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van Kessel SP, de Jong HR, Winkel SL, van Leeuwen SS, Nelemans SA, Permentier H, Keshavarzian A, El Aidy S. Gut bacterial deamination of residual levodopa medication for Parkinson's disease. BMC Biol 2020; 18:137. [PMID: 33076930 PMCID: PMC7574542 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00876-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by both motor and non-motor symptoms. Gastrointestinal tract dysfunction is one of the non-motor features, where constipation is reported as the most common gastrointestinal symptom. Aromatic bacterial metabolites are attracting considerable attention due to their impact on gut homeostasis and host’s physiology. In particular, Clostridium sporogenes is a key contributor to the production of these bioactive metabolites in the human gut. Results Here, we show that C. sporogenes deaminates levodopa, the main treatment in Parkinson’s disease, and identify the aromatic aminotransferase responsible for the initiation of the deamination pathway. The deaminated metabolite from levodopa, 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid, elicits an inhibitory effect on ileal motility in an ex vivo model. We detected 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid in fecal samples of Parkinson’s disease patients on levodopa medication and found that this metabolite is actively produced by the gut microbiota in those stool samples. Conclusions Levodopa is deaminated by the gut bacterium C. sporogenes producing a metabolite that inhibits ileal motility ex vivo. Overall, this study underpins the importance of the metabolic pathways of the gut microbiome involved in drug metabolism not only to preserve drug effectiveness, but also to avoid potential side effects of bacterial breakdown products of the unabsorbed residue of medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan P van Kessel
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hiltje R de Jong
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Simon L Winkel
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander S van Leeuwen
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Current Address: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cluster Human Nutrition & Health, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sieger A Nelemans
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hjalmar Permentier
- Interfaculty Mass Spectrometry Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ali Keshavarzian
- Division of Digestive Disease and Nutrition, Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, 1725 W. Harrison, Suite 206, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Sahar El Aidy
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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