti-prostate cancer activities. ADME/T properties prediction of the compounds (3-12 and23-31) showed the promising drug-likeness and pharmacokinetic parameters without toxicity. Moreover, DFT calculations apparently confirmed the stable conformer of the compound, 31. CONCLUSION These findings may provide the essential information for the development of anti-prostate cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramakrishnan Elancheran
- Division of Life Sciences, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati-781035, Assam. India
| | - Kuppusamy Saravanan
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar-608002, Tamil Nadu. India
| | - Selvaraj Divakar
- Department of Pharmacology, PSG College of Pharmacy, Coimbatore-641 004, Tamil Nadu. India
| | - Sima Kumari
- Division of Life Sciences, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati-781035, Assam. India
| | - V Lenin Maruthanila
- Division of Life Sciences, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati-781035, Assam. India
| | | | - Muthiah Ramanathan
- Department of Pharmacology, PSG College of Pharmacy, Coimbatore-641 004, Tamil Nadu. India
| | - Rajlakshmi Devi
- Division of Life Sciences, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati-781035, Assam. India
| | - Jibon Kotoky
- Division of Life Sciences, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati-781035, Assam. India
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Maruthanila V, Elancheran R, Roy NK, Bhattacharya A, Kunnumakkara AB, Kabilan S, Kotoky J. In silico Molecular Modelling of Selected Natural Ligands and their Binding Features with Estrogen Receptor Alpha. Curr Comput Aided Drug Des 2018; 15:89-96. [DOI: 10.2174/1573409914666181008165356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers diagnosed among women. It
is now recognized that two receptors mediate estrogen action and the presence of estrogen receptor alpha
(ERα) correlates with better prognosis and the likelihood of response to hormonal therapy. ERα is
an attractive target for the treatment of breast cancer. Most of the drugs currently used for the breast
cancer treatment have numerous side effects and they are often unsuccessful in removing the tumour
completely. Hence, we focused on natural compounds like flavonoids, polyphenols, etc. which do not
exhibit any high toxic effects against normal cells.
</P><P>
Objectives: To identify the potential natural inhibitors for BCa through an optimised in silico approach.
</P><P>
Methods: Structural modification and molecular docking-based screening approaches were imposed to
identify the novel natural compounds by using Schrödinger (Maestro 9.5). The Qikprop v3.5 was used
for the evaluation of important ADME parameters and its permissible ranges. Cytotoxicity of the
compounds was evaluated by MTT assay against MCF-7 Cell lines.
Results:
From the docking studies, we found that the compounds, Myricetin, Quercetin, Apigenin,
Luteolin and Baicalein showed the highest Glide Scores -10.78, -9.48, -8.92, -8.87 and -8.82 kcal mol-1
respectively. Of these, Luteolin and Baicalein showed the significant IC50 values (25 ± 4.0 and 58.3 ±
4.4 µM, respectively) against MCF-7 cell line. The ADME profiling of the test compounds was evaluated
to find the drug-likeness and pharmacokinetic parameters.
We mainly focused on in silico study to dock the compounds into the human estrogen receptor
ligand binding domain (hERLBD) and compare their predicted binding affinity with known antiestrogens.
Myricetin, Quercetin, Apigenin, Luteolin and Baicalein were identified as the most promising
among all. Of these, Luteolin and Baicalein showed significant anticancer activities against MCF-7 cell
line. These findings may provide basic information for the development of anti-breast cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- V.L. Maruthanila
- Department of Biotechnology, A.V.C. College, Mannampandal-609305, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R. Elancheran
- Drug Discovery Lab, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati-781035, Assam, India
| | - Nand Kishor Roy
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam-781039, India
| | - Anupam Bhattacharya
- Bioinformatics Center, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati- 781035, Assam, India
| | - Ajaikumar B. Kunnumakkara
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam-781039, India
| | - S. Kabilan
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Chidambaram- 608002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jibon Kotoky
- Drug Discovery Lab, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati-781035, Assam, India
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Lakshmithendral K, Archana K, Saravanan K, Kabilan S, Selvanayagam S. Crystal structures of 3-meth-oxy-4-{[5-(4-meth-oxy-phen-yl)-1,3,4-oxa-diazol-2-yl]meth-oxy}benzo-nitrile and N-(4-{[5-(4-chloro-phen-yl)-1,3,4-oxa-diazol-2-yl]meth-oxy}phen-yl)acetamide. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2018; 74:1919-1922. [PMID: 30574401 PMCID: PMC6281121 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989018016754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The title compounds, C18H15N3O4 and C17H14ClN3O3, are heterocyclic 1,3,4-oxa-diazole derivatives which differ from each other in the groups attached to the carbon atoms: a meth-oxy-phenyl ring and a benzo-nitrile group in (I) and a chloro-phenyl ring and an acetamide group in (II). Short intra-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds occur in both mol-ecules. The crystal structure of (I) features C-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, while in the crystal structure of (II), N-H⋯N, C-H⋯N and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Lakshmithendral
- Drug Discovery Lab, Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Chidambaram 608 002, India
| | - K. Archana
- Drug Discovery Lab, Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Chidambaram 608 002, India
| | - K. Saravanan
- Drug Discovery Lab, Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Chidambaram 608 002, India
| | - S. Kabilan
- Drug Discovery Lab, Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Chidambaram 608 002, India
| | - S. Selvanayagam
- PG & Research Department of Physics, Government Arts College, Melur 625 106, India
