An Energy-Efficient and Blockchain-Integrated Software Defined Network for the Industrial Internet of Things

The number of unsecured and portable Internet of Things (IoT) devices in the smart industry is growing exponentially. A diversity of centralized and distributed platforms have been implemented to defend against security attacks; however, these platforms are insecure because of their low storage capacities, high power utilization, single node failure, underutilized resources, and high end-to-end delay. Blockchain and Software-Defined Networking (SDN) are growing technologies to create a secure system and to ensure safe network connectivity. Blockchain technology offers a strong and trustworthy foundation to deal with threats and problems, including safety, privacy, adaptability, scalability, and security. However, the integration of blockchain with SDN is still in the implementation phase, which provides an efficient resource allocation and reduced latency that can overcome the issues of industrial IoT networks. We propose an energy-efficient blockchain-integrated software-defined networking architecture for Industrial IoT (IIoT) to overcome these challenges. We present a framework for implementing decentralized blockchain integrated with SDN for IIoT applications to achieve efficient energy utilization and cluster-head selection. Additionally, the blockchain-enabled distributed ledger ensures data consistency throughout the SDN controller network and keeps a record of the nodes enforced in the controller. The simulation result shows that the proposed model provides the best energy consumption, end-to-end latency, and overall throughput compared to the existing works.

Heat Transfer Enhancement Analysis of Al2O3-Water Nanofluid Through Parallel and Counter Flow in Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers

Heat exchanger plays an essential part in industrial sector in transferring the heat energy. Heat is exchanged between fluids in convection and conduction mode through the walls of the heat exchanger. If the heat transfer medium has low thermal conductivity, it will greatly limit the efficiency of the heat exchanger. Whenever the system acts subjected to an increase in the heat load, heat fluxes caused by more power and smaller size, cooling is one of the technical challenges faced by the industries. The objective of this research work is to evaluate the overall heat transfer coefficient through an experimental analysis on the convective heat transfer and flow characteristics of a nanofluid. In our experiment, the nanofluid consists of water and one percentage volume concentration of Al2O3-water nanofluid flowing through parallel and counter flow in shell and tube heat exchangers. About 50[Formula: see text]nm diameter of Al2O3 nanoparticles was used in this analysis and found that the overall heat transfer coefficient and convective heat transfer coefficient of nanofluid were slightly higher than those of the base liquid at same mass flow rate and inlet temperature. Here, there are three samples of dissimilar mass flow rates, which have been identified for conducting the experiments and their results are continuously monitored and reported. Finally, the observed results through an experimental investigation were presented and concluded that the enhancement of overall heat transfer coefficient is likely to be feasible by means of increasing the mass flow rate of base fluid and prepared nanofluid on the proportional basis.

Unstable angina clue to coronary artery muscle bridge: a case report

A 40-year-old man was admitted with the complaint of rest anginal episodes since few hours prior to admission. His BP was 120/80 mm Hg. ECG revealed no evidence of acute ischaemia. Coronary angiography revealed 80% luminal narrowing by systolic compression in the mid segment of the left anterior descending coronary artery best seen in the left anterior oblique cranial view. He improved symptomatically with beta-blockers, antiplatelets, statins and nitrates and the case was diagnosed as unstable angina due to coronary artery muscle bridge.