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Jones NS, Kshirsagar S, Mohanan V, Ramakrishnan V, Di Nucci F, Ma L, Mao J, Ding H, Klabunde S, Vucic D, Pan L, Lekkerkerker AN, Chen Y, Rothenberg ME. A phase I, randomized, ascending-dose study to assess safety, pharmacokinetics, and activity of GDC-8264, a RIP1 inhibitor, in healthy volunteers. Clin Transl Sci 2023; 16:1997-2009. [PMID: 37596814 PMCID: PMC10582670 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1) is a key regulator of multiple signaling pathways that mediate inflammatory responses and cell death. RIP1 kinase activity mediates apoptosis and necroptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, Toll-like receptors, and ischemic tissue damage. RIP1 has been implicated in several human pathologies and consequently, RIP1 inhibition may represent a therapeutic approach for diseases dependent on RIP1-mediated inflammation and cell death. GDC-8264 is a potent, selective, and reversible small molecule inhibitor of RIP1 kinase activity. This phase I, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded trial examined safety, pharmacokinetics (PKs), and pharmacodynamics (PDs) of single- (5-225 mg) and multiple- (50 and 100 mg once daily, up to 14 days) ascending oral doses of GDC-8264 in healthy volunteers, and also tested the effect of food on the PKs of GDC-8264. All adverse events in GDC-8264-treated subjects in both stages were mild. GDC-8264 exhibited dose-proportional increases in systemic exposure; the mean terminal half-life ranged from 10-13 h, with limited accumulation on multiple dosing (accumulation ratio [AR] ~ 1.4); GDC-8264 had minimal renal excretion at all doses. A high-fat meal had no significant effect on the PKs of GDC-8264. In an ex vivo stimulation assay of whole blood, GDC-8264 rapidly and completely inhibited release of CCL4, a downstream marker of RIP1 pathway activation, indicating a potent pharmacological effect. Based on PK-PD modeling, the GDC-8264 half-maximal inhibitory concentration for the inhibition of CCL4 release was estimated to be 0.58 ng/mL. The favorable safety, PKs, and PDs of GDC-8264 support its further development for treatment of RIP1-driven diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ling Ma
- Genentech, Inc.South San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jialin Mao
- Genentech, Inc.South San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Hao Ding
- Genentech, Inc.South San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | | | | | - Lin Pan
- Genentech, Inc.South San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Yuan Chen
- Genentech, Inc.South San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
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Keir ME, Fuh F, Ichikawa R, Acres M, Hackney JA, Hulme G, Carey CD, Palmer J, Jones CJ, Long AK, Jiang J, Klabunde S, Mansfield JC, Looney CM, Faubion WA, Filby A, Kirby JA, McBride J, Lamb CA. Regulation and Role of αE Integrin and Gut Homing Integrins in Migration and Retention of Intestinal Lymphocytes during Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Immunol 2021; 207:2245-2254. [PMID: 34561227 PMCID: PMC8525869 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adhesion molecules are upregulated in inflamed intestinal mucosa in IBD patients. Baseline β7 expression does not impact αE induction or gene expression in T cells. Phospho-SMAD3 is increased in inflamed mucosa in IBD.
Targeting interactions between α4β7 integrin and endothelial adhesion molecule MAdCAM-1 to inhibit lymphocyte migration to the gastrointestinal tract is an effective therapy in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Following lymphocyte entry into the mucosa, a subset of these cells expresses αEβ7 integrin, which is expressed on proinflammatory lymphocytes, to increase cell retention. The factors governing lymphocyte migration into the intestinal mucosa and αE integrin expression in healthy subjects and IBD patients remain incompletely understood. We evaluated changes in factors involved in lymphocyte migration and differentiation within tissues. Both ileal and colonic tissue from active IBD patients showed upregulation of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and MAdCAM-1 at the gene and protein levels compared with healthy subjects and/or inactive IBD patients. β1 and β7 integrin expression on circulating lymphocytes was similar across groups. TGF-β1 treatment induced expression of αE on both β7+ and β7− T cells, suggesting that cells entering the mucosa independently of MAdCAM-1/α4β7 can become αEβ7+. ITGAE gene polymorphisms did not alter protein induction following TGF-β1 stimulation. Increased phospho-SMAD3, which is directly downstream of TGF-β, and increased TGF-β–responsive gene expression were observed in the colonic mucosa of IBD patients. Finally, in vitro stimulation experiments showed that baseline β7 expression had little effect on cytokine, chemokine, transcription factor, and effector molecule gene expression in αE+ and αE− T cells. These findings suggest cell migration to the gut mucosa may be altered in IBD and α4β7−, and α4β7+ T cells may upregulate αEβ7 in response to TGF-β once within the gut mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Meghan Acres
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Department of Histopathology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gillian Hulme
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility and Innovation, Methodology and Application Research Theme, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher D Carey
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Department of Haematology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Palmer
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Claire J Jones
- Department of Histopathology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Anna K Long
- Department of Histopathology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - John C Mansfield
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Department of Gastroenterology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; and
| | | | | | - Andrew Filby
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility and Innovation, Methodology and Application Research Theme, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - John A Kirby
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | | | - Christopher A Lamb
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom;
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Corzo CA, Varfolomeev E, Setiadi AF, Francis R, Klabunde S, Senger K, Sujatha-Bhaskar S, Drobnick J, Do S, Suto E, Huang Z, Eastham-Anderson J, Katewa A, Pang J, Domeyer M, Dela Cruz C, Paler-Martinez A, Lau VWC, Hadadianpour A, Ramirez-Carrozi V, Sun Y, Bao K, Xu D, Hunley E, Brightbill HD, Warming S, Roose-Girma M, Wong A, Tam L, Emson CL, Crawford JJ, Young WB, Pappu R, McKenzie BS, Asghari V, Vucic D, Hackney JA, Austin CD, Lee WP, Lekkerkerker A, Ghilardi N, Bryan MC, Kiefer JR, Townsend MJ, Zarrin AA. The kinase IRAK4 promotes endosomal TLR and immune complex signaling in B cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/634/eaaz1053. [PMID: 32487715 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaz1053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The dysregulation of multiple signaling pathways, including those through endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLRs), Fc gamma receptors (FcγR), and antigen receptors in B cells (BCR), promote an autoinflammatory loop in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Here, we used selective small-molecule inhibitors to assess the regulatory roles of interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R)-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) and Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) in these pathways. The inhibition of IRAK4 repressed SLE immune complex- and TLR7-mediated activation of human plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). Correspondingly, the expression of interferon (IFN)-responsive genes (IRGs) in cells and in mice was positively regulated by the kinase activity of IRAK4. Both IRAK4 and BTK inhibition reduced the TLR7-mediated differentiation of human memory B cells into plasmablasts. TLR7-dependent inflammatory responses were differentially regulated by IRAK4 and BTK by cell type: In pDCs, IRAK4 positively regulated NF-κB and MAPK signaling, whereas in B cells, NF-κB and MAPK pathways were regulated by both BTK and IRAK4. In the pristane-induced lupus mouse model, inhibition of IRAK4 reduced the expression of IRGs during disease onset. Mice engineered to express kinase-deficient IRAK4 were protected from both chemical (pristane-induced) and genetic (NZB/W_F1 hybrid) models of lupus development. Our findings suggest that kinase inhibitors of IRAK4 might be a therapeutic in patients with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar A Corzo
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | | | - Ross Francis
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Sha Klabunde
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Kate Senger
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Joy Drobnick
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Steven Do
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Eric Suto
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Zhiyu Huang
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Arna Katewa
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jodie Pang
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Melanie Domeyer
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | | | - Vivian W C Lau
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | | | - Yonglian Sun
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Katherine Bao
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Daqi Xu
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Emily Hunley
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Soren Warming
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Alfred Wong
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Lucinda Tam
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Claire L Emson
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - James J Crawford
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Wendy B Young
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Rajita Pappu
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Brent S McKenzie
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Vida Asghari
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Domagoj Vucic
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jason A Hackney
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Cary D Austin
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Wyne P Lee
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Nico Ghilardi
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Marian C Bryan
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - James R Kiefer
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Ali A Zarrin
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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Lichnog C, Klabunde S, Becker E, Fuh F, Tripal P, Atreya R, Klenske E, Erickson R, Chiu H, Reed C, Chung S, Neufert C, Atreya I, McBride J, Neurath MF, Zundler S. Cellular Mechanisms of Etrolizumab Treatment in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:39. [PMID: 30774593 PMCID: PMC6367223 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Anti-integrin therapy is a new frontline strategy in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). The anti-β7 integrin antibody etrolizumab is currently being investigated for safety and efficacy in Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) in several phase III trials. Mechanistically, etrolizumab is known to block β7 integrin ligand binding and reduces intestinal trafficking of β7-expressing cells. Etrolizumab blocks β7 integrin ligand binding and reduces β7-positive lymphocyte migration and retention in the inflamed gut mucosa, but the exact mechanisms by which this inhibition occurs are not fully understood. Methods: Cellular effects of etrolizumab or etrolizumab surrogate antibody (etrolizumab-s) were investigated in cell culture models and analyzed by flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, ImageStream®, stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy and functional dynamic in vitro adhesion assays. Moreover, effects on α4β7 integrin were compared with the pharmacodynamically similar antibody vedolizumab. Results: As demonstrated by several different approaches, etrolizumab and etrolizumab-s treatment led to internalization of β7 integrin. This resulted in impaired dynamic adhesion to MAdCAM-1. Internalized β7 integrin localized in endosomes and re-expression of β7 was dependent on de novo protein synthesis. In vitro etrolizumab treatment did not lead to cellular activation or cytokine secretion and did not induce cytotoxicity. Internalization of α4β7 integrin was increased with etrolizumab compared with vedolizumab. Discussion: Our data suggest that etrolizumab does not elicit secondary effector functions on the single cell level. Integrin internalization may be an important mechanism of action of etrolizumab, which might explain some but not all immunological effects observed with etrolizumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Lichnog
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research and Translational Research Center, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sha Klabunde
- OMNI Biomarker Development, Development Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Emily Becker
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research and Translational Research Center, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Franklin Fuh
- OMNI Biomarker Development, Development Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Philipp Tripal
- Optical Imaging Centre, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Raja Atreya
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research and Translational Research Center, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Entcho Klenske
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research and Translational Research Center, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rich Erickson
- BioAnalytical Sciences, Development Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Henry Chiu
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Chae Reed
- BioAnalytical Sciences, Development Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Shan Chung
- BioAnalytical Sciences, Development Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Clemens Neufert
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research and Translational Research Center, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Imke Atreya
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research and Translational Research Center, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jacqueline McBride
- OMNI Biomarker Development, Development Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research and Translational Research Center, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zundler
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research and Translational Research Center, Erlangen, Germany
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