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Ajay Kumar TV, Athavan AAS, Loganathan C, Saravanan K, Kabilan S, Parthasarathy V. Design, 3D QSAR modeling and docking of TGF-β type I inhibitors to target cancer. Comput Biol Chem 2018; 76:232-244. [PMID: 30077902 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family members plays a vital role in regulating hormonal function, bone formation, tissue remodeling, and erythropoiesis, cell growth and apoptosis. TGF-β super-family members mediate signal transduction via serine/threonine kinase receptors located on the cell membrane. Variation in expression of the TGF-β type I and II receptors in the cancer cells compromise its tumor suppressor activities which direct to oncogenic functions. The present study was aimed to screen the potent TGF-β type I inhibitors through atom based 3D-QSAR and pharmacophore modelling. For this purpose, we have chosen known TGF-β type I inhibitors from the binding database. The PHASE module of Schrodinger identified the best Pharmacophore model which includes three hydrogen bond acceptors (A), one hydrophobic region (H), and one ring (R) as the structural features. The top pharmacophore model AAAHR.27 was chosen with the R2 value of 0.94 and validated externally using molecules of the test set. Moreover the AAAHR.27 model underwent virtual screening using the molecules from the NCI, ZINC and Maybridge database. The screened molecules were further filtered using molecular docking and ADME properties prediction. Additionally, the 7 lead molecules were compared with a newly identified compound "SB431542" (well known TGF-β type I receptor inhibitor) and Galunisertib, a small molecule inhibitor of TGF-β type I, under clinical development (phase II trials) using the docking score and other binding properties. Also a top scored screened molecule from our study has been compared and confirmed using molecular dynamic simulation studies. By this way, we have obtained 7 distinct drug-like TGF-β type I inhibitors which can be beneficial in suppressing cancers reported with up-regulation of TGF-β type I. This result highlights the guidelines for designing molecules with TGF-β Type I inhibitory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- T V Ajay Kumar
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Alias Anand S Athavan
- Drug Discovery laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - C Loganathan
- Drug Discovery laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Saravanan
- Drug Discovery laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Kabilan
- Drug Discovery laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - V Parthasarathy
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608002, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Archana K, Lakshmithendral K, Saravanan K, Kabilan S, Selvanayagam S. N-[4-(4-Fluorophenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-methylbenzamide. IUCr Data 2017. [DOI: 10.1107/s2414314617010896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In the title compound, C24H19FN2O2S, the dihedral angle between the fluorophenyl and thiazole rings is 12.8 (1)°. In the crystal, molecules are linked via strong N—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming C(11) chains propagating along [001]. In addition, C—H...O interactions are observed in this structure, forming C(10) chains propagating along [001].
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Divakar S, Saravanan K, Karthikeyan P, Elancheran R, Kabilan S, Balasubramanian KK, Devi R, Kotoky J, Ramanathan M. Iminoenamine based novel androgen receptor antagonist exhibited anti-prostate cancer activity in androgen independent prostate cancer cells through inhibition of AKT pathway. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 275:22-34. [PMID: 28757136 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Treatment by androgen receptor (AR) antagonists is one of the regimens for prostate cancer. The prolonged treatment with AR antagonist leads to the expression of point mutation in the ligand binding domain of the AR. This point mutation causes resistance to AR antagonist by converting them into an agonist. The T887A mutated AR was frequently expressed in androgen independent prostate cancer (AIPC) patients. Through literature survey and molecular modelling, we have identified a novel AR antagonist having a bulky β-iminoenamine BF2 complex scaffold. The tested and standard ligands were screened in AR positive (LNCaP, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-453), AR negative (PC3), and non-cancerous (3T3) cell lines through anti-proliferation assay. The ligand, ARA3 was the most potent molecule among all the tested ligands and was 7.6 folds selective for AR positive cell lines. The mechanism of anti-prostate cancer activity of ARA3 was confirmed by western blot, qPCR, and apoptotic assays in LNCaP (T887A positive AR) cells. Structural activity relationship was derived by correlating the in-vitro and in-silico data. Consequently, we have identified the essential functional groups that could prevent the resistance concerning mutant AR. The ARA3 induces the apoptosis in AIPC cells by preventing the AR mediated activation of AKT pathway. The bicalutamide did not induce the apoptosis because it failed to prevent the AR mediated activation of AKT.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Divakar
- Department of Pharmacology, PSG College of Pharmacy, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Saravanan
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P Karthikeyan
- Shasun Research Centre, Kellakottaiyur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Elancheran
- Department of Chemistry, IASST, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - S Kabilan
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | | | - J Kotoky
- Department of Chemistry, IASST, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - M Ramanathan
- Department of Pharmacology, PSG College of Pharmacy, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Archana K, Saravanan K, Lakshmithendral K, Kabilan S, Selvanayagam S. 3-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-4-methyl- N-[4-(4-methylphenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]benzamide. IUCr Data 2017. [DOI: 10.1107/s2414314617007210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In the title compound, C25H22N2O2S, the methylphenyl rings are oriented with a dihedral angle of 19.4 (1)° with respect to each other. In the crystal, molecules are linkedviastrong N—H...O hydrogen bonds, which formC(11) chains propagating along [001]. In addition, weak C—H...O and C—H...π interactions are observed in the structure.
