Serum albumin adjusted calcium and fluoride among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

The regulation of glucose-dependent insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells relies on calcium concentration, making it a calcium-dependent process. Disruptions in calcium homeostasis may contribute to insulin dysfunction and disturbances in glucose homeostasis, potentially playing a role in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In T2DM patients, there may be changes in fluoride metabolism due to impaired renal function. Measurement of serum albumin-adjusted calcium and is crucial since changes in albumin levels can impact the accurate estimation of true calcium.

Pharmacognostical study of Tamalaki (Phyllanthus fraternus Webster), a herb used in Tamaka-svasa

Tamalaki is a herbacious medicinal plant, described in Ayurvedic texts in many occurrences with different properties, actions, uses and synonyms, supposed to indicate more than one species commonly used in practice. Modern scholars mostly suggest Phyllanthus fraternus Webster (syn. P. niruri Linn.), P. amarus Schum. and Thonn. and P. urinaria Linn. as the source plants of Tamalaki. In this study, an attempt has been made to designate P. fraternus as the source plant of Tamalaki used in the treatment of Tamaka-svasa (Bronchial asthma) and other respiratory disorders by analyzing therapeutic uses, actions, properties, taste, synonyms as well as pharmacognostical characters. Smooth capsule, six tepals, less and short fibrous root, pentagonal outline with wing-shaped young stem are some of the specific characters observed in this species.

Brief information about Siddhasāra Nighantu of Ravigupta

Siddhasāra nighanti, is authored by 'Bauddhācārya Ravigupta'. On the basis of various evidences, its period is considered as 7th century A.D. Actually Ravigupta has written 'Siddhasāra Samhita', the last part of which is known as "Siddhasāra Nighantu'. The second chapter of Siddhasāra Samhita is 'Dravyasamgrahaniya', where 33 Ganas out of 37 Ganas of Suśruta Samhita of 'Dravyasamgrahaniya", chapter have been mentioned. The Dravyas have been described in Paryāya śaily and with 96 Slokas.

Some comments on frequently used multiple endpoint adjustment methods in clinical trials

Confirmatory clinical trials often classify clinical response variables into primary and secondary endpoints. The presence of two or more primary endpoints in a clinical trial usually means that some adjustments of the observed p-values for multiplicity of tests may be required for the control of the type I error rate. In this paper, we discuss statistical concerns associated with some commonly used multiple endpoint adjustment procedures. We also present limited Monte Carlo simulation results to demonstrate the performance of selected p-value-based methods in protecting the type I error rate.

Some thoughts on the one-sided and two-sided tests

This paper addresses some scientific and regulatory perspectives, insightful regulatory experiences, academic views, and current practices pertinent to one-sided and two-sided tests within the framework of clinical trials designed for specific diseases and drugs. It makes compelling points in favor of applying a two-sided test under a wide variety of situations. Additionally, it discusses situations where one may reasonably argue for use of a one-sided test and concludes by suggesting the use of two-sided tests in controversial situations.

Competing risk analysis of life table data: application to lifetime risk computation

In this pedagogic note we propose to assess the safety of treatment in a clinical trial, or the effect of risk exposure in a chronic animal study, in terms of two lifetime risks. These risks are computable from life table type data and take into account the effects of competing risks. We first describe their computational procedures in detail to demonstrate the need for their implementation in a computer program. We then illustrate their practical application through use of the data obtained from an actual clinical study.