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da Silva SA, De Rossi GZ, Ossugui MM, de Almeida AP, Guizellini GM, Sampaio GR, da Silva Torres EAF. Quantification of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Commonly Consumed Salami in Brazil. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-022-02414-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Markievicz Mancio Kus Yamashita M, Alves da Silva S, Palma Almeida A, Aued Pimentel S. Óleos encapsulados: perfil de ácidos graxos e contaminação por hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos. Sci Plena 2021. [DOI: 10.14808/sci.plena.2021.081508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Os óleos vegetais encapsulados podem ser extraídos a frio e ter como origem fontes não convencionais, reconhecidos por preservarem compostos bioativos característicos e, alguns deles, serem fontes de ácidos graxos essenciais. No entanto, são produtos geralmente onerosos e por este motivo, passíveis de adulteração com óleos de menor qualidade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a identidade e a contaminação por hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs) de óleos encapsulados. Foram avaliadas catorze amostras, de diferentes tipos e marcas, comercializadas na cidade de São Paulo. Os ensaios realizados incluíram perfil de ácidos graxos e HPAs [benzo(a)antraceno, criseno, benzo(b)fluoranteno e benzo(a)pireno]. Duas amostras (14%) foram consideradas insatisfatórias quanto aos perfis de ácidos graxos, incluindo óleos de coco e borragem. Quanto aos HPAs, as concentrações para o benzo(a)pireno variaram de <LQ a 0,51 µg/kg e, para a soma dos 4 HPAs, de <LQ a 5,83 µg/kg. A avaliação e monitoramento destes óleos encapsulados deve ser constante, considerando o frequente consumo pela população e a possibilidade dos mesmos estarem adulterados.
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Feliciano dos Santos J, Alves da Silva S, Zanetti de Rossi G, Palma de Almeida A. Validação de metodologia analítica para quantificação de desoxinivalenol em amostras de trigo e produtos a base de trigo por CLAE-UV. Sci Plena 2021. [DOI: 10.14808/sci.plena.2021.081509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
O desoxinivalenol (DON), principal micotoxina encontrada em trigo e derivados, tem sido associado a surtos de gastroenterite, distúrbios gastrointestinais e diarreia em humanos e animais. Para controle das micotoxinas em alimentos há a necessidade de métodos confiáveis e precisos. Desta forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo validar metodologia analítica para análise de DON em amostras de trigo e produtos comercializados na cidade de São Paulo. O método foi validado de acordo com os parâmetros linearidade, recuperação, precisão, limites de detecção (LD) e quantificação (LQ). A extração do DON foi realizada por homogeneização com água deionizada, seguida de centrifugação, filtração e purificação em coluna de imunoafinidade. A separação e quantificação foram conduzidas por cromatografia líquida com detecção por ultravioleta (CLAE-UV). A curva analítica, obtida pelo método dos mínimos quadrados, foi linear com coeficiente de correlação de 0,9995. A recuperação média foi de 102% e o coeficiente de variação de 2,4% para a concentração de 877 µg/kg. Os LD e LQ foram de 60 e 200 µg/kg, respectivamente. Os cromatogramas obtidos não apresentaram interferências na região do tempo de retenção do DON (9,7 min), sendo o método proposto considerado adequado para a quantificação de desoxinivalenol em trigo e produtos a base de trigo.
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Sampaio GR, Guizellini GM, da Silva SA, de Almeida AP, Pinaffi-Langley ACC, Rogero MM, de Camargo AC, Torres EAFS. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Foods: Biological Effects, Legislation, Occurrence, Analytical Methods, and Strategies to Reduce Their Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6010. [PMID: 34199457 PMCID: PMC8199595 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are chemical compounds comprised of carbon and hydrogen molecules in a cyclic arrangement. PAHs are associated with risks to human health, especially carcinogenesis. One form of exposure to these compounds is through ingestion of contaminated food, which can occur during preparation and processing involving high temperatures (e.g., grilling, smoking, toasting, roasting, and frying) as well as through PAHs present in the soil, air, and water (i.e., environmental pollution). Differently from changes caused by microbiological characteristics and lipid oxidation, consumers cannot sensorially perceive PAH contamination in food products, thereby hindering their ability to reject these foods. Herein, the occurrence and biological effects of PAHs were comprehensively explored, as well as analytical methods to monitor their levels, legislations, and strategies to reduce their generation in food products. This review updates the current knowledge and addresses recent regulation changes concerning the widespread PAHs contamination in several types of food, often surpassing the concentration limits deemed acceptable by current legislations. Therefore, effective measures involving different food processing strategies are needed to prevent and reduce PAHs contamination, thereby decreasing human exposure and detrimental health effects. Furthermore, gaps in literature have been addressed to provide a basis for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geni Rodrigues Sampaio
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, 715 Doutor Arnaldo Ave, Sao Paulo 01246-904, Brazil; (G.M.G.); (S.A.d.S.); (A.C.C.P.-L.); (M.M.R.); (E.A.F.S.T.)