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Saravanan K, Elancheran R, Divakar S, Anand SAA, Ramanathan M, Kotoky J, Lokanath N, Kabilan S. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-(4-phenylthiazol-2-yl) isoindoline-1,3-dione derivatives as anti-prostate cancer agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1199-1204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Therasa Alphonsa A, Loganathan C, Athavan Alias Anand S, Kabilan S. Synthesis, spectroscopic investigations (FT-IR, NMR, UV–Vis, and TD-DFT), and molecular docking of (E)-1-(benzo[d][1, 3]dioxol-6-yl)-3-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Maruthanila VL, Elancheran R, Kunnumakkara AB, Kabilan S, Kotoky J. Recent development of targeted approaches for the treatment of breast cancer. Breast Cancer 2016; 24:191-219. [PMID: 27796923 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-016-0732-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most prominent cause of cancer death in women worldwide. The highlights of this review are to provide an overview of the targeted therapeutic agents, challenges with metastatic breast cancer (MBCa), mechanisms of action through Hedgehog/Gli 1 signaling pathway and future prospective. Over a decade of success, several drugs have been approved and are in the advanced stages of clinical trials that target the receptors such as estrogen receptor, growth factor receptor, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B, etc. Currently, several monoclonal antibodies are also used for the treatment of breast cancer. Advances in understanding tumor biology, particularly signaling pathways such as Notch signaling pathway, Hedgehog/Gli 1 signaling pathway, and inhibitors are considered to be important for bone metastasis. These studies may provide vital information for the design and development of new strategies with respect to efficacy, reduction of the side effects, and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Maruthanila
- Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati, Assam, 781035, India
| | - R Elancheran
- Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati, Assam, 781035, India
| | - A B Kunnumakkara
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, 781035, India
| | - S Kabilan
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamilnadu, 608002, India
| | - Jibon Kotoky
- Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati, Assam, 781035, India.
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Kabilan S, Suffield S, Recknagle K, Jacob R, Einstein D, Kuprat A, Carson J, Colby S, Saunders J, Hines S, Teeguarden J, Straub T, Moe M, Taft S, Corley R. Computational fluid dynamics modeling of Bacillus anthracis spore deposition in rabbit and human respiratory airways. J Aerosol Sci 2016; 99:64-77. [PMID: 33311732 PMCID: PMC7731948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics and Lagrangian particle deposition models were developed to compare the deposition of aerosolized Bacillus anthracis spores in the respiratory airways of a human with that of the rabbit, a species commonly used in the study of anthrax disease. The respiratory airway geometries for each species were derived respectively from computed tomography (CT) and μCT images. Both models encompassed airways that extended from the external nose to the lung with a total of 272 outlets in the human model and 2878 outlets in the rabbit model. All simulations of spore deposition were conducted under transient, inhalation-exhalation breathing conditions using average species-specific minute volumes. Two different exposure scenarios were modeled in the rabbit based upon experimental inhalation studies. For comparison, human simulations were conducted at the highest exposure concentration used during the rabbit experimental exposures. Results demonstrated that regional spore deposition patterns were sensitive to airway geometry and ventilation profiles. Due to the complex airway geometries in the rabbit nose, higher spore deposition efficiency was predicted in the nasal sinus compared to the human at the same air concentration of anthrax spores. In contrast, higher spore deposition was predicted in the lower conducting airways of the human compared to the rabbit lung due to differences in airway branching pattern. This information can be used to refine published and ongoing biokinetic models of inhalation anthrax spore exposures, which currently estimate deposited spore concentrations based solely upon exposure concentrations and inhaled doses that do not factor in species-specific anatomy and physiology for deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Kabilan
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, P.O. Box 999, MSIN J4-16, Richland, WA 99352, United States
| | - S.R. Suffield
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, P.O. Box 999, MSIN J4-16, Richland, WA 99352, United States
| | - K.P. Recknagle
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, P.O. Box 999, MSIN J4-16, Richland, WA 99352, United States
| | - R.E. Jacob
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, P.O. Box 999, MSIN J4-16, Richland, WA 99352, United States
| | - D.R. Einstein
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, P.O. Box 999, MSIN J4-16, Richland, WA 99352, United States
| | - A.P. Kuprat
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, P.O. Box 999, MSIN J4-16, Richland, WA 99352, United States
| | - J.P. Carson
- Texas Advanced Computing Center, Austin, TX 78758, United States
| | - S.M Colby
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, P.O. Box 999, MSIN J4-16, Richland, WA 99352, United States
| | - J.H. Saunders
- Battelle, 505 King Avenue, Columbus, OH 43201, United States
| | - S.A. Hines
- Battelle, 505 King Avenue, Columbus, OH 43201, United States
| | - J.G. Teeguarden
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, P.O. Box 999, MSIN J4-16, Richland, WA 99352, United States
| | - T.M. Straub
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, P.O. Box 999, MSIN J4-16, Richland, WA 99352, United States
| | - M. Moe
- Department of Homeland Security, Science and Technology Directorate, Washington, DC 20528, United States
| | - S.C. Taft
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Homeland Security Research Center, Threat and Consequence Assessment Division, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
| | - R.A. Corley
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, P.O. Box 999, MSIN J4-16, Richland, WA 99352, United States
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Loganathan C, Ananad SAA, Alphonsa AT, Kabilan S, Selvanayagam S. 4-Chloro- N-(isoquinolin-3-yl)butanamide. IUCr Data 2016. [DOI: 10.1107/s2414314616012906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
All C, N and O atoms of the title compound, C13H13ClN2O, lie in a common plane (r.m.s. deviation = 0.096 Å). The Cl atom deviates by 0.940 (3) Å from this plane. In the crystal, molecules are linkedviaN—H...N and C—H...O hydrogen bonds which formR22(8) andR22(16) graph-set dimers. In addition, molecules are linkedviaC—H...O intermolecular interactions which formC(4) chains propagating along the [100] direction of the unit cell.
