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Ki SM, Jeong HS, Lee JE. Primary Cilia in Glial Cells: An Oasis in the Journey to Overcoming Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:736888. [PMID: 34658775 PMCID: PMC8514955 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.736888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative diseases have been associated with defects in primary cilia, which are cellular organelles involved in diverse cellular processes and homeostasis. Several types of glial cells in both the central and peripheral nervous systems not only support the development and function of neurons but also play significant roles in the mechanisms of neurological disease. Nevertheless, most studies have focused on investigating the role of primary cilia in neurons. Accordingly, the interest of recent studies has expanded to elucidate the role of primary cilia in glial cells. Correspondingly, several reports have added to the growing evidence that most glial cells have primary cilia and that impairment of cilia leads to neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we aimed to understand the regulatory mechanisms of cilia formation and the disease-related functions of cilia, which are common or specific to each glial cell. Moreover, we have paid close attention to the signal transduction and pathological mechanisms mediated by glia cilia in representative neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we expect that this field of research will clarify the mechanisms involved in the formation and function of glial cilia to provide novel insights and ideas for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Mi Ki
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hui Su Jeong
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.,Samsung Medical Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, South Korea
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Ki SM, Kim JH, Won SY, Oh SJ, Lee IY, Bae Y, Chung KW, Choi B, Park B, Choi E, Lee JE. CEP41-mediated ciliary tubulin glutamylation drives angiogenesis through AURKA-dependent deciliation. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e48290. [PMID: 31885126 PMCID: PMC7001496 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201948290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelial cilium is a microtubule-based organelle responsible for blood flow-induced mechanosensation and signal transduction during angiogenesis. The precise function and mechanisms by which ciliary mechanosensation occurs, however, are poorly understood. Although posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of cytoplasmic tubulin are known to be important in angiogenesis, the specific roles of ciliary tubulin PTMs play remain unclear. Here, we report that loss of centrosomal protein 41 (CEP41) results in vascular impairment in human cell lines and zebrafish, implying a previously unknown pro-angiogenic role for CEP41. We show that proper control of tubulin glutamylation by CEP41 is necessary for cilia disassembly and that is involved in endothelial cell (EC) dynamics such as migration and tubulogenesis. We show that in ECs responding to shear stress or hypoxia, CEP41 activates Aurora kinase A (AURKA) and upregulates expression of VEGFA and VEGFR2 through ciliary tubulin glutamylation, as well as leads to the deciliation. We further show that in hypoxia-induced angiogenesis, CEP41 is responsible for the activation of HIF1α to trigger the AURKA-VEGF pathway. Overall, our results suggest the CEP41-HIF1α-AURKA-VEGF axis as a key molecular mechanism of angiogenesis and demonstrate how important ciliary tubulin glutamylation is in mechanosense-responded EC dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Mi Ki
- Department of Health Sciences and TechnologySAIHSTSungkyunkwan UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and TechnologySAIHSTSungkyunkwan UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - So Yeon Won
- Department of Health Sciences and TechnologySAIHSTSungkyunkwan UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Shin Ji Oh
- Department of Health Sciences and TechnologySAIHSTSungkyunkwan UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - In Young Lee
- Laboratory of Cell Death and Human DiseasesDepartment of Life SciencesKorea UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Young‐Ki Bae
- Comparative Biomedicine Research & Tumor Microenvironment Research BranchResearch InstituteNational Cancer CenterGoyangKorea
| | - Ki Wha Chung
- Department of Biological SciencesKongju National UniversityKongjuSouth Korea
| | - Byung‐Ok Choi
- Department of NeurologySungkyunkwan University School of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Boyoun Park
- Department of Systems BiologyCollege of Life Science and BiotechnologyYonsei UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Eui‐Ju Choi
- Laboratory of Cell Death and Human DiseasesDepartment of Life SciencesKorea UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and TechnologySAIHSTSungkyunkwan UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
- Samsung Biomedical Research InstituteSamsung Medical CenterSeoulSouth Korea
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Kim JH, Ki SM, Joung JG, Scott E, Heynen-Genel S, Aza-Blanc P, Kwon CH, Kim J, Gleeson JG, Lee JE. Genome-wide screen identifies novel machineries required for both ciliogenesis and cell cycle arrest upon serum starvation. Biochim Biophys Acta 2016; 1863:1307-18. [PMID: 27033521 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Biogenesis of the primary cilium, a cellular organelle mediating various signaling pathways, is generally coordinated with cell cycle exit/re-entry. Although the dynamic cell cycle-associated profile of the primary cilium has been largely accepted, the mechanism governing the link between ciliogenesis and cell cycle progression has been poorly understood. Using a human genome-wide RNAi screen, we identify genes encoding subunits of the spliceosome and proteasome as novel regulators of ciliogenesis. We demonstrate that 1) the mRNA processing-related hits are essential for RNA expression of molecules acting in cilia disassembly, such as AURKA and PLK1, and 2) the ubiquitin-proteasome systems (UPS)-involved hits are necessary for proteolysis of molecules acting in cilia assembly, such as IFT88 and CPAP. In particular, we show that these screen hit-associated mechanisms are crucial for both cilia assembly and cell cycle arrest in response to serum withdrawal. Finally, our data suggest that the mRNA processing mechanism may modulate the UPS-dependent decay of cilia assembly regulators to control ciliary resorption-coupled cell cycle re-entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, #81 Irwon-Ro Gangnam-Gu, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Mi Ki
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, #81 Irwon-Ro Gangnam-Gu, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Gun Joung
- SGI, Samsung Medical Center, #81 Irwon-Ro Gangnam-Gu, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Eric Scott
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Susanne Heynen-Genel
- High Content Screening and Functional Genomics Core, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Pedro Aza-Blanc
- High Content Screening and Functional Genomics Core, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chang Hyuk Kwon
- SGI, Samsung Medical Center, #81 Irwon-Ro Gangnam-Gu, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Kim
- GSMSE, KAIST, 291 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Joseph G Gleeson
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Ji Eun Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, #81 Irwon-Ro Gangnam-Gu, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea; SGI, Samsung Medical Center, #81 Irwon-Ro Gangnam-Gu, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea.
