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Zakharova LY, Pashirova TN, Doktorovova S, Fernandes AR, Sanchez-Lopez E, Silva AM, Souto SB, Souto EB. Cationic Surfactants: Self-Assembly, Structure-Activity Correlation and Their Biological Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5534. [PMID: 31698783 PMCID: PMC6888607 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of biotechnological protocols based on cationic surfactants is a modern trend focusing on the fabrication of antimicrobial and bioimaging agents, supramolecular catalysts, stabilizers of nanoparticles, and especially drug and gene nanocarriers. The main emphasis given to the design of novel ecologically friendly and biocompatible cationic surfactants makes it possible to avoid the drawbacks of nanoformulations preventing their entry to clinical trials. To solve the problem of toxicity various ways are proposed, including the use of mixed composition with nontoxic nonionic surfactants and/or hydrotropic agents, design of amphiphilic compounds bearing natural or cleavable fragments. Essential advantages of cationic surfactants are the structural diversity of their head groups allowing of chemical modification and introduction of desirable moiety to answer the green chemistry criteria. The latter can be exemplified by the design of novel families of ecological friendly cleavable surfactants, with improved biodegradability, amphiphiles with natural fragments, and geminis with low aggregation threshold. Importantly, the development of amphiphilic nanocarriers for drug delivery allows understanding the correlation between the chemical structure of surfactants, their aggregation behavior, and their functional activity. This review focuses on several aspects related to the synthesis of innovative cationic surfactants and their broad biological applications including antimicrobial activity, solubilization of hydrophobic drugs, complexation with DNA, and catalytic effect toward important biochemical reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Ya. Zakharova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8, ul. Arbuzov, Kazan 420088, Russia; (L.Y.Z.); (T.N.P.)
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kazan State Technological University, ul. Karla Marksa 68, Kazan 420015, Russia
| | - Tatiana N. Pashirova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8, ul. Arbuzov, Kazan 420088, Russia; (L.Y.Z.); (T.N.P.)
| | - Slavomira Doktorovova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (S.D.); (A.R.F.); (E.S.-L.)
| | - Ana R. Fernandes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (S.D.); (A.R.F.); (E.S.-L.)
| | - Elena Sanchez-Lopez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (S.D.); (A.R.F.); (E.S.-L.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Networking Research Centre of Neurodegenerative Disease (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Juan Carlos III, 28702 Madrid, Spain
| | - Amélia M. Silva
- Department of Biology and Environment, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Selma B. Souto
- Department of Endocrinology of S. João Hospital, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200–319 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Eliana B. Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (S.D.); (A.R.F.); (E.S.-L.)
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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Souto EB, Doktorovova S, Zielinska A, Silva AM. Key production parameters for the development of solid lipid nanoparticles by high shear homogenization. Pharm Dev Technol 2019; 24:1181-1185. [DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2019.1647235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eliana B. Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Coimbra, Portugal
- CEB – Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Slavomira Doktorovova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Biology and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Aleksandra Zielinska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Amélia M. Silva
- Department of Biology and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
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Souto EB, Doktorovova S, Campos JR, Martins-Lopes P, Silva AM. Surface-tailored anti-HER2/neu-solid lipid nanoparticles for site-specific targeting MCF-7 and BT-474 breast cancer cells. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 128:27-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Doktorovova S, Souto EB, Silva AM. Hansen solubility parameters (HSP) for prescreening formulation of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN): in vitro testing of curcumin-loaded SLN in MCF-7 and BT-474 cell lines. Pharm Dev Technol 2017; 23:96-105. [DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2017.1384491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Slavomira Doktorovova
- Department of Biology and Environment, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, (ECVA, UTAD), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Eliana B. Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Amélia M. Silva
- Department of Biology and Environment, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, (ECVA, UTAD), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (CITAB-UTAD), Vila-Real, Portugal
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Sánchez-López E, Espina M, Doktorovova S, Souto EB, García ML. Lipid nanoparticles (SLN, NLC): Overcoming the anatomical and physiological barriers of the eye - Part I - Barriers and determining factors in ocular delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 110:70-75. [PMID: 27789358 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Ocular drug delivery is still a challenge for researchers in the field of pharmaceutical technology due to anatomical and physiological eye characteristics. The tissue barriers (such as cornea, conjunctiva, blood aqueous barrier, and blood-retinal barrier) limit the access of drugs to their targets. Taking into account the short retention time in the precorneal area of classical ocular dosage forms (e.g. solutions, suspensions or ointments) which are rapidly eliminated by tears and eyelid movement, only less than five percent of the administered drug attains intraocular structures. With the aim to overcome ocular barriers, drug delivery systems, able to increase ocular bioavailability reducing side effects, are recognized as promising alternative. In this review, the main barriers and strategies to increase drug transport in ocular delivery are comprehensively discussed, highlighting the factors involved in ocular transport of SLN and NLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sánchez-López