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Abstract
The title isoindole, C18H8N3O2S, crystallizes with two independent molecules (AandB) in the asymmetric unit whose geometrical features are similar. The benzonitrile ring is oriented at an angle of 2.1 (1)° (moleculeA) and 16.0 (1)° (moleculeB), with respect to the isoindole ring system. In the crystal,Amolecules are linkedviaC—H...N hydrogen bonds, formingC(15) chains propagating along along thecaxis.Bmolecules are linkedviaC—H...O interactions, forming dimers with anR22(10) graph-set motif. C—H...O and C—H...N interactions, charcterized byR22(15) andR21(7) motifs, are observed between moleculesAandB.
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Saravanan K, Archana K, Lakshmithendral K, Kabilan S, Selvanayagam S. 2-[4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindole-1,3-dione. IUCrData 2016. [DOI: 10.1107/s2414314616010531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In the title isoindole, C18H12N2O3S, the methoxyphenyl ring is oriented at an angle of 9.5 (1)° with respect to the thiazole ring. In the crystal, molecules are linkedviaC—H...O interactions, which formC(7) chains propagating along [010]. In addition to this, weak π–π interactions are also observed.
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Saravanan K, Priya K, Anand SAA, Kabilan S, Selvanayagam S. 2-Chloro- N-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]acetamide. IUCr Data 2016. [DOI: 10.1107/s2414314616009032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the title acetamide, C11H8Cl2N2OS, the chlorophenyl ring is oriented at an angle of 7.1 (1)° with respect to the thiazole ring. In the crystal, molecules are linkedviaC—H...O intermolecular interactions, formingC(10) chains propagating in a zigzag manner along thebaxis.
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Abstract
The title acetamide, C11H9ClN2OS, crystallizes with two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit whose geometrical features are similar. The phenyl ring is oriented at angles of 2.5 (1) and 6.2 (1)° with respect to the thiazole ring in the two molecules. In the crystal, molecules are linkedviaC—H...N hydrogen bonds which formC(10) chains along the [-100] direction. The chains are linked by N—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen bonds, formingC(8) chains along the [100] direction.
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Alphonsa A, Loganathan C, Anand SA, Kabilan S. Molecular structure, NMR, UV–Visible, vibrational spectroscopic and HOMO, LUMO analysis of (E)-1-(2, 6-bis (4-methoxyphenyl)-3, 3-dimethylpiperidine-4-ylidene)-2-(3-(3, 5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl) pyrazin-2-yl) hydrazine by DFT method. J Mol Struct 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Elancheran R, Saravanan K, Choudhury B, Divakar S, Kabilan S, Ramanathan M, Das B, Devi R, Kotoky J. Design and development of oxobenzimidazoles as novel androgen receptor antagonists. Med Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-016-1504-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Therasa Alphonsa A, Loganathan C, Athavan Alias Anand S, Kabilan S. FT-IR, FT-Raman, UV, NMR spectra and molecular structure investigation of (E)-2-(3-chloropyrazin-2-yl)-1-(3-ethyl-2, 6-diphenyl piperidin-4-ylidene) hydrazine: A combined experimental and theoretical study. J Mol Struct 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2015.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Priya K, Saravanan K, Selvanayagam S, Kabilan S. Crystal structure of 2-[4(E)-2,6-bis-(4-chloro-phen-yl)-3-ethyl-piperidin-4-yl-idene]acetamide. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2015; 71:o832-3. [PMID: 26594551 PMCID: PMC4645048 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989015018666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In the title piperidine derivative, C21H22Cl2N2O, the piperidine ring adopts a chair conformation. The chlorophenyl rings are oriented at an angle of 45.59 (14)° with respect to each other. In the crystal, molecules are linked via N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming C(4) chains along [100]. The chains are linked by C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming sheets parallel to the ab plane. Within the sheets, there are N—H⋯π interactions present. The crystal studied was refined as an inversion twin.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Priya
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Chidambaram 608 002, India
| | - K Saravanan
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Chidambaram 608 002, India
| | - S Selvanayagam
- PG & Research Department of Physics, Government Arts College, Melur 625 106, India
| | - S Kabilan
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Chidambaram 608 002, India
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Priya K, Saravanan K, Kabilan S, Selvanayagam S. Crystal structure of 2-(2,4-diphenyl-3-aza-bicyclo-[3.3.1]nonan-9-yl-idene)aceto-nitrile. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2015; 71:o792-3. [PMID: 26594482 PMCID: PMC4647352 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989015017740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the title 3-azabicyclononane derivative, C22H22N2, both the fused piperidine and cyclohexane rings adopt a chair conformation. The phenyl rings attached to the central azabicylononane fragment in an equatorial orientation are inclined to each other at 23.7 (1)°. The amino group is not involved in any hydrogen bonding, so the crystal packing is stabilized only by van der Waals forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Priya
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, India
| | - K Saravanan