| | - Glória Maria Guizellini
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, 715 Doutor Arnaldo Ave, Sao Paulo 01246-904, Brazil; (G.M.G.); (S.A.d.S.); (A.C.C.P.-L.); (M.M.R.); (E.A.F.S.T.)
| | - Simone Alves da Silva
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, 715 Doutor Arnaldo Ave, Sao Paulo 01246-904, Brazil; (G.M.G.); (S.A.d.S.); (A.C.C.P.-L.); (M.M.R.); (E.A.F.S.T.)
- Organic Contaminant Core, Contaminant Centre, Adolfo Lutz Institute, 355 Doutor Arnaldo Ave, Sao Paulo 01246-000, Brazil;
| | - Adriana Palma de Almeida
- Organic Contaminant Core, Contaminant Centre, Adolfo Lutz Institute, 355 Doutor Arnaldo Ave, Sao Paulo 01246-000, Brazil;
| | - Ana Clara C. Pinaffi-Langley
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, 715 Doutor Arnaldo Ave, Sao Paulo 01246-904, Brazil; (G.M.G.); (S.A.d.S.); (A.C.C.P.-L.); (M.M.R.); (E.A.F.S.T.)
| | - Marcelo Macedo Rogero
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, 715 Doutor Arnaldo Ave, Sao Paulo 01246-904, Brazil; (G.M.G.); (S.A.d.S.); (A.C.C.P.-L.); (M.M.R.); (E.A.F.S.T.)
| | - Adriano Costa de Camargo
- Laboratory of Antioxidants, Nutrition and Food Technology Institute, University of Chile, Santiago 7830490, Chile
| | - Elizabeth A. F. S. Torres
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, 715 Doutor Arnaldo Ave, Sao Paulo 01246-904, Brazil; (G.M.G.); (S.A.d.S.); (A.C.C.P.-L.); (M.M.R.); (E.A.F.S.T.)
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Tibola CS, da Silva SA, Dossa AA, Patrício DI. Economically Motivated Food Fraud and Adulteration in Brazil: Incidents and Alternatives to Minimize Occurrence. J Food Sci 2018; 83:2028-2038. [PMID: 30020548 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Brazil is one of the world's largest food producers. Adulteration of foods is often reported and represent an important potential threat to food safety. Because of this, reduction of the vulnerability of foods to adulteration is of high priority to Brazil. This study analyzes economically motivated food fraud and adulterations in Brazil between 2007 and 2017, based on academic journal reports. In addition, alternatives are proposed to minimize these incidents through good practices, traceability systems and the development of methods to detect food fraud and adulteration. Complex supply chains for foods of animal origin, such as milk and dairy products, were the main targets of food fraud and adulterations. Other products prone to fraudulent activities were vegetable oils, especially olive oil, which are high value products. Meat and fish, as well as their respective by-products, were also involved in some food fraud and adulteration, especially substitution. Cases of extraneous ingredient addition were also reported in the coffee and tea sectors. Comprehensive food fraud and adulteration prevention requires the enforcement of regulatory systems, increased sampling and monitoring, training of food producers and handlers, and development of precise, rapid, and cost-effective methods of fraud detection. The availability of robust methods to identify the chemical constituents of foods could be a decisive step, both to detect and prevent fraud in producer countries and to open up new markets to these products. The results of this study can be used to analyze food safety risks and prioritize target areas for food research and policy-making in order to enforce food safety regulations in Brazil. PRACTICAL APPLICATION A food fraud and adulteration review was conducted based on scientific literature in Brazil. Milk and its products were the main targets of food fraud and adulterations. Food fraud and adulteration causes and suggestions for good practice are presented. The results can be used to analyze food safety and protect consumer rights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casiane Salete Tibola
- Embrapa Trigo, Rodovia BR-285, km 294, C.P. 3081, Passo Fundo, RS, 99001-970, Brazil
| | - Simone Alves da Silva
- Organic Contaminant Core, Contaminant Centre, Adolfo Lutz Inst., Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, 355-Cerqueira César-São Paulo, SP, 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Alvaro Augusto Dossa
- Embrapa Trigo, Rodovia BR-285, km 294, C.P. 3081, Passo Fundo, RS, 99001-970, Brazil
| | - Diego Inácio Patrício
- Embrapa Trigo, Rodovia BR-285, km 294, C.P. 3081, Passo Fundo, RS, 99001-970, Brazil
