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Abstract
The GroEL–GroES chaperonin system is probably one of the most studied chaperone systems at the level of the molecular mechanism. Since the first reports of a bacterial gene involved in phage morphogenesis in 1972, these proteins have stimulated intensive research for over 40 years. During this time, detailed structural and functional studies have yielded constantly evolving concepts of the chaperonin mechanism of action. Despite of almost three decades of research on this oligomeric protein, certain aspects of its function remain controversial. In this review, we highlight one central aspect of its function, namely, the active intermediates of its reaction cycle, and present how research to this day continues to change our understanding of chaperonin-mediated protein folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Weiss
- George S. Weiss Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Fady Jebara
- George S. Weiss Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shahar Nisemblat
- George S. Weiss Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Abdussalam Azem
- George S. Weiss Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv, Israel
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Bie AS, Fernandez-Guerra P, Birkler RID, Nisemblat S, Pelnena D, Lu X, Deignan JL, Lee H, Dorrani N, Corydon TJ, Palmfeldt J, Bivina L, Azem A, Herman K, Bross P. Effects of a Mutation in the HSPE1 Gene Encoding the Mitochondrial Co-chaperonin HSP10 and Its Potential Association with a Neurological and Developmental Disorder. Front Mol Biosci 2016; 3:65. [PMID: 27774450 PMCID: PMC5053987 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2016.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We here report molecular investigations of a missense mutation in the HSPE1 gene encoding the HSP10 subunit of the HSP60/ HSP10 chaperonin complex that assists protein folding in the mitochondrial matrix. The mutation was identified in an infant who came to clinical attention due to infantile spasms at 3 months of age. Clinical exome sequencing revealed heterozygosity for a HSPE1 NM_002157.2:c.217C>T de novo mutation causing replacement of leucine with phenylalanine at position 73 of the HSP10 protein. This variation has never been observed in public exome sequencing databases or the literature. To evaluate whether the mutation may be disease-associated we investigated its effects by in vitro and ex vivo studies. Our in vitro studies indicated that the purified mutant protein was functional, yet its thermal stability, spontaneous refolding propensity, and resistance to proteolytic treatment were profoundly impaired. Mass spectrometric analysis of patient fibroblasts revealed barely detectable levels of HSP10-p.Leu73Phe protein resulting in an almost 2-fold decrease of the ratio of HSP10 to HSP60 subunits. Amounts of the mitochondrial superoxide dismutase SOD2, a protein whose folding is known to strongly depend on the HSP60/HSP10 complex, were decreased to approximately 20% in patient fibroblasts in spite of unchanged SOD2 transcript levels. As a likely consequence, mitochondrial superoxide levels were increased about 2-fold. Although, we cannot exclude other causative or contributing factors, our experimental data support the notion that the HSP10-p.Leu73Phe mutation could be the cause or a strong contributing factor for the disorder in the described patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S Bie
- Research Unit for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Paula Fernandez-Guerra
- Research Unit for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rune I D Birkler
- Research Unit for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Shahar Nisemblat
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dita Pelnena
- Research Unit for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Xinping Lu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Joshua L Deignan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hane Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Naghmeh Dorrani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Johan Palmfeldt
- Research Unit for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Liga Bivina
- Division of Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, UC Davis Health System Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Abdussalam Azem
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Kristin Herman
- Division of Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, UC Davis Health System Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Peter Bross
- Research Unit for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus, Denmark
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Nisemblat S, Parnas A, Yaniv O, Azem A, Frolow F. Crystallization and structure determination of a symmetrical 'football' complex of the mammalian mitochondrial Hsp60-Hsp10 chaperonins. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2014; 70:116-9. [PMID: 24419632 PMCID: PMC3943094 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x1303389x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial Hsp60-Hsp10 complex assists the folding of various proteins impelled by ATP hydrolysis, similar to the bacterial chaperonins GroEL and GroES. The near-atomic structural details of the mitochondrial chaperonins are not known, despite the fact that almost two decades have passed since the structures of the bacterial chaperonins became available. Here, the crystallization procedure, diffraction experiments and structure determination by molecular replacement of the mammalian mitochondrial chaperonin HSP60 (E321K mutant) and its co-chaperonin Hsp10 are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahar Nisemblat
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Daniella Rich Institute for Structural Biology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Avital Parnas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Daniella Rich Institute for Structural Biology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Oren Yaniv
