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Reiner J, Chung Y, Misha SH, Lehner C, Moehle C, Poulos D, Monir S, Charde KJ, Macha P, Kranz L, Thorvaldson I, Thorgrimsson B, Keith D, Hsueh YL, Rahman R, Gorman SK, Keizer JG, Simmons MY. High-fidelity initialization and control of electron and nuclear spins in a four-qubit register. Nat Nanotechnol 2024:10.1038/s41565-023-01596-9. [PMID: 38326467 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01596-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Single electron spins bound to multi-phosphorus nuclear spin registers in silicon have demonstrated fast (0.8 ns) two-qubit [Formula: see text] gates and long spin relaxation times (~30 s). In these spin registers, when the donors are ionized, the nuclear spins remain weakly coupled to their environment, allowing exceptionally long coherence times. When the electron is present, the hyperfine interaction allows coupling of the spin and charge degrees of freedom for fast qubit operation and control. Here we demonstrate the use of the hyperfine interaction to enact electric dipole spin resonance to realize high-fidelity ([Formula: see text]%) initialization of all the nuclear spins within a four-qubit nuclear spin register. By controllably initializing the nuclear spins to [Formula: see text], we achieve single-electron qubit gate fidelities of F = 99.78 ± 0.07% (Clifford gate fidelities of 99.58 ± 0.14%), above the fault-tolerant threshold for the surface code with a coherence time of [Formula: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- J Reiner
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Y Chung
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - S H Misha
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C Lehner
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C Moehle
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - D Poulos
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - S Monir
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - K J Charde
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - P Macha
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - L Kranz
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - I Thorvaldson
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - B Thorgrimsson
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - D Keith
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Y L Hsueh
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - R Rahman
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - S K Gorman
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J G Keizer
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M Y Simmons
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd., University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Mahbub-Uz-Zaman K, Debnath D, Khalil MM, Tahmid MS, Monir S, Munmun ST, Jannat T, Samaruk R, Sharmi TZ, Debnath D, Dey S, Ahmed M, Ahmad F, Debnath CR. Socio-demographic Profile of COVID-19 Patients and Difficulties Faced by Them while Testing RT-PCR: A Multi-center Cross-sectional Study. Mymensingh Med J 2021; 30:796-802. [PMID: 34226470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed to find out the socio-demographic profiles as well as difficulties of Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing faced by Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. This cross-sectional study was conducted from 10th August to 7th September 2020. Data were collected by telephone interview using a pre-designed questionnaire after taking verbal consent from the participants. Out of 281 COVID-19 patients, 279 were diagnosed by RT-PCR; 10.3% were asymptomatic. Off them 67.6%were males, 24% were hospital staffs. Majority (66.2%) were from the non-city corporation area. History of recent contact with known COVID-19 patients was present in 56.9% cases. Fever (78.3%) and cough (58%) were the most common symptoms. One third of the patients faced difficulty to test RT-PCR for COVID-19. Sixteen percent patients complained of difficulty of getting serial for testing, the maximum waiting time was one week before giving samples. Thirty patients (10.8%) had to wait longer than usual time after reaching the center before giving sample. Hospital staffs were unable to co-operate in 2.5% of the patients while difficulty of managing transport to the hospital for suspected COVID-19 patient was an issue in 2.2% of the patients. Though testing was more difficult in city corporation areas (p=0.028), delay of getting test result was less (p<0.001). Maximum delay of getting test result was 10 days. Finding out the difficulties of COVID-19 testing will help to point out the issues behind these and will help to take necessary steps to tackle this matter. Testing rate can be increased to contain this highly contagious virus in this densely populated country.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mahbub-Uz-Zaman
- Dr Khandker Mahbub-Uz-Zaman, Assistant Registrar, Sheikh Russel Gastroliver Institute and Hospital (SRGIH), Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh; E-mail:
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Jeuck A, Nitsche F, Wylezich C, Wirth O, Bergfeld T, Brutscher F, Hennemann M, Monir S, Scherwaß A, Troll N, Arndt H. A Comparison of Methods to Analyze Aquatic Heterotrophic Flagellates of Different Taxonomic Groups. Protist 2017; 168:375-391. [PMID: 28654859 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Heterotrophic flagellates contribute significantly to the matter flux in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Still today their quantification and taxonomic classification bear several problems in field studies, though these methodological problems seem to be increasingly ignored in current ecological studies. Here we describe and test different methods, the live-counting technique, different fixation techniques, cultivation methods like the liquid aliquot method (LAM), and a molecular single cell survey called aliquot PCR (aPCR). All these methods have been tested either using aquatic field samples or cultures of freshwater and marine taxa. Each of the described methods has its advantages and disadvantages, which have to be considered in every single case. With the live-counting technique a detection of living cells up to morphospecies level is possible. Fixation of cells and staining methods are advantageous due to the possible long-term storage and observation of samples. Cultivation methods (LAM) offer the possibility of subsequent molecular analyses, and aPCR tools might complete the deficiency of LAM in terms of the missing detection of non-cultivable flagellates. In summary, we propose a combination of several investigation techniques reducing the gap between the different methodological problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Jeuck
- Department of General Ecology, Institute for Zoology, Biocenter Cologne, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47b, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Frank Nitsche
- Department of General Ecology, Institute for Zoology, Biocenter Cologne, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47b, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Claudia Wylezich
- Department of General Ecology, Institute for Zoology, Biocenter Cologne, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47b, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Olaf Wirth
- Department of General Ecology, Institute for Zoology, Biocenter Cologne, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47b, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Tanja Bergfeld
- Department of General Ecology, Institute for Zoology, Biocenter Cologne, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47b, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Fabienne Brutscher
- Department of General Ecology, Institute for Zoology, Biocenter Cologne, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47b, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Melanie Hennemann
- Department of General Ecology, Institute for Zoology, Biocenter Cologne, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47b, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Shahla Monir
- Department of General Ecology, Institute for Zoology, Biocenter Cologne, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47b, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Anja Scherwaß
- Department of General Ecology, Institute for Zoology, Biocenter Cologne, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47b, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Nicole Troll
- Department of General Ecology, Institute for Zoology, Biocenter Cologne, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47b, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Hartmut Arndt
- Department of General Ecology, Institute for Zoology, Biocenter Cologne, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47b, D-50674 Cologne, Germany.
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