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Espina
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Doktorovova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Polo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - E B Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Polo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M L García
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Sánchez-López E, Espina M, Doktorovova S, Souto EB, García ML. Lipid nanoparticles (SLN, NLC): Overcoming the anatomical and physiological barriers of the eye - Part II - Ocular drug-loaded lipid nanoparticles. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 110:58-69. [PMID: 27789359 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the recent decades, various controlled delivery systems have been introduced with the aim to improve solubility, stability and bioavailability of poorly absorbed drugs. Among all, lipid nanoparticles gather interesting properties as drug or gene delivery carriers. These systems, composed either of solid lipids (SLN) or of solid and liquid lipids (NLC) stabilized with surfactants, combine the advantages of other colloidal particles such as polymeric nanoparticles, fat emulsions and liposomes avoiding their main disadvantages. Lipid nanoparticles represent an interesting approach for eye drug delivery as they can improve the corneal absorption of drugs enhancing their bioavailability. The Generally Recognized as Safe status of formulation excipients, the scaling-up facilities and the possibility of sterilization, make them suitable for industrial production. In this review, the latest findings, potential applications, and challenges related to the use of lipid nanoparticles for ocular drug delivery are comprehensively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sánchez-López
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Espina
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Doktorovova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Polo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - E B Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Polo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M L García
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Horta S, Agostinho AL, Mateus R, Pereira L, Pereira C, Capinha L, Doktorovova S, Brito A, Videira M. Looking out for cancer stem cells' properties: the value-driving role of CD44 for personalized medicines. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2015; 14:832-49. [PMID: 25386656 DOI: 10.2174/1568009614666141111154713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The expression of CD44 tags cells with stemness-associated properties (cancer initiating cells or cancer stem cells - CSC). This membrane glycoprotein with a cytoplasmic domain indirectly associated with the cellular cytoskeleton, has a crucial role in tumorigenesis. The CD44 receptor enables the cell to respond to changes in tumor microenvironment, promoting several signaling events related to tumor initiation, progression and fixation in distant host tissues. Although the contribution of this transmembrane protein in gene regulation remains unclear, its overexpression in adenocarcinomas, mostly supported by microRNA (miR)-mediated upregulation of target mRNA, is widely accepted. Herein, we gather the evidence that CD44 is one of the most predominant markers of malignant cells and may be found in diverse phenotypes associated with tumor progression. Additionally, CD44 tumor receptors were found to have different roles at a transcriptional level. Thus, innovative therapeutic strategies should rely heavily on its metastasis-promoting ability. Furthermore, the concept of selectively targeting cell sub-populations may be used to develop specific therapeutic and/or diagnostic systems. An approach based on targeting CD44⁺ cells might provide a strategy to design guided-therapeutic systems against multiple malignant cells including putative CSC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mafalda Videira
- Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Lisbon, Intracellular Trafficking Modulation for Advanced Drug Delivery (InTraCell_ADD) research group, iMed.UL - Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Aditya N, Macedo AS, Doktorovova S, Souto EB, Kim S, Chang PS, Ko S. Development and evaluation of lipid nanocarriers for quercetin delivery: A comparative study of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC), and lipid nanoemulsions (LNE). Lebensm Wiss Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2014.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Doktorovova S, Souto EB, Silva AM. Nanotoxicology applied to solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers – A systematic review of in vitro data. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2014; 87:1-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Doktorovova S, Silva AM, Gaivão I, Souto EB, Teixeira JP, Martins-Lopes P. Comet assay reveals no genotoxicity risk of cationic solid lipid nanoparticles. J Appl Toxicol 2013; 34:395-403. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.2961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Slavomira Doktorovova
- Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Genomics and Biotechnology; University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro; 5001-801 Vila-Real Portugal
- Department of Biology and Environment, School of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro; 5001-801 Vila Real Portugal
| | - Amélia M. Silva
- Department of Biology and Environment, School of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro; 5001-801 Vila Real Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences; University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (CITAB-UTAD); 5001-801 Vila-Real Portugal
| | - Isabel Gaivão
- The Veterinary and Animal Research Centre; University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (CECAV-UTAD); 5001-801 Vila Real Portugal
| | - Eliana B. Souto
- Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Genomics and Biotechnology; University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro; 5001-801 Vila-Real Portugal
