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Roland RM, Bhawani SA, Ibrahim MNM. Synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymer by precipitation polymerization for the removal of ametryn. BMC Chem 2023; 17:165. [PMID: 38001543 PMCID: PMC10668388 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-023-01084-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ametryn (AME) is a triazine herbicide which is mainly used to kill unwanted herbs in crops. Despite its importance in agriculture, the usage of AME also poses a risk to humans and the ecosystem due to its toxicity. Hence, it is important to develop a method for the effective removal of AME from various water sources which is in the form of molecular imprinting polymer (MIP). In this study, MIP of AME was synthesized via precipitation polymerization using AME as the template molecule with three different functional monomers including methacrylic acid (MAA), acrylamide (AAm) and 2-vinylpyridine (2VP). The three different synthesized polymers namely MIP (MAA), MIP (AAm) and MIP (2VP) were characterized using Fourier Infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) and Field Emission Electron Microscopy (FESEM). Then, the batch binding study was carried out using all three MIPs in which MIP (MAA) attained the highest rebinding efficiency (93.73%) among the synthesized polymers. The Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were also conducted on the selected MIP (MAA). Adsorption studies including initial concentration, pH and polymer dosage were also conducted on MIP (MAA). In this study, the highest adsorption efficiency was attained at the optimum condition of 6 ppm of AME solution at pH 7 with 0.1 g of MIP (MAA). MIP (MAA) was successfully applied to remove AME from spiked distilled water, tap water and river water samples with removal efficiencies of 95.01%, 90.24% and 88.37%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Marcella Roland
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Showkat Ahmad Bhawani
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia.
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Shafqat SR, Bhawani SA, Bakhtiar S, Ibrahim MNM, Shafqat SS. Template-assisted synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymers for the removal of methyl red from aqueous media. BMC Chem 2023; 17:46. [PMID: 37165372 PMCID: PMC10173658 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-023-00957-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This study entails the synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) with good selectivity coefficients for azo dye as a potential sorbent material to extract azo dye from polluted aqueous media. A series of MIPs for methyl red (MR) as a template, were synthesized by changing the molar ratio of functional monomers, via precipitation polymerization format of non-covalent approach. Water-soluble functional monomer; acrylic acid (AA) was used to weave the frame work of polymers while ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) was utilized as crosslinking monomer. The impact of different experimental parameters, such as mole ratio of monomer (functional) to crosslinking monomer on the molecular recognition was investigated. The highly efficient and selective MR-MIP was used for the removal of spiked MR dye from different water samples. The selected imprinted polymer, MR1-MIP was able to selectively remove the MR molecules from aqueous media. A significant amount of dye was removed by MR1-MIP from the river water samples with a high degree of removal efficiency i.e. 92.25%. The imprinting factor of 3.75 for MR1-MIP indicated that the high selectivity in terms of adsorption for MR. A minimum loss of only ~ 3.35% in the removal efficiency within ten sequential cycles of adsorption-desorption study evidenced that MR-MIPs could be used as the most cost effective and best sorbent for the removal of MR from polluted water. Furthermore, the structural properties of MR-MIPs were characterized by FTIR and EDX, whereas TGA, SEM and BET were used to describe the thermal, morphological and surface structures of the particles, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Rizwan Shafqat
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, 51040, Pakistan
| | - Showkat Ahmad Bhawani
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - Salma Bakhtiar
- Department of Chemistry, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Syed Salman Shafqat
- Division of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Education, Lahore, 54770, Pakistan
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Jack KS, Asaruddin MRB, Bhawani SA. Pharmacophore study, molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation of virgin coconut oil derivatives as anti-inflammatory agent against COX-2. Chem Biol Technol Agric 2022; 9:73. [PMID: 37520584 PMCID: PMC9579622 DOI: 10.1186/s40538-022-00340-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Background Virgin coconut oil is mostly made up of saturated fatty acids in which approximately 72% are medium chain triglycerides. Medium chain triglycerides can be digested into medium chain fatty acids and medium chain monoglycerides which are bioactive components. Therefore, it is very important to study the in-silico ability of some Virgin coconut oil derivatives, namely, medium chain fatty acids and medium chain monoglycerides to inhibit Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) protein for prevention of excessive inflammatory response. Results Pharmacophore study displayed monolaurin with two hydrogen bond donor, three hydrogen bond acceptor and five hydrophobic interactions, while lauric acid presented two hydrogen bond acceptor, five hydrophobic interactions and a negative ion interaction. Molecular docking underlined the ability of monolaurin in the inhibition of COX-2 protein which causes inflammatory action with a decent result of energy binding affinity of - 7.58 kcal/mol and 15 interactions out of which 3 are strong hydrogen bond with TYR385 (3.00 Å), PHE529 (2.77 Å), and