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Loopmans S, Tournaire G, Stockmans I, Stegen S, Carmeliet G. Hypoxia rewires glucose and glutamine metabolism in different sources of skeletal stem and progenitor cells similarly, except for pyruvate. J Bone Miner Res 2024; 39:150-160. [PMID: 38477776 DOI: 10.1093/jbmr/zjad016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Skeletal stem and progenitor cells (SSPCs) are crucial for bone development, homeostasis, and repair. SSPCs are considered to reside in a rather hypoxic niche in the bone, but distinct SSPC niches have been described in different skeletal regions, and they likely differ in oxygen and nutrient availability. Currently it remains unknown whether the different SSPC sources have a comparable metabolic profile and respond in a similar manner to hypoxia. In this study, we show that cell proliferation of all SSPCs was increased in hypoxia, suggesting that SSPCs can indeed function in a hypoxic niche in vivo. In addition, low oxygen tension increased glucose consumption and lactate production, but affected pyruvate metabolism cell-specifically. Hypoxia decreased tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle anaplerosis and altered glucose entry into the TCA cycle from pyruvate dehydrogenase to pyruvate carboxylase and/or malic enzyme. Finally, a switch from glutamine oxidation to reductive carboxylation was observed in hypoxia, as well as cell-specific adaptations in the metabolism of other amino acids. Collectively, our findings show that SSPCs from different skeletal locations proliferate adequately in hypoxia by rewiring glucose and amino acid metabolism in a cell-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shauni Loopmans
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Tournaire
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Ingrid Stockmans
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Steve Stegen
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Geert Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
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Tournaire G, Loopmans S, Stegen S, Rinaldi G, Eelen G, Torrekens S, Moermans K, Carmeliet P, Ghesquière B, Thienpont B, Fendt SM, van Gastel N, Carmeliet G. Skeletal progenitors preserve proliferation and self-renewal upon inhibition of mitochondrial respiration by rerouting the TCA cycle. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111105. [PMID: 35905715 PMCID: PMC9380255 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A functional electron transport chain (ETC) is crucial for supporting bioenergetics and biosynthesis. Accordingly, ETC inhibition decreases proliferation in cancer cells but does not seem to impair stem cell proliferation. However, it remains unclear how stem cells metabolically adapt. In this study, we show that pharmacological inhibition of complex III of the ETC in skeletal stem and progenitor cells induces glycolysis side pathways and reroutes the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle to regenerate NAD+ and preserve cell proliferation. These metabolic changes also culminate in increased succinate and 2-hydroxyglutarate levels that inhibit Ten-eleven translocation (TET) DNA demethylase activity, thereby preserving self-renewal and multilineage potential. Mechanistically, mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase and reverse succinate dehydrogenase activity proved to be essential for the metabolic rewiring in response to ETC inhibition. Together, these data show that the metabolic plasticity of skeletal stem and progenitor cells allows them to bypass ETC blockade and preserve their self-renewal. Skeletal stem/progenitor cells can proliferate upon electron transport chain blockade Succinate dehydrogenase is reversed with fumarate functioning as electron acceptor Pyruvate and aspartate are critical for NAD+ regeneration and proliferation Metabolic changes prevent DNA demethylation and preserve self-renewal
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Tournaire
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, O&N1bis Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shauni Loopmans
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, O&N1bis Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steve Stegen
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, O&N1bis Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gianmarco Rinaldi
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology and Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Eelen
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology and Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sophie Torrekens
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, O&N1bis Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karen Moermans
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, O&N1bis Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology and Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Ghesquière
- Metabolomics Expertise Center, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven/VIB Center for Cancer Biology Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bernard Thienpont
- Laboratory of Functional Epigenetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah-Maria Fendt
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology and Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Geert Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, O&N1bis Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Loopmans S, Stegen S, Rohlenova K, Stockmans I, Moermans K, Carmeliet P, Carmeliet G. Glucose metabolism prevents ferroptosis and secures proteostasis in the developing growth plate. Bone Rep 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2022.101189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Loopmans S, Stockmans I, Carmeliet G, Stegen S. Isolation and in vitro characterization of murine young-adult long bone skeletal progenitors. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:930358. [PMID: 35979436 PMCID: PMC9376626 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.930358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal stem and progenitor cells (SSPCs) constitute a reservoir of bone-forming cells necessary for bone development, modeling and remodeling, as well as for fracture healing. Recent advances in tools to identify and isolate SSPCs have revealed that cells with multipotent properties are present not only in neonatal bone, but also in adult bone marrow and periosteum. The long bone metaphysis and endosteum have been proposed as an additional SSPC niche, although in vitro approaches to study their cellular and molecular characteristics are still limited. Here, we describe a comprehensive procedure to isolate and culture SSPCs derived from the metaphysis and endosteum of young-adult mice. Based on flow cytometry analysis of known SSPC markers, we found the presence of putative multipotent SSPCs, similar to neonatal bone tissue. In vitro, metaphyseal/endosteal SSPCs possess self-renewing capacity, and their multipotency is underscored by the ability to differentiate into the osteogenic and adipogenic lineage, while chondrogenic potential is limited. Expansion of metaphyseal/endosteal SSPCs under low oxygen conditions increases their proliferation capacity, while progenitor properties are maintained, likely reflecting their hypoxic niche in vivo. Collectively, we propose a validated isolation and culture protocol to study metaphyseal/endosteal SSPC biology in vitro.
