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Zhang J, Urriola PE, Naeve SL, Shurson GC, Chen C. Counteracting Roles of Lipidic Aldehydes and Phenolic Antioxidants on Soy Protein Oxidation Defined by a Chemometric Survey of Solvent and Mechanically Extracted Soybean Meals. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1419. [PMID: 37507956 PMCID: PMC10376880 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Soybean meal (SBM) is a premier source of protein for feeding food-producing animals. However, its nutritional value can be compromised by protein oxidation. In this study, a total of 54 sources of solvent extracted SBM (SSBM) and eight sources of mechanically extracted SBM (MSBM), collected from different commercial producers and geographic locations in the United States during the years 2020 and 2021, were examined by chemometric analysis to determine the extent of protein oxidation and its correlation with soybean oil extraction methods and non-protein components. The results showed substantial differences between SSBM and MSBM in the proximate analysis composition, protein carbonyl content, lipidic aldehydes, and antioxidants, as well as subtle differences between 2020 SSBM and 2021 SSBM samples in protein oxidation and moisture content. Correlation analysis further showed positive correlations between protein carbonyl content and multiple lipid parameters, including the ether extract, p-anisidine value, individual aldehydes, and total aldehydes. Among the antioxidants in SBM, negative correlations with protein carbonyl content were observed for total phenolic content and isoflavone glycoside concentrations, but not for Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), α-tocopherol, and γ-tocopherol. Overall, soybean oil extraction methods, together with other factors such as enzyme treatment and environmental conditions, can significantly affect the proximate analysis composition, the protein and lipid oxidation status, and the antioxidant profile of SBM. Lipidic aldehydes and phenolic antioxidants play counteracting roles in the oxidation of soy protein. The range of protein carbonyl content measured in this study could serve as a reference to evaluate the protein quality of SBM from various sources used in animal feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Pedro E Urriola
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Seth L Naeve
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Gerald C Shurson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Chi Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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2
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Joshi VR, Kazula MJ, Coulter JA, Naeve SL, Garcia Y Garcia A. In-season weather data provide reliable yield estimates of maize and soybean in the US central Corn Belt. Int J Biometeorol 2021; 65:489-502. [PMID: 33222025 PMCID: PMC7985103 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-020-02039-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Weather conditions regulate the growth and yield of crops, especially in rain-fed agricultural systems. This study evaluated the use and relative importance of readily available weather data to develop yield estimation models for maize and soybean in the US central Corn Belt. Total rainfall (Rain), average air temperature (Tavg), and the difference between maximum and minimum air temperature (Tdiff) at weekly, biweekly, and monthly timescales from May to August were used to estimate county-level maize and soybean grain yields for Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, and Minnesota. Step-wise multiple linear regression (MLR), general additive (GAM), and support vector machine (SVM) models were trained with Rain, Tavg, and with/without Tdiff. For the total study area and at individual state level, SVM outperformed other models at all temporal levels for both maize and soybean. For maize, Tavg and Tdiff during July and August, and Rain during June and July, were relatively more important whereas for soybean, Tavg in June and Tdiff and Rain during August were more important. The SVM model with weekly Rain and Tavg estimated the overall maize yield with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 591 kg ha-1 (4.9% nRMSE) and soybean yield with a RMSE of 205 kg ha-1 (5.5% nRMSE). Inclusion of Tdiff in the model considerably improved yield estimation for both crops; however, the magnitude of improvement varied with the model and temporal level of weather data. This study shows the relative importance of weather variables and reliable yield estimation of maize and soybean from readily available weather data to develop a decision support tool in the US central Corn Belt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya R Joshi
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
- Southwest Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, 23669 130th Street, Lamberton, MN, 56152-1326, USA
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Maciej J Kazula
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Coulter
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Seth L Naeve
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Axel Garcia Y Garcia
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
- Southwest Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, 23669 130th Street, Lamberton, MN, 56152-1326, USA.
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Dobbels AA, Michno JM, Campbell BW, Virdi KS, Stec AO, Muehlbauer GJ, Naeve SL, Stupar RM. An Induced Chromosomal Translocation in Soybean Disrupts a KASI Ortholog and Is Associated with a High-Sucrose and Low-Oil Seed Phenotype. G3 (Bethesda) 2017; 7:1215-1223. [PMID: 28235823 PMCID: PMC5386870 DOI: 10.1534/g3.116.038596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mutagenesis is a useful tool in many crop species to induce heritable genetic variability for trait improvement and gene discovery. In this study, forward screening of a soybean fast neutron (FN) mutant population identified an individual that produced seed with nearly twice the amount of sucrose (8.1% on dry matter basis) and less than half the amount of oil (8.5% on dry matter basis) as compared to wild type. Bulked segregant analysis (BSA), comparative genomic hybridization, and genome resequencing were used to associate the seed composition phenotype with a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 8 and 13. In a backcross population, the translocation perfectly cosegregated with the seed composition phenotype and exhibited non-Mendelian segregation patterns. We hypothesize that the translocation is responsible for the altered seed composition by disrupting a β-ketoacyl-[acyl carrier protein] synthase 1 (KASI) ortholog. KASI is a core fatty acid synthesis enzyme that is involved in the conversion of sucrose into oil in developing seeds. This finding may lead to new research directions for developing soybean cultivars with modified carbohydrate and oil seed composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin A Dobbels
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Jean-Michel Michno
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Benjamin W Campbell
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Kamaldeep S Virdi
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Adrian O Stec
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Gary J Muehlbauer
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Seth L Naeve
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Robert M Stupar
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