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, India
| | - S Kabilan
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, India
| | - S Selvanayagam
- PG & Research Department of Physics, Government Arts College, Melur 625 106, India
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Anand SAA, Loganathan C, Saravanan K, Kabilan S. Comparison of Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulations of 1,3-Thiazin-4-One with MDM2 Protein. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.60.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations studies of 1,3–thiazin–4–one derivative with a bonafide oncogene protein MDM2 (PDB ID: 4HBM) was investigated. Both the docking and dynamics simulations were performed in Schrödinger software suite 2014 using Glide and Desmond modules. The results of docking and dynamics were compared to investigate the possible binding modes of the thiazinone derivative with 4HBM. The tested molecule shows critical interactions with the important amino acid His 96 which is necessary for the inhibition of MDM2 in both docking and dynamic studies.
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Jothivel S, Kotoky J, Kabilan S. Crystal structure of 1-(2-chloro-acet-yl)-3,3-dimethyl-2,6-di-p-tolyl-piperidin-4-one. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2015; 71:o173-4. [PMID: 25844233 PMCID: PMC4350729 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989015002613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C23H26ClNO2, the piperidin-4-one ring adopts a distorted boat conformation. The two p-tolyl rings are nearly normal to each other, making a dihedral angle of 83.33 (10)°. They are inclined to the mean plane of the piperidine ring by 73.2 (1) and 87.22 (9)°. In the crystal, there are no significant inter-molecular inter-actions present.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Jothivel
- Drug Discovery Lab., Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu 608 002, India
| | - Jibon Kotoky
- Division of Life Sciences, Central Instrumentation Facility, Institute of Advanced Study in Science & Technology (IASST), Guwahati 781 035, Assam, India
| | - S. Kabilan
- Drug Discovery Lab., Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu 608 002, India
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Elancheran R, Maruthanila VL, Ramanathan M, Kabilan S, Devi R, Kunnumakara A, Kotoky J. Recent discoveries and developments of androgen receptor based therapy for prostate cancer. Med Chem Commun 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00416g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The main focus of this review is to discuss the discoveries and developments of various therapies for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Elancheran
- Drug Discovery Laboratory
- Life Sciences Division
- Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology
- Guwahati-781035
- India
| | - V. L. Maruthanila
- Department of Bioscience
- E. G. S. Pillai Arts and Science College
- India
| | - M. Ramanathan
- Department of Pharmacology
- PSG College of Pharmacy
- Coimbatore-641 004
- India
| | - S. Kabilan
- Department of Chemistry
- Annamalai University
- India
| | - R. Devi
- Drug Discovery Laboratory
- Life Sciences Division
- Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology
- Guwahati-781035
- India
| | - A. Kunnumakara
- Department of Biotechnology
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Guwahti
- India
| | - Jibon Kotoky
- Drug Discovery Laboratory
- Life Sciences Division
- Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology
- Guwahati-781035
- India
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Jothivel S, Kotoky J, Kabilan S. Crystal structure of 1-(2-chloro-acet-yl)-2,6-bis-(4-fluoro-phen-yl)-3,3-di-methyl-piperidin-4-one. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2014; 70:262-4. [PMID: 25484669 PMCID: PMC4257194 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536814021278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In the title mol-ecule, C21H20ClF2NO2, the piperidine ring adopts a slightly distorted boat conformation. The two benzene rings form a dihedral angle of 87.43 (1)°. A weak intra-molecular C-H⋯π inter-action is observed. In the crystal, weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds and weak C-H⋯π inter-actions connect the mol-ecules, forming a three-dimensional network.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Jothivel
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jibon Kotoky
- Division of Life Sciences, Central Instrumentation Facility, Institute of Advanced Study in Science & Technology (IASST), Guwahati 781 035, Assam, India
| | - S. Kabilan
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India
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Jothivel S, Kabilan S. Ethyl 2-[2-(2,4-diphenyl-3-aza-bicyclo-[3.3.1]nonan-9-yl-idene)hydrazin-1-yl]-4-methyl-1,3-thia-zole-5-carboxyl-ate di-methyl-formamide monosolvate. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2014; 70:o68-9. [PMID: 24527004 PMCID: PMC3914099 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536813033540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the title mol-ecule, C27H30N4O2S·C3H7NO, the fused piperidine and cyclo-hexane rings adopt a twin chair conformation and the phenyl groups occupy equatorial sites. The phenyl rings make a dihedral angle of 40.74 (2)°. In the crystal, the di-methyl-formamide solvent mol-ecule is connected to the main mol-ecule by an N-H⋯O hydrogen bond. An additional N-H⋯O hydrogen bond connects mol-ecules into chains along [100]. Pairs of weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds connect inversion-related chains. The ethyl group was refined as disordered over two sets of sites with an occupancy ratio of 0.660 (17):0.340 (17).