GLY533 (3.10 Å) residues of the protein. Monolaurin was employed as hydrogen bond acceptor to the side of residue TYR385 of COX-2 protein with an occupancy of 67.03% and was observed to be long-living during the entire 1000 frames of the molecular dynamic simulation. The analysis of RMSD score of the Monolaurin-COX-2 complex backbone was calculated to be low (1.137 ± 0.153 Å) and was in a stable range of 0.480 to 1.520 Å. Redocking of this complex still maintained a strong hydrogen bond (2.87 Å) with the main residue TYR385. AMDET results where promising for medium chain fatty acids and medium chain monoglycerides with good physicochemical drug scores. Conclusions This can be concluded from the results obtained that the monolaurin has strong interactions with COX-2 protein to disrupt its function due to significant hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions with amino acid residues present in the target protein's active site. These results displayed a very significant anti-inflammatory potential of monolaurin and a new promising drug candidates as anti-inflammatory agent. Graphical Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Kho Swen Jack
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak Malaysia
| | - Mohd Razip Bin Asaruddin
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak Malaysia
| | - Showkat Ahmad Bhawani
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak Malaysia
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Bhawani SA, Bazilah Daud NA, Bakhtiar S, Roland RM, Mohamad Ibrahim MN. Synthesis of Molecularly Imprinting Polymers for the Removal of Xylenol Orange from Water. NEPT 2020. [DOI: 10.46488/nept.2020.v19i02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Yaqoob AA, Umar K, Ahmad Z, Mohamad Ibrahim MN, Ahmad A, Bhawani SA. Synthesis of Ag@Polycarbazole Nanocomposite using Ferric Acetate as an Oxidant. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.14233/ajchem.2020.22539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanowires and Ag@polycarbazole nanocables have been effectively fabricated. Polyol-reduction and ion adsorption process were used to fabricate pure silver nanowires and Ag@polycarbazole nanocomposite by using an oxidant (iron acetate). Ions of oxidant were adsorbed on the surface of pure silver nanowires to oxidize carbazole monomers for efficient polymerization. The morphology of nanowires and Ag@PCz composite were characterized by using SEM, FT-IR and photoluminescence analysis. The SEM shows the presence of a smooth polymeric sheath. FT-IR and photoluminescence analysis shows dominant peaks that indicate the presence of silver nanowires and polycarbazole (PCz) with a smooth polymeric coating. Nanoparticle analyzer was used to determine z-average and actual size of sample. UV-visible spectrum shows two bands that were dominant at 345 and 410 nm. These are π to π* transitions that indicates the presence of polycarbazole nanocables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim Ali Yaqoob
- 1School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia 11800 Gelugor, Penang Malaysia 2Department of Chemistry, Mirpur University of Science and Technology, Mirpur 10250 AJK, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Umar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia 11800 Gelugor, Penang Malaysia
| | - Zahoor Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Mirpur University of Science and Technology, Mirpur 10250 AJK, Pakistan
| | | | - Akil Ahmad
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Showkat Ahmad Bhawani
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Kuching 94300, Malaysia
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Roland RM, Bhawani SA, Wahi R, Ibrahim MNM. Synthesis, characterization, and application of molecular imprinting polymer for extraction of melamine from spiked milk, water, and blood serum. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2019.1672077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Marcella Roland
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Kota Samarahan, Malaysia
| | - Showkat Ahmad Bhawani
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Kota Samarahan, Malaysia
| | - Rafeah Wahi
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Kota Samarahan, Malaysia
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Bhawani SA, Husaini A, Ahmad FB, Asaruddin MR. Polymer Based Protein Therapeutics. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2019; 19:972-982. [PMID: 28828988 DOI: 10.2174/1389203718666170821162823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Proteins have played a very important role in the drug industry for developing treatments of various diseases such as auto-immune diseases, cancer, diabetes, mental disorder, metabolic disease, and others. Therapeutic proteins have high activity and specificity but they have some limitations such as short half-life, poor stability, low solubility and immunogenicity, so they cannot prolong their therapeutic activity. These shortcomings have been rectified by using polymers for the conjugation with proteins. The conjugates of protein-polymer improves the half-lives, stability and makes them non-immunogenic. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), is widely used in the delivery of proteins because it is the current gold standard for stealth polymers in the emerging field of polymer-based delivery as compared to various biodegradable polymers. PEGylation enhances the retention of therapeutic proteins, effectively alters the pharmacokinetics and enhances the pharmaceutical value. Smart polymer have been used to cope with the pathophysiological environment of target site and have imposed less toxic effects.The contents of this article are challenges in formulation of therapeutic proteins, synthetic routes of conjugates, smart polymer-protein conjugates and also some advantages/disadvantages of polymers as a carrier system of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Showkat Ahmad Bhawani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, UNIMAS, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Husaini