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Silva SAD, Torres EAFDS, Almeida APD, Sampaio GR. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons content and fatty acids profile in coconut, safflower, evening primrose and linseed oils. Food Chem 2017; 245:798-805. [PMID: 29287444 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.11.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at evaluating the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contamination of commercial vegetable oils and examined the identity through the fatty acids profiles. Coconut, safflower, evening primrose, and linseed oils marketed in São Paulo (Brazil) were investigated totaling 69 samples. Four PAHs, benzo[a]anthracene (BaA), chrysene (Chr), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), were detected in 96% of the samples at individual levels ranging from not detected to 14.99 μg kg-1. Chrysene was the abundant hydrocarbon found among all types of oils, with the highest median values. The results of the fatty acid profiles revealed that 43% showed different profiles according to the ones on their labels, with a higher incidence of adulteration of evening primrose oils. The maximum tolerable limits by European Regulation No. 835/2011 were exceeded for BaP in 12%, and for total 4 PAHs in 28%, with a greater contribution of adulterated samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Alves da Silva
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo - USP, Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, CEP 01246-904 São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Organic Contaminant Core, Contaminant Centre, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, 355, Cerqueira César, CEP 01246-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Elizabeth A F da Silva Torres
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo - USP, Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, CEP 01246-904 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Adriana Palma de Almeida
- Organic Contaminant Core, Contaminant Centre, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, 355, Cerqueira César, CEP 01246-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Geni Rodrigues Sampaio
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo - USP, Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, CEP 01246-904 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Silva SAD, Sampaio GR, Torres EAFDS. Optimization and validation of a method using UHPLC-fluorescence for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in cold-pressed vegetable oils. Food Chem 2016; 221:809-814. [PMID: 27979277 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.11.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Among the different food categories, the oils and fats are important sources of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a group of organic chemical contaminants. The use of a validated method is essential to obtain reliable analytical results since the legislation establishes maximum limits in different foods. The objective of this study was to optimize and validate a method for the quantification of four PAHs [benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene] in vegetable oils. The samples were submitted to liquid-liquid extraction, followed by solid-phase extraction, and analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography. Under the optimized conditions, the validation parameters were evaluated according to the INMETRO Guidelines: linearity (r2 >0.99), selectivity (no matrix interference), limits of detection (0.08-0.30μgkg-1) and quantification (0.25-1.00μgkg-1), recovery (80.13-100.04%), repeatability and intermediate precision (<10% RSD). The method was found to be adequate for routine analysis of PAHs in the vegetable oils evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Alves da Silva
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo - USP, Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, CEP 01246-904 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Geni Rodrigues Sampaio
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo - USP, Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, CEP 01246-904 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Almeida APD, Lamardo LCA, Shundo L, Silva SAD, Navas SA, Alaburda J, Ruvieri V, Sabino M. Occurrence of deoxynivalenol in wheat flour, instant noodle and biscuits commercialised in Brazil. Food Addit Contam Part B Surveill 2016; 9:251-255. [PMID: 27300261 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2016.1195880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A total of 134 samples, consisting of 58 wheat flour, 40 instant noodle and 36 biscuits, were analysed for the presence of deoxynivalenol (DON). The samples were obtained from retail markets of the city of São Paulo during the period 2010-2014. DON was determined by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection and immunoaffinity sample clean-up. Method validation followed international guidelines. The LOD and LOQ were 60 and 200 µg kg-1, respectively, considering the three different types of samples analysed. The lowest recovery found in this study was 91.8% with RSD 4.5% for instant noodles. DON was detected in 91.4%, 97.5% and 97.2% of samples wheat flour, instant noodles and biscuits, respectively, resulting in a total of 94.8% with levels ranging from LOD to 1720.0 µg kg-1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luzia Shundo