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Jothivel
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S. Kabilan
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India
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Shanmugam M, Narayanan K, Mahalakshmi M, Kabilan S, Chidambaranathan V. Synthesis, characterization and biological studies of some novel 3-fluorosalicylaldehyde based amine derivatives. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2013; 116:394-400. [PMID: 23973585 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.07.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A series of biologically important substituted 3-fluorosalicylaldehyde derivatives (1a-h) with various primary amines were synthesized by using ionic liquid (1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide) as an efficient catalyst. A new series of Schiff base derivatives (1a-h) were synthesized and characterized by IR, NMR ((1)H, (13)C, (1)H-(1)H COSY and HSQC), mass spectra and elemental analysis. Further crystal structure of compound 1a was evaluated by single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. All the synthesized compounds were screened for in vitro antimicrobial activity against a panel of selected bacterial and fungal strains using Streptomycin and Amphotericin B as standards. Most of the synthesized compounds demonstrated moderate effects on both antibacterial and antifungal activities at minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC's).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shanmugam
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamilnadu 608 002, India
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Kuprat A, Kabilan S, Carson J, Corley R, Einstein D. A Bidirectional Coupling Procedure Applied to Multiscale Respiratory Modeling. J Comput Phys 2013; 244:10.1016/j.jcp.2012.10.021. [PMID: 24347680 PMCID: PMC3856712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcp.2012.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we present a novel multiscale computational framework for efficiently linking multiple lower-dimensional models describing the distal lung mechanics to imaging-based 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models of the upper pulmonary airways in order to incorporate physiologically appropriate outlet boundary conditions. The framework is an extension of the Modified Newton's Method with nonlinear Krylov accelerator developed by Carlson and Miller [1, 2, 3]. Our extensions include the retention of subspace information over multiple timesteps, and a special correction at the end of a timestep that allows for corrections to be accepted with verified low residual with as little as a single residual evaluation per timestep on average. In the case of a single residual evaluation per timestep, the method has zero additional computational cost compared to uncoupled or unidirectionally coupled simulations. We expect these enhancements to be generally applicable to other multiscale coupling applications where timestepping occurs. In addition we have developed a "pressure-drop" residual which allows for stable coupling of flows between a 3D incompressible CFD application and another (lower-dimensional) fluid system. We expect this residual to also be useful for coupling non-respiratory incompressible fluid applications, such as multiscale simulations involving blood flow. The lower-dimensional models that are considered in this study are sets of simple ordinary differential equations (ODEs) representing the compliant mechanics of symmetric human pulmonary airway trees. To validate the method, we compare the predictions of hybrid CFD-ODE models against an ODE-only model of pulmonary airflow in an idealized geometry. Subsequently, we couple multiple sets of ODEs describing the distal lung to an imaging-based human lung geometry. Boundary conditions in these models consist of atmospheric pressure at the mouth and intrapleural pressure applied to the multiple sets of ODEs. In both the simplified geometry and in the imaging-based geometry, the performance of the method was comparable to that of monolithic schemes, in most cases requiring only a single CFD evaluation per time step. Thus, this new accelerator allows us to begin combining pulmonary CFD models with lower-dimensional models of pulmonary mechanics with little computational overhead. Moreover, because the CFD and lower-dimensional models are totally separate, this framework affords great flexibility in terms of the type and breadth of the adopted lower-dimensional model, allowing the biomedical researcher to appropriately focus on model design. Research funded by the National Heart and Blood Institute Award 1RO1HL073598.
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Somasundaram M, Rajendiran A, Balasubramanian KK, Krishnasamy K, Kabilan S. rac-7-Methyl-3-[(7-methyl-4-oxo-chro-man-3-yl)meth-yl]-4H-chromen-4-one. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2013; 69:o763. [PMID: 23723909 PMCID: PMC3648289 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536813009422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the racemic title compound, C21H18O4, the chromone ring is essentially planar [maximum deviation from the least-squares plane = 0.026 (3) Å], with a dihedral angle of 78.18 (12)° between the benzene rings of the chromanone and chromenone moieties. In the crystal, there are weak π–π stacking interactions [minimum ring centroid separation = 3.9286 (17) Å].