- The Daniella Rich Institute for Structural Biology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Abdussalam Azem
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Daniella Rich Institute for Structural Biology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Felix Frolow
- The Daniella Rich Institute for Structural Biology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
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Vitlin Gruber A, Nisemblat S, Azem A, Weiss C. The complexity of chloroplast chaperonins. Trends Plant Sci 2013; 18:688-94. [PMID: 24035661 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Type I chaperonins are large oligomeric protein ensembles that are involved in the folding and assembly of other proteins. Chloroplast chaperonins and co-chaperonins exist in multiple copies of two distinct isoforms that can combine to form a range of labile oligomeric structures. This complex system increases the potential number of chaperonin substrates and possibilities for regulation. The incorporation of unique subunits into the oligomer can modify substrate specificity. Some subunits are upregulated in response to heat shock and some show organ-specific expression, whereas others possess additional functions that are unrelated to their role in protein folding. Accumulating evidence suggests that specific subunits have distinct roles in biogenesis of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (Rubisco).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vitlin Gruber
- The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
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Vitlin Gruber A, Nisemblat S, Zizelski G, Parnas A, Dzikowski R, Azem A, Weiss C. P. falciparum cpn20 is a bona fide co-chaperonin that can replace GroES in E. coli. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53909. [PMID: 23326533 PMCID: PMC3542282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human malaria is among the most ubiquitous and destructive tropical, parasitic diseases in the world today. The causative agent, Plasmodium falciparum, contains an unusual, essential organelle known as the apicoplast. Inhibition of this degenerate chloroplast results in second generation death of the parasite and is the mechanism by which antibiotics function in treating malaria. In order to better understand the biochemistry of this organelle, we have cloned a putative, 20 kDa, co-chaperonin protein, Pf-cpn20, which localizes to the apicoplast. Although this protein is homologous to the cpn20 that is found in plant chloroplasts, its ability to function as a co-chaperonin was questioned in the past. In the present study, we carried out a structural analysis of Pf-cpn20 using circular dichroism and analytical ultracentrifugation and then used two different approaches to investigate the ability of this protein to function as a co-chaperonin. In the first approach, we purified recombinant Pf-cpn20 and tested its ability to act as a co-chaperonin for GroEL in vitro, while in the second, we examined the ability of Pf-cpn20 to complement an E. coli depletion of the essential bacterial co-chaperonin GroES. Our results demonstrate that Pf-cpn20 is fully functional as a co-chaperonin in vitro. Moreover, the parasitic co-chaperonin is able to replace GroES in E. coli at both normal and heat-shock temperatures. Thus, Pf-cpn20 functions as a co-chaperonin in chaperonin-mediated protein folding. The ability of the malarial protein to function in E. coli suggests that this simple system can be used as a tool for further analyses of Pf-cpn20 and perhaps other chaperone proteins from P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vitlin Gruber
- George E. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
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Parnas A, Nisemblat S, Weiss C, Levy-Rimler G, Pri-Or A, Zor T, Lund PA, Bross P, Azem A. Identification of elements that dictate the specificity of mitochondrial Hsp60 for its co-chaperonin. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50318. [PMID: 23226518 PMCID: PMC3514286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I chaperonins (cpn60/Hsp60) are essential proteins that mediate the folding of proteins in bacteria, chloroplast and mitochondria. Despite the high sequence homology among chaperonins, the mitochondrial chaperonin system has developed unique properties that distinguish it from the widely-studied bacterial system (GroEL and GroES). The most relevant difference to this study is that mitochondrial chaperonins are able to refold denatured proteins only with the assistance of the mitochondrial co-chaperonin. This is in contrast to the bacterial chaperonin, which is able to function with the help of co-chaperonin from any source. The goal of our work was to determine structural elements that govern the specificity between chaperonin and co-chaperonin pairs using mitochondrial Hsp60 as model system. We used a mutagenesis approach to obtain human mitochondrial Hsp60 mutants that are able to function with the bacterial co-chaperonin, GroES. We isolated two mutants, a single mutant (E321K) and a double mutant (R264K/E358K) that, together with GroES, were able to rescue an E. coli strain, in which the endogenous chaperonin system was silenced. Although the mutations are located in the apical domain of the chaperonin, where the interaction with co-chaperonin takes place, none of the residues are located in positions that are directly responsible for co-chaperonin binding. Moreover, while both mutants were able to function with GroES, they showed distinct functional and structural properties. Our results indicate that the phenotype of the E321K mutant is caused mainly by a profound increase in the binding affinity to all co-chaperonins, while the phenotype of R264K/E358K is caused by a slight increase in affinity toward co-chaperonins that is accompanied by an alteration in the allosteric signal transmitted upon nucleotide binding. The latter changes lead to a great increase in affinity for GroES, with only a minor increase in affinity toward the mammalian mitochondrial co-chaperonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avital Parnas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shahar Nisemblat