- a Núcleo de Contaminantes Orgânicos , Instituto Adolfo Lutz , São Paulo , Brazil
| | | | | | - Janete Alaburda
- c Centro de Contaminantes , Instituto Adolfo Lutz , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Valter Ruvieri
- a Núcleo de Contaminantes Orgânicos , Instituto Adolfo Lutz , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Myrna Sabino
- a Núcleo de Contaminantes Orgânicos , Instituto Adolfo Lutz , São Paulo , Brazil
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Hirashima K, Silva SAD, Caruso MSF, Aued-Pimentel S. Encapsulated specialty oils commercialized in São Paulo state, Brazil: evaluation of identity (fatty acid profile) and compliance of fatty acids and Vitamin E contents with nutrition labeling. Food Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0101-20612013005000022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Encapsulated specialty oils commercialized in São Paulo state, Brazil, were evaluated for their identity (fatty acids profile) and compliance with nutrition labeling (fatty acids and Vitamin E (alpha tocopherol) contents). Twenty one samples [flaxseed oil (6), evening primrose (5), safflower (8), borage (1), and black currant (1)] purchased from local markets or collected by the health surveillance agency were analyzed. The fatty acids and vitamin E contents were analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector and liquid chromatography with UV detector, respectively. Nine samples were adulterated (5 samples of safflower oil, 3 of flaxseed oil, and one of evening primrose). Among them, 3 flaxseed and 2 safflower oil samples were probably adulterated by the addition of soybean oil. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was found in two safflower oils samples although the sale of oils with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is not permitted by the National Health Surveillance Agency in Brazil (ANVISA). Only two samples presented all values in compliance with nutrition labeling (one safflower oil sample and one borage oil sample). The results show that a continuous monitoring of encapsulated specialty oils commercialized in Brazil is necessary including a greater number of samples and sanitary surveillance.
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Kus MMM, Silva SAD, Aued-Pimentel S, Mancini-Filho J. Informação nutricional de fórmulas infantis comercializadas no Estado de São Paulo: avaliação dos teores de lipídeos e ácidos graxos. REV NUTR 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-52732011000200002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJETIVO: Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a informação nutricional fornecida pelos fabricantes de fórmulas infantis, comparando-as quanto aos teores obtidos na análise, ao conteúdo de lipídeos, ácidos graxos saturados, ácidos graxos trans, ácido linoleico, ácido alfa-linolênico, ácido araquidônico e ácido docosahexaenoico. MÉTODOS: Foram analisadas 14 amostras de seis marcas diferentes de fórmulas infantis comercializadas no Estado de São Paulo. A extração e a quantificação dos lipídeos foram realizadas pelo método oficial (Roese Gottlieb), e a quantificação dos ácidos graxos, pela cromatografia em fase gasosa pelo método de adição de padrão interno. As análises foram realizadas em triplicata. RESULTADOS: De acordo com os resultados, todas as amostras estavam em conformidade com a rotulagem para gordura total, uma estava em desacordo para ácidos graxos saturados, seis para ácidos graxos trans, quatro para ácido linoleico, dez para ácido alfa-linolênico, dois para ácido araquidônico e três para o ácido docosahexaenoico. As fórmulas infantis para lactentes de zero a seis meses foram as que revelaram as maiores diferenças em relação à informação nutricional fornecida pelo fabricante. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados obtidos apontam a necessidade de um contínuo monitoramento desses produtos por meio de programas de vigilância sanitária, uma vez que a inadequação dos nutrientes da fração lipídica e outros pode afetar de maneira significativa o desenvolvimento infantil.
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Silva SAD, Oliveira DJD, Jaques MJN, Araújo RCD. Efeito da crioterapia e termoterapia associados ao alongamento estático na flexibilidade dos músculos isquiotibiais. Motricidade 2010. [DOI: 10.6063/motricidade.6(4).138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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