- Faculty of Health Sciences; Fernando Pessoa University; Rua Carlos da Maia, 296 4200-150 Porto Portugal
| | - João P. Teixeira
- National Health Institute Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA); Rua Alexandre Herculaneo 321 4000-055 Porto Portugal
| | - Paula Martins-Lopes
- Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Genomics and Biotechnology; University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro; 5001-801 Vila-Real Portugal
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Doktorovova S, Shegokar R, Fernandes L, Martins-Lopes P, Silva AM, Müller RH, Souto EB. Trehalose is not a universal solution for solid lipid nanoparticles freeze-drying. Pharm Dev Technol 2013; 19:922-9. [PMID: 24099511 DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2013.840846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To prepare stable and easy to handle formulation of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) by freeze-drying with or without cryoprotectants, as appropriate. MATERIALS AND METHODS SLNs were freeze-dried without cryoprotectants or with cryoprotectants in quantities selected by freeze-thaw test (sucrose, glucose) or literature search (trehalose, maltose). Appearance, re-dispersability and size distribution of re-dispersed samples were evaluated. RESULTS SLN could be freeze-dried using 10% sucrose, trehalose or maltose. Trehalose was effective in protecting one of presented formulations that was already very stable on its own; its efficiency in protecting other two formulations was limited. DISCUSSION Our results are in line with various reports of successful freeze-drying of SLN, but considering the stability of original dispersions, no improvement was achieved. CONCLUSION We confirmed that trehalose is among the most suitable cryoprotectant for SLN, however it did not improve shelf-life of the most stable formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavomira Doktorovova
- Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Genomics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (IBB/CGB-UTAD) , Vila-Real , Portugal
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Doktorovova S, Shegokar R, Rakovsky E, Gonzalez-Mira E, Lopes C, Silva A, Martins-Lopes P, Muller R, Souto E. Cationic solid lipid nanoparticles (cSLN): Structure, stability and DNA binding capacity correlation studies. Int J Pharm 2011; 420:341-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Cardoso RMS, Martins PAT, Gomes F, Doktorovova S, Vaz WLC, Moreno MJ. Chain-length dependence of insertion, desorption, and translocation of a homologous series of 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl-labeled aliphatic amines in membranes. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:10098-108. [PMID: 21749127 DOI: 10.1021/jp203429s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We present a complete characterization of the kinetics of interaction between the homologous series of fluorescent fatty amines with the fluorescent moiety 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl covalently bound to the amine group, NBD-C(n) (n = 8-16), and a lipid bilayer in the liquid disordered phase. The insertion into and the desorption from the lipid bilayer, as well as the rate of translocation across the two bilayer leaflets, has been measured at different temperatures, allowing an estimation of the thermodynamic parameters in the formation of the transition state. This is the first report on the complete characterization of the kinetics of the interaction of a large series of structurally homologous amphiphiles. In a recent paper from this research group, the equilibrium interaction of NBD-C(n) (n = 4-10) with POPC bilayers and serum albumin was reported. This information allows the calculation of the equilibrium distribution of the amphiphiles among the aqueous phase, serum proteins, and biomembranes. The data presented in this manuscript complement its characterization with information on the kinetics of the interactions, making possible the quantitative evaluation of their pharmacokinetics. The rate of translocation is shown to decrease with increasing alkyl chain length up to n = 12, becoming relatively insensitive to further increases in n. The Gibbs free energy variation associated with the rate of desorption from the lipid bilayer increased linearly with n, with ΔΔG(‡o) = 3.4 ± 0.5 kJ mol(-1) per methylene group. It was also found that the process of insertion in the lipid bilayer is not diffusion-limited, although it is close to this limit for the smaller amphiphiles in the homologous series at high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato M S Cardoso
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra (FCTUC), Largo D. Dinis, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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Souto EB, Doktorovova S, Gonzalez-Mira E, Egea MA, Garcia ML. Feasibility of Lipid Nanoparticles for Ocular Delivery of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs. Curr Eye Res 2010; 35:537-52. [DOI: 10.3109/02713681003760168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Abstract
The scientific literature today provides several systems that can deliver active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) across the skin. These include reservoir matrices, matrix diffusion-controlled devices, multiple polymer devices and multilayer matrix assemblies. Among these, nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) have emerged as novel systems composed of physiological lipid materials suitable for topical, dermal and transdermal administration. This review focuses on the design characteristics, production and composition of semi-solid formulations containing NLC as API carriers. One of the useful semi-solid systems are hydrogels, which can be used as vehicles to provide appropriate consistency for NLC formulations to be applied onto the skin. In the present review recent developments in the field are highlighted, including examples of APIs successfully entrapped within NLC now amenable for delivery via the skin. Further innovations in NLC composition and formulation, as well as in semi-solid hydrogel assemblies, are likely to expand the number of APIs available for topical, dermal and transdermal delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavomira Doktorovova
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, Rua Carlos da Maia 296, 4200-15o Porto, Portugal
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