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Park HJ, Hong YB, Choi YC, Lee J, Kim EJ, Lee JS, Mo WM, Ki SM, Kim HI, Kim HJ, Hyun YS, Hong HD, Nam K, Jung SC, Kim SB, Kim SH, Kim DH, Oh KW, Kim SH, Yoo JH, Lee JE, Chung KW, Choi BO. ADSSL1 mutation relevant to autosomal recessive adolescent onset distal myopathy. Ann Neurol 2015; 79:231-43. [PMID: 26506222 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Distal myopathy is a heterogeneous group of muscle diseases characterized by predominant distal muscle weakness. A study was done to identify the underlying cause of autosomal recessive adolescent onset distal myopathy. METHODS Four patients from 2 unrelated Korean families were evaluated. To isolate the genetic cause, exome sequencing was performed. In vitro and in vivo assays using myoblast cells and zebrafish models were performed to examine the ADSSL1 mutation causing myopathy pathogenesis. RESULTS Patients had an adolescent onset distal myopathy phenotype that included distal dominant weakness, facial muscle weakness, rimmed vacuoles, and mild elevation of serum creatine kinase. Exome sequencing identified completely cosegregating compound heterozygous mutations (p.D304N and p.I350fs) in ADSSL1, which encodes a muscle-specific adenylosuccinate synthase in both families. None of the controls had both mutations, and the mutation sites were located in well-conserved regions. Both the D304N and I350fs mutations in ADSSL1 led to decreased enzymatic activity. The knockdown of the Adssl1 gene significantly inhibited the proliferation of mouse myoblast cells, and the addition of human wild-type ADSSL1 reversed the reduced viability. In an adssl1 knockdown zebrafish model, muscle fibers were severely disrupted, which was evaluated by myosin expression and birefringence. In these conditions, supplementing wild-type ADSSL1 protein reversed the muscle defect. INTERPRETATION We suggest that mutations in ADSSL1 are the novel genetic cause of the autosomal recessive adolescent onset distal myopathy. This study broadens the genetic and clinical spectrum of distal myopathy and will be useful for exact molecular diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Jun Park
- Department of Neurology, Mokdong Hospital, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Bin Hong
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Chul Choi
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jinho Lee
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun Ja Kim
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Su Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Won Min Mo
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soo Mi Ki
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyo In Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye Jin Kim
- Department of Biological Science, Kongju National University, Gongju, South Korea
| | - Young Se Hyun
- Department of Biological Science, Kongju National University, Gongju, South Korea
| | - Hyun Dae Hong
- Department of Biological Science, Kongju National University, Gongju, South Korea
| | - Kisoo Nam
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY
| | - Sung Chul Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Beom Kim
- Department of Neurology, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Kangdong Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Se Hoon Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Deok-Ho Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Ki-Wook Oh
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Kim
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong Hyun Yoo
- Department of Radiology, Mokdong Hospital, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.,Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ki Wha Chung
- Department of Biological Science, Kongju National University, Gongju, South Korea
| | - Byung-Ok Choi
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
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Cyong JC, Ki SM, Iijima K, Kobayashi T, Furuya M. Clinical and pharmacological studies on liver diseases treated with Kampo herbal medicine. Am J Chin Med 2001; 28:351-60. [PMID: 11154048 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x00000416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection frequently causes chronic hepatitis, which is linked to the development of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Most physicians who practice Kampo medicine in Japan have observed that Kampo medicine can be as effective as interferon therapy in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C. In the present study, to evaluate the effect of Kampo medicine on chronic hepatitis C, clinical treatment was assessed in short-term and long-term study, and it was shown that ninjin-yoei-to (Formula ginseng compositae: TJ-108) was very effective. Therefore, to find the most active herbal component of TJ-108 in the treatment of HCV, Citrus Unshiu Peel, Schisandra Fruit, and Polygala Root, which are specific to TJ-108, were screened using an in vitro HCV infection model. Among the three herbs, Schisandra Fruit was found to be most active. In the next step, Gomisin A, an active component of Schisandra Fruit, was studied using an in vitro model with MOLT-4 cells and an animal model of immunologically induced acute hepatic failures. It is concluded that the therapeutic effect of TJ-108 on chronic hepatitis C is from the inhibitory effect on HCV infection, and also from the protective effect on immunological hepatopathy of Schisandra Fruit and its lignan component, Gomisin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Cyong
- Department of Bioregulatory Function, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
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