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Pollio AR, Jiang J, Lee SS, Gandhi JS, Knott BD, Chunashvili T, Conte MA, Walls SD, Hulseberg CE, Farris CM, Reinbold-Wasson DD, Hang J. Discovery of Rickettsia spp. in mosquitoes collected in Georgia by metagenomics analysis and molecular characterization. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:961090. [PMID: 36160204 PMCID: PMC9493313 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.961090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthropods have a broad and expanding worldwide presence and can transmit a variety of viral, bacterial, and parasite pathogens. A number of Rickettsia and Orientia species associated with ticks, fleas, lice, and mites have been detected in, or isolated from, patients with febrile illness and/or animal reservoirs throughout the world. Mosquitoes are not currently considered vectors for Rickettsia spp. pathogens to humans or to animals. In this study, we conducted a random metagenome next-generation sequencing (NGS) of 475 pools of Aedes, Culex, and Culiseta species of mosquitoes collected in Georgia from 2018 to 2019, identifying rickettsial gene sequences in 33 pools of mosquitoes. We further confirmed the findings of the Rickettsia by genus-specific quantitative PCR (qPCR) and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). The NGS and MLST results indicate that Rickettsia spp. are closely related to Rickettsia bellii, which is not known to be pathogenic in humans. The results, together with other reports of Rickettsia spp. in mosquitoes and the susceptibility and transmissibility experiments, suggest that mosquitoes may play a role in the transmission cycle of Rickettsia spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R. Pollio
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Ju Jiang
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sam S. Lee
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Jaykumar S. Gandhi
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Brian D. Knott
- U.S. Army Medical Research Directorate - Georgia (USAMRD-G), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Tamar Chunashvili
- U.S. Army Medical Research Directorate - Georgia (USAMRD-G), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Matthew A. Conte
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Shannon D. Walls
- U.S. Army Medical Research Directorate - Georgia (USAMRD-G), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Christine E. Hulseberg
- U.S. Army Medical Research Directorate - Georgia (USAMRD-G), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | | | - Drew D. Reinbold-Wasson
- U.S. Army Medical Research Directorate - Georgia (USAMRD-G), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Jun Hang
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Jun Hang,
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Collins ND, Adhikari A, Yang Y, Kuschner RA, Karasavvas N, Binn LN, Walls SD, Graf PCF, Myers CA, Jarman RG, Hang J. Live Oral Adenovirus Type 4 and Type 7 Vaccine Induces Durable Antibody Response. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030411. [PMID: 32718082 PMCID: PMC7564809 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (AdV) are mostly associated with minimal pathology. However, more severe respiratory tract infections and acute respiratory diseases, most often caused by AdV-4 and AdV-7, have been reported. The only licensed vaccine in the United States, live oral AdV-4 and AdV-7 vaccine, is indicated for use in the military, nearly exclusively in recruit populations. The excellent safety profile and prominent antibody response of the vaccine is well established by placebo-controlled clinical trials, while, long-term immunity of vaccination has not been studied. Serum samples collected over 6 years from subjects co-administered live oral AdV-4 and AdV-7 vaccine in 2011 were evaluated to determine the duration of the antibody response. Group geometric mean titers (GMT) at 6 years post vaccination compared to previous years evaluated were not significantly different for either AdV-4 or AdV-7 vaccine components. There were no subjects that demonstrated waning neutralization antibody (NAb) titers against AdV-4 and less than 5% of subjects against AdV-7. Interestingly, there were subjects that had a four-fold increase in NAb titers against either AdV-4 or AdV-7, at various time points post vaccination, suggesting either homotypic or heterotypic re-exposure. This investigation provided strong evidence that the live oral AdV-4 and AdV-7 vaccine induced long-term immunity to protect from AdV-4 and AdV-7 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie D. Collins
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute for Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (A.A.); (Y.Y.); (R.A.K.); (N.K.); (L.N.B.); (S.D.W.); (R.G.J.); (J.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-301-319-3062
| | - Anima Adhikari
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute for Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (A.A.); (Y.Y.); (R.A.K.); (N.K.); (L.N.B.); (S.D.W.); (R.G.J.); (J.H.)
| | - Yu Yang
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute for Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (A.A.); (Y.Y.); (R.A.K.); (N.K.); (L.N.B.); (S.D.W.); (R.G.J.); (J.H.)
| | - Robert A. Kuschner
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute for Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (A.A.); (Y.Y.); (R.A.K.); (N.K.); (L.N.B.); (S.D.W.); (R.G.J.); (J.H.)
| | - Nicos Karasavvas
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute for Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (A.A.); (Y.Y.); (R.A.K.); (N.K.); (L.N.B.); (S.D.W.); (R.G.J.); (J.H.)
| | - Leonard N. Binn
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute for Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (A.A.); (Y.Y.); (R.A.K.); (N.K.); (L.N.B.); (S.D.W.); (R.G.J.); (J.H.)
| | - Shannon D. Walls
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute for Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (A.A.); (Y.Y.); (R.A.K.); (N.K.); (L.N.B.); (S.D.W.); (R.G.J.); (J.H.)
| | - Paul C. F. Graf
- Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA 92186, USA; (P.C.F.G.); (C.A.M.)
- U.S. Navy Medical Research Unit Six, Lima 07006, Peru
| | | | - Richard G. Jarman
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute for Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (A.A.); (Y.Y.); (R.A.K.); (N.K.); (L.N.B.); (S.D.W.); (R.G.J.); (J.H.)
| | - Jun Hang
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute for Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (A.A.); (Y.Y.); (R.A.K.); (N.K.); (L.N.B.); (S.D.W.); (R.G.J.); (J.H.)
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