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Bolon YT, Stec AO, Michno JM, Roessler J, Bhaskar PB, Ries L, Dobbels AA, Campbell BW, Young NP, Anderson JE, Grant DM, Orf JH, Naeve SL, Muehlbauer GJ, Vance CP, Stupar RM. Genome resilience and prevalence of segmental duplications following fast neutron irradiation of soybean. Genetics 2014; 198:967-81. [PMID: 25213171 PMCID: PMC4224183 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.114.170340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Fast neutron radiation has been used as a mutagen to develop extensive mutant collections. However, the genome-wide structural consequences of fast neutron radiation are not well understood. Here, we examine the genome-wide structural variants observed among 264 soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] plants sampled from a large fast neutron-mutagenized population. While deletion rates were similar to previous reports, surprisingly high rates of segmental duplication were also found throughout the genome. Duplication coverage extended across entire chromosomes and often prevailed at chromosome ends. High-throughput resequencing analysis of selected mutants resolved specific chromosomal events, including the rearrangement junctions for a large deletion, a tandem duplication, and a translocation. Genetic mapping associated a large deletion on chromosome 10 with a quantitative change in seed composition for one mutant. A tandem duplication event, located on chromosome 17 in a second mutant, was found to cosegregate with a short petiole mutant phenotype, and thus may serve as an example of a morphological change attributable to a DNA copy number gain. Overall, this study provides insight into the resilience of the soybean genome, the patterns of structural variation resulting from fast neutron mutagenesis, and the utility of fast neutron-irradiated mutants as a source of novel genetic losses and gains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Tsi Bolon
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Adrian O Stec
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Jean-Michel Michno
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Jeffrey Roessler
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Pudota B Bhaskar
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Landon Ries
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Austin A Dobbels
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Benjamin W Campbell
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Nathan P Young
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Justin E Anderson
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - David M Grant
- Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - James H Orf
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Seth L Naeve
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Gary J Muehlbauer
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Carroll P Vance
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 Plant Science Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Robert M Stupar
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
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Bolon YT, Stec AO, Michno JM, Roessler J, Bhaskar PB, Ries L, Dobbels AA, Campbell BW, Young NP, Anderson JE, Grant DM, Orf JH, Naeve SL, Muehlbauer GJ, Vance CP, Stupar RM. Genome resilience and prevalence of segmental duplications following fast neutron irradiation of soybean. Genetics 2014. [PMID: 25213171 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.114.170340/-/dc1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fast neutron radiation has been used as a mutagen to develop extensive mutant collections. However, the genome-wide structural consequences of fast neutron radiation are not well understood. Here, we examine the genome-wide structural variants observed among 264 soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] plants sampled from a large fast neutron-mutagenized population. While deletion rates were similar to previous reports, surprisingly high rates of segmental duplication were also found throughout the genome. Duplication coverage extended across entire chromosomes and often prevailed at chromosome ends. High-throughput resequencing analysis of selected mutants resolved specific chromosomal events, including the rearrangement junctions for a large deletion, a tandem duplication, and a translocation. Genetic mapping associated a large deletion on chromosome 10 with a quantitative change in seed composition for one mutant. A tandem duplication event, located on chromosome 17 in a second mutant, was found to cosegregate with a short petiole mutant phenotype, and thus may serve as an example of a morphological change attributable to a DNA copy number gain. Overall, this study provides insight into the resilience of the soybean genome, the patterns of structural variation resulting from fast neutron mutagenesis, and the utility of fast neutron-irradiated mutants as a source of novel genetic losses and gains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Tsi Bolon
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Adrian O Stec
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Jean-Michel Michno
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Jeffrey Roessler
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Pudota B Bhaskar
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Landon Ries
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Austin A Dobbels
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Benjamin W Campbell
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Nathan P Young
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Justin E Anderson
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - David M Grant
- Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - James H Orf
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Seth L Naeve
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Gary J Muehlbauer
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Carroll P Vance
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 Plant Science Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Robert M Stupar
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
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Bolon YT, Haun WJ, Xu WW, Grant D, Stacey MG, Nelson RT, Gerhardt DJ, Jeddeloh JA, Stacey G, Muehlbauer GJ, Orf JH, Naeve SL, Stupar RM, Vance CP. Phenotypic and genomic analyses of a fast neutron mutant population resource in soybean. Plant Physiol 2011; 156:240-53. [PMID: 21321255 PMCID: PMC3091049 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.170811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Mutagenized populations have become indispensable resources for introducing variation and studying gene function in plant genomics research. In this study, fast neutron (FN) radiation was used to induce deletion mutations in the soybean (Glycine max) genome. Approximately 120,000 soybean seeds were exposed to FN radiation doses of up to 32 Gray units to develop over 23,000 independent M2 lines. Here, we demonstrate the utility of this population for phenotypic screening and associated genomic characterization of striking and agronomically important traits. Plant variation was cataloged for seed composition, maturity, morphology, pigmentation, and nodulation traits. Mutants that showed significant increases or decreases in seed protein and oil content across multiple generations and environments were identified. The application of comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) to lesion-induced mutants for deletion mapping was validated on a midoleate x-ray mutant, M23, with a known FAD2-1A (for fatty acid desaturase) gene deletion. Using CGH, a subset of mutants was characterized, revealing deletion regions and candidate genes associated with phenotypes of interest. Exome resequencing and sequencing of PCR products confirmed FN-induced deletions detected by CGH. Beyond characterization of soybean FN mutants, this study demonstrates the utility of CGH, exome sequence capture, and next-generation sequencing approaches for analyses of mutant plant genomes. We present this FN mutant soybean population as a valuable public resource for future genetic screens and functional genomics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Tsi Bolon
- Plant Science Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA.
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