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, UNIMAS, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | | | - Mohd Razip Asaruddin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, UNIMAS, Sarawak, Malaysia
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Ibrahim MNM, Iqbal A, Shen CC, Bhawani SA, Adam F. Synthesis of lignin based composites of TiO 2 for potential application as radical scavengers in sunscreen formulation. BMC Chem 2019; 13:17. [PMID: 31384766 PMCID: PMC6661954 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-019-0537-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is added in sunscreens due to its ability to absorb ultraviolet (UV) light. However, upon irradiation of UV light, reactive oxygen species particularly hydroxyl radical which can damage human skin will be generated. In this study, lignin/TiO2 composites were employed to quench the hydroxyl radicals generated by the TiO2. The lignin was extracted from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) via kraft and soda pulping processes. The kraft lignin composite was labelled as KL/TiO2 whereas the soda lignin composite was labelled as SL/TiO2. The lignins and the composites were characterized by FTIR, UV spectroscopy, 13C NMR, SEM, EDX, and XRD. The relative hydroxyl radical production of composites and TiO2 were compared through photo-oxidation of coumarin to 7-hydroxycoumarin as a test medium. The effect of types and amounts of lignin used were studied. The KL/TiO2 composite showed the least radical production due to higher phenolic hydroxyl content of kraft lignin. The activity of the hydroxyl radicals will be quenched when it abstract hydrogen atoms from the phenolic hydroxyl groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anwar Iqbal
- 1School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Gelugor, Penang Malaysia
| | - Chai Chuan Shen
- 1School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Gelugor, Penang Malaysia
| | - Showkat Ahmad Bhawani
- 2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak Malaysia
| | - Farook Adam
- 1School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Gelugor, Penang Malaysia
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Bhawani SA, Sen TS, Ibrahim MNM. Synthesis of molecular imprinting polymers for extraction of gallic acid from urine. Chem Cent J 2018; 12:19. [PMID: 29468431 PMCID: PMC5821617 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-018-0392-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecularly imprinted polymers for gallic acid were synthesized by precipitation polymerization. During the process of synthesis a non-covalent approach was used for the interaction of template and monomer. In the polymerization process, gallic acid was used as a template, acrylic acid as a functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as a cross-linker and 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile as an initiator and acetonitrile as a solvent. The synthesized imprinted and non-imprinted polymer particles were characterized by using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The rebinding efficiency of synthesized polymer particles was evaluated by batch binding assay. The highly selective imprinted polymer for gallic acid was MIPI1 with a composition (molar ratio) of 1:4:20, template: monomer: cross-linker, respectively. The MIPI1 showed highest binding efficiency (79.50%) as compared to other imprinted and non-imprinted polymers. The highly selective imprinted polymers have successfully extracted about 80% of gallic acid from spiked urine sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Showkat Ahmad Bhawani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, UNIMAS, 94300, Kota Samarahan, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - Tham Soon Sen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, UNIMAS, 94300, Kota Samarahan, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
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Roland RM, Bhawani SA. Synthesis and Characterization of Molecular Imprinting Polymer Microspheres of Piperine: Extraction of Piperine from Spiked Urine. J Anal Methods Chem 2016; 2016:5671507. [PMID: 28018704 PMCID: PMC5150118 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5671507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) microspheres for Piperine were synthesized by precipitation polymerization with a noncovalent approach. In this research Piperine was used as a template, acrylic acid as a functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as a cross-linker, and 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an initiator and acetonitrile as a solvent. The imprinted and nonimprinted polymer particles were characterized by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The synthesized polymer particles were further evaluated for their rebinding efficiency by batch binding assay. The highly selected imprinted polymer for Piperine was MIP 3 with a composition (molar ratio) of 0.5 : 3 : 8, template : monomer : cross-linker, respectively. The MIP 3 exhibits highest binding capacity (84.94%) as compared to other imprinted and nonimprinted polymers. The extraction efficiency of highly selected imprinted polymer of Piperine from spiked urine was above 80%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Marcella Roland
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Showkat Ahmad Bhawani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
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Mohammad A, Bhawani SA. On Plate Identification of Coexisting Polyoxyethylene (20) Stearyl Ether, Cetyl Pyridinium Chloride, Tetradecyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide and Polyoxyethylene (9.5) Octyl Phenyl Ether Surfactants with Preliminary Separation by Planar Chromatography. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11743-009-1160-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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