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Affiliation(s)
- M Somasundaram
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, India
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35
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Shanmugam M, Narayanan K, Chidambaranathan V, Kabilan S. Synthesis, spectral characterization and antimicrobial studies of novel s-triazine derivatives. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2013; 105:383-390. [PMID: 23333692 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2012.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of fifteen novel triazinyl derivatives, with various natural nucleobases by mono, di and tri substitution in cyanuric chloride at the 2,4- and/or 6-positions was synthesized. Target molecules were synthesized by stoichiometric addition of various nucleophiles to cyanuric chloride in the presence of suitable base. The structural characterizations of all the compounds were made by spectral and analytical techniques, IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, and 2D NMR (HSQC, HMBC), mass spectral and elemental analysis. All the synthesized compounds were screened for in vitro antimicrobial activity against a panel of selected bacterial and fungal strains using Streptomycin and Amphotericin B as standards. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) results revealed that most of the purine (1a-2a, 1b-2b, and 1c-2c) compounds exhibit excellent activity against selected bacterial and fungal strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shanmugam
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu 600 802, India
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Somasundaram M, Athavan S, Balasubramanian KK, Saiganesh R, Kabilan S. 3-[(4-Oxo-4H-thio-chromen-3-yl)meth-yl]-4H-thio-chromen-4-one. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2013; 69:o358. [PMID: 23476548 PMCID: PMC3588462 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536813001906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The title molecule, C19H12S2O2, lies on a twofold rotation axis. The thiochromonone unit is essentially planar, with a maximum deviation of 0.0491 (14) Å. The dihedral angle between the thiochromenone ring systems is 64.48 (4)°. In the crystal, there are weak π–π stacking interactions, with a centroid–centroid distance of 3.7147 (9) Å.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Somasundaram
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, India
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Holmberg L, Harries M, Agbaje O, Garmo H, Kabilan S, Taylor A, Purushotham A. Incidence of Bone Metastases and Survival After a Diagnosis of Bone Metastases (BM) in Breast Cancer Patients. Ann Oncol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0923-7534(20)32936-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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38
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Umamatheswari S, Balaji B, Ramanathan M, Kabilan S. Synthesis, stereochemistry, antimicrobial evaluation and QSAR studies of 2,6-diaryltetrahydropyran-4-one thiosemicarbazones. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:1415-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2010] [Revised: 12/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Ramachandran R, Rani M, Senthan S, Jeong YT, Kabilan S. Synthesis, spectral, crystal structure and in vitro antimicrobial evaluation of imidazole/benzotriazole substituted piperidin-4-one derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:1926-34. [PMID: 21397368 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 02/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Imidazole/benzotriazole analogues substituted piperidin-4-one derivatives (17-26) have been synthesized. Their chemical structures were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectral analysis. In addition, single crystal X-ray diffraction has also been recorded for compounds 21 and 23. The synthesized compounds were subjected to their in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities against pathogenic microbial strains. The results pointed out that compounds 19 & 24 against B. subtilis and 20 & 24 against E. coli were explored superior inhibition activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ramachandran
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
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41
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Rani M, Ramachandran R, Kabilan S. Efficient synthesis, spectral analysis and antimicrobial studies of nitrogen and sulfur containing spiro heterocycles from 2,4-diaryl-3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-ones. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:6637-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ramachandran R, Parthiban P, Rani M, Kabilan S, Jeong YT. 1-Chloro-acetyl-2,6-bis-(2-chloro-phen-yl)-3,5-dimethyl-piperidin-4-one. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2010; 66:o2284. [PMID: 21588638 PMCID: PMC3007827 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536810031247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C(21)H(20)Cl(3)NO(2), the piperidin-4-one ring adopts a boat conformation. The two 2-chloro-phenyl groups are approximately perpendicular to each other, making a dihedral angle of 74.07 (8)°.
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Ramachandran R, Rani M, Kabilan S, Jeong YT. 2,6-Bis(3-fluoro-phen-yl)-3-isopropyl-piperidin-4-one. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2010; 66:o1860. [PMID: 21588057 PMCID: PMC3007008 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536810024414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C(20)H(21)F(2)NO, the piperidine ring in each of the two independent mol-ecules in the asymmetric unit adopts a normal chair conformation with an equatorial orientation of the 3-fluoro-phenyl groups. The dihedral angles between the two 3-fluoro-phenyl rings are 49.89 (7) and 50.35 (7)° in the two mol-ecules.