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Vanhevel J, Verlinden L, Loopmans S, Doms S, Janssens I, Bevers S, Stegen S, Wildiers H, Verstuyf A. The Combination of the CDK4/6 Inhibitor, Palbociclib, With the Vitamin D 3 Analog, Inecalcitol, Has Potent In Vitro and In Vivo Anticancer Effects in Hormone-Sensitive Breast Cancer, But Has a More Limited Effect in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:886238. [PMID: 35784555 PMCID: PMC9248359 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.886238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Active vitamin D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], and its synthetically derived analogs possess potent anticancer properties. In breast cancer (BC) cells, 1,25(OH)2D3 blocks cell proliferation and induces apoptosis through different cell-type specific mechanisms. In this study, we evaluated if the combination of the potent vitamin D3 analog, inecalcitol, with a selective CDK4/6 inhibitor, palbociclib, enhanced the antiproliferative effects of both single compounds in hormone-sensitive (ER+) BC, for which palbociclib treatment is already approved, but also in triple-negative BC (TNBC). Inecalcitol and palbociclib combination treatment decreased cell proliferation in both ER+ (T47D-MCF7) and TNBC (BT20-HCC1143-Hs578T) cells, with a more pronounced antiproliferative effect in the former. In ER+ BC cells, the combination therapy downregulated cell cycle regulatory proteins (p)-Rb and (p)-CDK2 and blocked G1-S phase transition of the cell cycle. Combination treatment upregulated p-mTOR and p-4E-BP1 protein expression in MCF7 cells, whereas it suppressed expression of these proteins in BT20 cells. Cell survival was decreased after inecalcitol treatment either alone or combined in MCF7 cells. Interestingly, the combination therapy upregulated mitochondrial ROS and mitotracker staining in both cell lines. Furthermore, in vivo validation in a MCF7 cell line-derived xenograft mouse model decreased tumor growth and cell cycle progression after combination therapy, but not in a TNBC BT20 cell line-derived xenograft model. In conclusion, we show that addition of a potent vitamin D3 analog to selective CDK4/6 inhibitor treatment results in increased antiproliferative effects in ER+ BC both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Vanhevel
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Verlinden
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shauni Loopmans
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefanie Doms
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Iris Janssens
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sien Bevers
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steve Stegen
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans Wildiers
- Department of General Medical Oncology and Multidisciplinary Breast Center Leuven, University Hospitals (UV) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annemieke Verstuyf
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Annemieke Verstuyf,
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Tournaire G, Loopmans S, Stegen S, Torrekens S, van Gastel N, Carmeliet G. Ex vivo blockade of oxidative phosphorylation increases the regenerative potential of skeletal progenitors. Bone Rep 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2021.100815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Loopmans S, Stegen S, Stockmans I, Moermans K, Carmeliet P, Carmeliet G. Glucose metabolism via the pentose phosphate pathway controls chondrocyte survival and proteostasis during bone development. Bone Rep 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2021.100814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Stegen S, Rinaldi G, Loopmans S, Stockmans I, Moermans K, Thienpont B, Fendt SM, Carmeliet P, Carmeliet G. Glutamine Metabolism Controls Chondrocyte Identity and Function. Dev Cell 2020; 53:530-544.e8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Stegen S, Laperre K, Eelen G, Rinaldi G, Fraisl P, Torrekens S, Van Looveren R, Loopmans S, Bultynck G, Vinckier S, Meersman F, Maxwell PH, Rai J, Weis M, Eyre DR, Ghesquière B, Fendt SM, Carmeliet P, Carmeliet G. HIF-1α metabolically controls collagen synthesis and modification in chondrocytes. Nature 2019; 565:511-515. [PMID: 30651640 PMCID: PMC7195049 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-0874-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Endochondral ossification, an important process in vertebrate bone formation, is highly dependent on correct functioning of growth plate chondrocytes1. Proliferation of these cells determines longitudinal bone growth and the matrix deposited provides a scaffold for future bone formation. However, these two energy-dependent anabolic processes occur in an avascular environment1,2. In addition, the centre of the expanding growth plate becomes hypoxic, and local activation of the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor HIF-1α is necessary for chondrocyte survival by unidentified cell-intrinsic mechanisms3-6. It is unknown whether there is a requirement for restriction of HIF-1α signalling in the other regions of the growth plate and whether chondrocyte metabolism controls cell function. Here we show that prolonged HIF-1α signalling in chondrocytes leads to skeletal dysplasia by interfering with cellular bioenergetics and biosynthesis. Decreased glucose oxidation results in an energy deficit, which limits proliferation, activates the unfolded protein response and reduces collagen synthesis. However, enhanced glutamine flux increases α-ketoglutarate levels, which in turn increases proline and lysine hydroxylation on collagen. This metabolically regulated collagen modification renders the cartilaginous matrix more resistant to protease-mediated degradation and thereby increases bone mass. Thus, inappropriate HIF-1α signalling results in skeletal dysplasia caused by collagen overmodification, an effect that may also contribute to other diseases involving the extracellular matrix such as cancer and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Stegen
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kjell Laperre
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Eelen
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Biology, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gianmarco Rinaldi
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Fraisl
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Biology, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sophie Torrekens
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Riet Van Looveren
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shauni Loopmans
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geert Bultynck
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signalling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan Vinckier
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Biology, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Patrick H Maxwell
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jyoti Rai
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - MaryAnn Weis
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David R Eyre
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bart Ghesquière
- Metabolomics Expertise Center, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven/VIB Center for Cancer Biology Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah-Maria Fendt
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Biology, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- State Key Laboratory of Ophtalmology, Zhongshan Ophtalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Geert Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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