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Celeste Weiss
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Galit Levy-Rimler
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Amir Pri-Or
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tsaffrir Zor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Peter A. Lund
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Bross
- Research Unit for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Abdussalam Azem
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Sammar M, Nisemblat S, Fleischfarb Z, Golan A, Sadan O, Meiri H, Huppertz B, Gonen R. Placenta-bound and body fluid PP13 and its mRNA in normal pregnancy compared to preeclampsia, HELLP and preterm delivery. Placenta 2011; 32 Suppl:S30-6. [PMID: 21257080 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the distribution of placental protein 13 (PP13) in fetal and maternal blood and amnionic fluid and to correlate it with PP13 protein and mRNA in the placenta. METHODS Umbilical arterial serum, amnionic fluid, maternal venous serum and placental tissues were collected from normal outcome pregnancies (N = 63) (GA>37), early onset preeclampsia (PE) (N = 12, GA: 26-33), and HELLP syndrome (N = 5, GA: 27-29). Because PE and HELLP cases delivered preterm, cases of preterm delivery (PTD) (N = 6, GA: 31-36) served as additional control. PP13 was determined by ELISA, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. PP13 mRNA was measured by PCR (RT-PCR). Continuous parameters were compared by t-test, P < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS In women with normal pregnancy outcome significantly higher PP13 levels were found in maternal serum compared to amnionic fluid and negligible amount was found in fetal serum. A similar pattern was identified in cases of PTD with concentrations similar to term control. In PE and HELLP cases PP13 levels in amnionic fluid level were more than twice compared to maternal serum (P < 0.001). Umbilical cord level was negligible in PE but high in HELLP corresponding to the much higher level of PP13 in this patient group compared to all others. In the placenta PP13 level in term controls was higher compared to PTD. In PE and HELLP (similar early delivery time as PTD) the level was significantly higher (P < 0.01) compared to PTD or term controls. PP13 mRNA levels in term control and PTD were similar while PP13 mRNA levels in PE and HELLP placentas were significantly lower compared to term controls or PTD or the two combined. Syncytiotrophoblast labeling appeared stronger in PE and HELLP compared to term controls and PTD. CONCLUSIONS In all cases but HELLP, PP13 in fetal blood is very low indicating that routing of PP13 to fetal blood is limited and that the fetus is unlikely to generate PP13. PP13 mRNA is lower in the third trimester at the time of disease while protein level accumulates and become higher creating an unparallel change in the level of the mRNA and the corresponding protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sammar
- Diagnostic Technologies Ltd., Yoqneam, Israel.
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Parnas A, Nadler M, Nisemblat S, Horovitz A, Mandel H, Azem A. The MitCHAP-60 disease is due to entropic destabilization of the human mitochondrial Hsp60 oligomer. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:28198-28203. [PMID: 19706612 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.031997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The 60-kDa heat shock protein (mHsp60) is a vital cellular complex that mediates the folding of many of the mitochondrial proteins. Its function is executed in cooperation with the co-chaperonin, mHsp10, and requires ATP. Recently, the discovery of a new mHsp60-associated neurodegenerative disorder, MitCHAP-60 disease, has been reported. The disease is caused by a point mutation at position 3 (D3G) of the mature mitochondrial Hsp60 protein, which renders it unable to complement the deletion of the homologous bacterial protein in Escherichia coli (Magen, D., Georgopoulos, C., Bross, P., Ang, D., Segev, Y., Goldsher, D., Nemirovski, A., Shahar, E., Ravid, S., Luder, A., Heno, B., Gershoni-Baruch, R., Skorecki, K., and Mandel, H. (2008) Am. J. Hum. Genet. 83, 30-42). The molecular basis of the MitCHAP-60 disease is still unknown. In this study, we present an in vitro structural and functional analysis of the purified wild-type human mHsp60 and the MitCHAP-60 mutant. We show that the D3G mutation leads to destabilization of the mHsp60 oligomer and causes its disassembly at low protein concentrations. We also show that the mutant protein has impaired protein folding and ATPase activities. An additional mutant that lacks the first three amino acids (N-del), including Asp-3, is similarly impaired in refolding activity. Surprisingly, however, this mutant exhibits profound stabilization of its oligomeric structure. These results suggest that the D3G mutation leads to entropic destabilization of the mHsp60 oligomer, which severely impairs its chaperone function, thereby causing the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avital Parnas
- Department of Biochemistry, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69778 Tel Aviv
| | - Michal Nadler
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100
| | - Shahar Nisemblat
- Department of Biochemistry, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69778 Tel Aviv
| | - Amnon Horovitz
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100.
| | - Hanna Mandel
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Abdussalam Azem
- Department of Biochemistry, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69778 Tel Aviv.
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