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Dutkiewicz G, Yathirajan HS, Ramachandran R, Kabilan S, Kubicki M. Different hydrogen-bonding modes in two closely related oximes. Acta Crystallogr C 2010; 66:o274-8. [PMID: 20522944 DOI: 10.1107/s0108270110015532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Two closely related oximes, namely 1-chloroacetyl-3-ethyl-2,6-diphenylpiperidin-4-one oxime, C(21)H(23)ClN(2)O(2), (I), and 1-chloroacetyl-2,6-diphenyl-3-(propan-2-yl)piperidin-4-one oxime, C(22)H(25)ClN(2)O(2), (II), despite their identical sets of hydrogen-bond donors and acceptors, display basically different hydrogen-bonding patterns in their crystal structures. While the molecules of (I) are organized into typical centrosymmetric dimers, created by oxime-oxime O-H...N hydrogen bonds, in the structure of (II) there are infinite chains of molecules connected by O-H...O hydrogen bonds, in which the carbonyl O atom from the chloroacetyl group acts as the hydrogen-bond acceptor. Despite the differences in the hydrogen-bond schemes, the -OH groups are always in typical anti positions (C-N-O-H torsion angles of ca 180 degrees ). The oxime group in (I) is disordered, with the hydroxy groups occupying two distinct positions and C-C-N-O torsion angles of approximately 0 and 180 degrees for the two alternatives. This disorder, even though the site-occupancy factor of the less occupied position is as low as ca 0.06, is also observed at lower temperatures, which seems to favour the statistical and not the dynamic nature of this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Dutkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznań, Poland
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Ravichandran K, Ramesh P, Rani M, Kabilan S, Ponnuswamy MN. 1-Chloro-acetyl-2,6-bis-(2-chloro-phen-yl)-3,5-dimethyl-piperidin-4-one oxime. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2010; 66:o1506. [PMID: 21579566 PMCID: PMC2979383 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536810018489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C(21)H(21)Cl(3)N(2)O(2), the piperidine ring adopts a distorted boat conformation. One of the chloro-phenyl rings is almost perpendicular to the best plane through piperidine ring, making a dihedral angle of 88.7 (1)°, whereas the other ring is twisted by 71.8 (1)°. The crystal packing is stabilized by inter-molecular C-H⋯O, C-H⋯Cl and O-H⋯O inter-actions.
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46
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Corley RA, Minard KR, Kabilan S, Einstein DR, Kuprat AP, Harkema JR, Kimbell JS, Gargas ML, Kinzell JH. Magnetic resonance imaging and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of rabbit nasal airflows for the development of hybrid CFD/PBPK models. Inhal Toxicol 2010; 21:512-8. [PMID: 19519151 DOI: 10.1080/08958370802598005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The percentages of total airflows over the nasal respiratory and olfactory epithelium of female rabbits were calculated from computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of steady-state inhalation. These airflow calculations, along with nasal airway geometry determinations, are critical parameters for hybrid CFD/physiologically based pharmacokinetic models that describe the nasal dosimetry of water-soluble or reactive gases and vapors in rabbits. CFD simulations were based upon three-dimensional computational meshes derived from magnetic resonance images of three adult female New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits. In the anterior portion of the nose, the maxillary turbinates of rabbits are considerably more complex than comparable regions in rats, mice, monkeys, or humans. This leads to a greater surface area to volume ratio in this region and thus the potential for increased extraction of water soluble or reactive gases and vapors in the anterior portion of the nose compared to many other species. Although there was considerable interanimal variability in the fine structures of the nasal turbinates and airflows in the anterior portions of the nose, there was remarkable consistency between rabbits in the percentage of total inspired airflows that reached the ethmoid turbinate region (approximately 50%) that is presumably lined with olfactory epithelium. These latter results (airflows reaching the ethmoid turbinate region) were higher than previous published estimates for the male F344 rat (19%) and human (7%). These differences in regional airflows can have significant implications in interspecies extrapolations of nasal dosimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Corley
- Environmental Molecular, Science Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, USA.
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47
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Rani M, Ramachandran R, Kabilan S. Efficient Synthesis of Novel 2,4-[Diaryl-3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-yl]-5-spiro-4-acetyl-2-(acetylamino)-Δ 2-1,3,4-thiadiazolines. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00397910903161694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Rani
- a Department of Chemistry , Annamalai University , Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R. Ramachandran
- a Department of Chemistry , Annamalai University , Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S. Kabilan
- a Department of Chemistry , Annamalai University , Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India
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Ramachandran R, Rani M, Kabilan S. 2-(2,4-Diphenyl-3-aza-bicyclo-[3.3.1]nonan-9-ylidenehydrazono)-1,3-thia-zolidin-4-one. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2009; 65:o584. [PMID: 21582239 PMCID: PMC2968662 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536809005339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2008] [Accepted: 02/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C(23)H(24)N(4)OS, the piperidine and cyclo-hexane rings adopt twin chair conformations and the phenyl groups occupy equatorial positions. The dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 10.25 (12)°. The crystal structure is stabilized by intermolecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds with the formation of centrosymmetric dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ramachandran
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
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Parthiban P, Ramkumar V, Kim MS, Kabilan S, Jeong YT. 2,4-Bis(4-chloro-phen-yl)-3-aza-bicyclo-[3.3.1]nonan-9-one. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2009; 65:o609. [PMID: 21582262 PMCID: PMC2968690 DOI: 10.1107/s160053680900590x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the molecular structure of the title compound, C20H19Cl2NO, the molecule exists in a twin-chair conformation with equatorial dispositions of the 4-chlorophenyl groups on both sides of the secondary amino group; the dihedral angle between the aromatic ring planes is 31.33 (3)°. The crystal structure is stabilized by N—H⋯O interactions, leading to chains of molecules.
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50
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Aridoss G, Parthiban P, Ramachandran R, Prakash M, Kabilan S, Jeong YT. Synthesis and spectral characterization of a new class of N-(N-methylpiperazinoacetyl)-2,6-diarylpiperidin-4-ones: Antimicrobial, analgesic and antipyretic studies. Eur J Med Chem 2009; 44:577-92. [PMID: 18485539 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2008.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2007] [Revised: 12/15/2007] [Accepted: 03/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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