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Ramírez-Bontá F, Vásquez-Vílchez R, Cabrera-Alva M, Otazú-Alfaro S, Almeida-Huanca G, Ambrosio-Melgarejo J, Figueroa-Quiñones J, Romero-Cabrera AB, Huaman-Santa Cruz A, Chávez-Hinostroza E, Rosado-Medina M, Siancas-Villano W, Quintana-Castro C, Bazo-Alvarez JC, Villarreal-Zegarra D. Mental health data available in representative surveys conducted in Latin America and the Caribbean countries: a scoping review. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e069861. [PMID: 37798035 PMCID: PMC10565329 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-069861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental health data from Latin America and the Caribbean countries (LACC) national and international surveys are essential for public health surveillance. This review aimed to identify and describe available mental health survey data in LACC, providing access details for researchers. METHODS Our study was a scoping review. The search for available mental health survey data was conducted in PubMed and through grey literature searches, and the search dates were between 26 August 2021 and 15 October 2021. Included survey data were/had (1) nationally representative, (2) the latest version available from 2012 onward, (3) collected in at least one LACC and (4) at least one mental health variable or related factor. We accepted all written languages, including Spanish and English. RESULTS A total of 56 national and 13 international surveys were included, with data available on 95 mental health variables classified into 10 categories. Most national surveys were performed in upper-middle-income countries. Variables categorised as 'Substance use' and 'Violence' were the most frequent. Mexico and Colombia had the highest production in both the national and international surveys. The main target population was the adult population. However, there are several mental health topics and LACC yet unsurveyed. CONCLUSION We identified a total of 69 representative surveys from LACCs since 2012. We categorised the available data on mental health variables into 10 categories, and provided technical details to facilitate the future selection and use of these surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ramírez-Bontá
- Instituto Peruano de Orientación Psicológica, Lima, Peru
- Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Rafaela Vásquez-Vílchez
- Instituto Peruano de Orientación Psicológica, Lima, Peru
- Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | | | - Juan Ambrosio-Melgarejo
- Instituto Peruano de Orientación Psicológica, Lima, Peru
- Centro Nacional Salud Ocupacional y Protección del Ambiente para la Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | - Anayeli Huaman-Santa Cruz
- Instituto Peruano de Orientación Psicológica, Lima, Peru
- Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | - Wildo Siancas-Villano
- Instituto Peruano de Orientación Psicológica, Lima, Peru
- Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Juan Carlos Bazo-Alvarez
- Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
- Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, Lima, Peru
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Villarreal-Zegarra D, Barrera-Begazo J, Otazú-Alfaro S, Mayo-Puchoc N, Bazo-Alvarez JC, Huarcaya-Victoria J. Sensitivity and specificity of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9, PHQ-8, PHQ-2) and General Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7, GAD-2) for depression and anxiety diagnosis: a cross-sectional study in a Peruvian hospital population. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e076193. [PMID: 37714674 PMCID: PMC10510859 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-076193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) and Generalised Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD) are widely used screening tools, but their sensitivity and specificity in low-income and middle-income countries are lower than in high-income countries. We conducted a study to determine the sensitivity and specificity of different versions of these scales in a Peruvian hospital population. DESIGN Our study has a cross-sectional design. SETTING Our participants are hospitalised patients in a Peruvian hospital. The gold standard was a clinical psychiatric interview following ICD-10 criteria for depression (F32.0, F32.1, F32.2 and F32.3) and anxiety (F41.0 and F41.1). PARTICIPANTS The sample included 1347 participants. A total of 334 participants (24.8%) were diagnosed with depression, and 28 participants (2.1%) were diagnosed with anxiety. RESULTS The PHQ-9's≥7 cut-off point showed the highest simultaneous sensitivity and specificity when contrasted against a psychiatric diagnosis of depression. For a similar contrast against the gold standard, the other optimal cut-off points were: ≥7 for the PHQ-8 and ≥2 for the PHQ-2. In particular, the cut-off point ≥8 had good performance for GAD-7 with sensitivity and specificity, and cut-off point ≥10 had lower levels of sensitivity, but higher levels of specificity, compared with the cut-off point of ≥8. Also, we present the sensitivity and specificity values of each cut-off point in PHQ-9, PHQ-8, PHQ-2, GAD-7 and GAD-2. We confirmed the adequacy of a one-dimensional model for the PHQ-9, PHQ-8 and GAD-7, while all PHQ and GAD scales showed good reliability. CONCLUSIONS The PHQ and GAD have adequate measurement properties in their different versions. We present specific cut-offs for each version.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Villarreal-Zegarra
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad César Vallejo, Trujillo, Peru
- Instituto Peruano de Orientación Psicológica, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | | | - Juan Carlos Bazo-Alvarez
- Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Jeff Huarcaya-Victoria
- Escuela Profesional de Medicina Humana, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Ica, Peru
- Unidad de Psiquiatría de Enlace, Departamento de Psiquiatría, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, Lima, Peru
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Villarreal-Zegarra D, Reátegui-Rivera CM, Otazú-Alfaro S, Yantas-Alcantara G, Soto-Becerra P, Melendez-Torres GJ. Estimated impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the prevalence and treatment of depressive symptoms in Peru: an interrupted time series analysis in 2014-2021. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2023; 58:1375-1385. [PMID: 36884090 PMCID: PMC9993377 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-023-02446-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The COVID-19 pandemic increased the burden of mental disorders worldwide. Peru has been one of the countries most affected by COVID-19, however, studies evaluating the medium and long-term consequences of the pandemic on Peruvians' mental health are recent and represent a new field of study in proliferation. We aimed to estimate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the prevalence and treatment of depressive symptoms using nationally representative surveys in Peru. METHODS Our study is an analysis of secondary data. We carried out a time series cross-sectional analysis based on the National Demographic and Health Survey of Peru, collected using a complex sampling design. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 was used to measure mild (5-9 points), moderate (10-14 points), and severe (15 points or more) depressive symptoms. The participants were men and women aged 15 years and older, living in urban and rural areas of all regions of Peru. The main statistical analysis used segmented regression with Newey-West standard errors, taking into account that each year of the evaluation was divided into four measures (quarter measure). RESULTS We included 259,516 participants. An average quarterly increase of 0.17% (95% CI 0.03-0.32%) in the prevalence of moderate depressive symptoms was identified after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic (approximately an increase of 1583 new cases of moderate depressive symptoms by each quarter). The percentage of cases treated for mild depressive symptoms increased quarterly by an average of 0.46% (95% CI 0.20-0.71%) after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic (approximately an increase of 1242 new cases treated for mild depressive symptoms by each quarter). CONCLUSION In Peru, increases in the prevalence of moderate depressive symptoms and the proportion of cases treated with mild depressive symptoms were found after the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, this study is a precedent for future research assessing the prevalence of depressive symptoms and the proportion of cases receiving treatment during the pandemic and post-pandemic years.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Villarreal-Zegarra
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad César Vallejo, Trujillo, Peru
- Instituto Peruano de Orientación Psicológica, Lima, Peru
| | - C. Mahony Reátegui-Rivera
- Instituto Peruano de Orientación Psicológica, Lima, Peru
- Unidad de Telesalud, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
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Soriano-Moreno AN, Flores EC, Hartinger SM, Mallma CY, Diaz AA, Gianella GE, Galvez-Buccollini JA, Coico-Lama AH, Malaga G, Fajardo E, Paredes-Angeles R, Otazú-Alfaro S, Lescano AG, Checkley W. Home-Based Respiratory Physiotherapy and Telephone-Based Psychological Support for COVID-19 Survivors in Peru: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Res Protoc 2022; 11:e36001. [PMID: 36108135 PMCID: PMC9595592 DOI: 10.2196/36001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both pulmonary and mental health are affected following hospitalization for COVID-19 pneumonia. Pulmonary rehabilitation therapy has demonstrated benefits in improving mental health, but no validated combined programs that include mental health have been proposed. OBJECTIVE This article presents the design of a trial that aimed to assess whether the participation in a combined rehabilitation program that includes home-based respiratory physiotherapy and telephone-based psychological support is associated with a greater improvement of pulmonary and mental health outcomes 7-12 weeks after COVID-19 hospitalization discharge compared with posthospital usual care provided by a public Peruvian hospital. METHODS WAYRA (the word for air in the Quechua language) was an open-label, unblinded, two-arm randomized controlled trial. We recruited 108 participants aged 18-75 years who were discharged from the hospital after COVID-19 pneumonia that required >6 liters/minute of supplemental oxygen during treatment. Participants were randomly assigned at a 1:1 ratio to receive the combined rehabilitation program or usual posthospital care provided by a public Peruvian hospital. The intervention consisted of 12 at-home respiratory rehabilitation sessions and 6 telephone-based psychological sessions. The primary outcome was the 6-minute walk distance. Secondary outcomes included lung function, mental health status (depression, anxiety, and trauma), and quality of life. Outcomes were assessed at baseline (before randomization) and at 7 and 12 weeks after hospital discharge to assess the difference between arms. RESULTS This study was funded by the Peruvian National Council of Science Technology and Technology Innovation in July 2020. Ethics approval was obtained on September 2, 2020. Recruitment and data collection occurred between October 2020 and June 2021. Results are expected to be published by the end of 2022. CONCLUSIONS WAYRA was the first randomized controlled trial evaluating combined pulmonary-mental health rehabilitation for hospitalized COVID-19 survivors in resource-limited settings, potentially providing a foundation for the cost-effective scale-up of similar multidisciplinary rehabilitation programs. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04649736; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04649736. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) RR1-10.2196/36001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson N Soriano-Moreno
- Pulmonary Training Program in Peru, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Clima, Latin American Center of Excellence on Climate Change and Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Elaine C Flores
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Center for Innovation in Global Health, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Stella M Hartinger
- Pulmonary Training Program in Peru, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Clima, Latin American Center of Excellence on Climate Change and Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Claudia Y Mallma
- Escuela Profesional de Tecnología Médica, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Arnold A Diaz
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hospital EsSalud Alberto Sabogal Sologuren, Lima, Peru
- Emerge, Climate Change and Emerging Disease Research Unit, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Gonzalo E Gianella
- CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Abdiel H Coico-Lama
- Emerge, Climate Change and Emerging Disease Research Unit, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Clinical and Epidemiological Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Unión, Lima, Peru
| | - German Malaga
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Eufemia Fajardo
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Rubí Paredes-Angeles
- CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Grupo de Estudios Avances en Medición Psicológica, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Sharlyn Otazú-Alfaro
- Mental Health Research Unit, Instituto Peruano de Orientación Psicológica, Lima, Peru
| | - Andres G Lescano
- Pulmonary Training Program in Peru, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Clima, Latin American Center of Excellence on Climate Change and Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Emerge, Climate Change and Emerging Disease Research Unit, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - William Checkley
- Pulmonary Training Program in Peru, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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