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Venkataraghavan S, Pankow JS, Boerwinkle E, Fornage M, Selvin E, Ray D. Epigenome-wide association study of incident type 2 diabetes in Black and White participants from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. medRxiv 2023:2023.08.09.23293896. [PMID: 37609313 PMCID: PMC10441493 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.09.23293896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation studies of incident type 2 diabetes in US populations are limited, and to our knowledge none included individuals of African descent living in the US. We performed an epigenome-wide association analysis of blood-based methylation levels at CpG sites with incident type 2 diabetes using Cox regression in 2,091 Black and 1,029 White individuals from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. At an epigenome-wide significance threshold of 10-7, we detected 7 novel diabetes-associated CpG sites in C1orf151 (cg05380846: HR= 0.89, p = 8.4 × 10-12), ZNF2 (cg01585592: HR= 0.88, p = 1.6 × 10-9), JPH3 (cg16696007: HR= 0.87, p = 7.8 × 10-9), GPX6 (cg02793507: HR= 0.85, p = 2.7 × 10-8 and cg00647063: HR= 1.20, p = 2.5 × 10-8), chr17q25 (cg16865890: HR= 0.8, p = 6.9 × 10-8), and chr11p15 (cg13738793: HR= 1.11, p = 7.7 × 10-8). The CpG sites at C1orf151, ZNF2, JPH3 and GPX6, were identified in Black adults, chr17q25 was identified in White adults, and chr11p15 was identified upon meta-analyzing the two groups. The CpG sites at JPH3 and GPX6 were likely associated with incident type 2 diabetes independent of BMI. All the CpG sites, except at JPH3, were likely consequences of elevated glucose at baseline. We additionally replicated known type 2 diabetes-associated CpG sites including cg19693031 at TXNIP, cg00574958 at CPT1A, cg16567056 at PLBC2, cg11024682 at SREBF1, cg08857797 at VPS25, and cg06500161 at ABCG1, 3 of which were replicated in Black adults at the epigenome-wide threshold. We observed modest increase in type 2 diabetes variance explained upon addition of the significantly associated CpG sites to a Cox model that included traditional type 2 diabetes risk factors and fasting glucose (increase from 26.2% to 30.5% in Black adults; increase from 36.9% to 39.4% in White adults). We examined if groups of proximal CpG sites were associated with incident type 2 diabetes using a gene-region specific and a gene-region agnostic differentially methylated region (DMR) analysis. Our DMR analyses revealed several clusters of significant CpG sites, including a DMR consisting of a previously discovered CpG site at ADCY7 and promoter regions of TP63 which were differentially methylated across all race groups. This study illustrates improved discovery of CpG sites/regions by leveraging both individual CpG site and DMR analyses in an unexplored population. Our findings include genes linked to diabetes in experimental studies (e.g., GPX6, JPH3, and TP63), and future gene-specific methylation studies could elucidate the link between genes, environment, and methylation in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sowmya Venkataraghavan
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James S. Pankow
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of American
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- The UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Brown Foundation Institute for Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Selvin
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, & Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Debashree Ray
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Ray D, Loomis SJ, Venkataraghavan S, Tin A, Yu B, Chatterjee N, Selvin E, Duggal P. Characterizing common and rare variations in non-traditional glycemic biomarkers using multivariate approaches on multi-ancestry ARIC study. medRxiv 2023:2023.06.13.23289200. [PMID: 37398180 PMCID: PMC10312851 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.13.23289200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Glycated hemoglobin, fasting glucose, glycated albumin, and fructosamine are biomarkers that reflect different aspects of the glycemic process. Genetic studies of these glycemic biomarkers can shed light on unknown aspects of type 2 diabetes genetics and biology. While there exists several GWAS of glycated hemoglobin and fasting glucose, very few GWAS have focused on glycated albumin or fructosamine. We performed a multi-phenotype GWAS of glycated albumin and fructosamine from 7,395 White and 2,016 Black participants in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study on the common variants from genotyped/imputed data. We found 2 genome-wide significant loci, one mapping to known type 2 diabetes gene (ARAP1/STARD10, p = 2.8 × 10-8) and another mapping to a novel gene (UGT1A, p = 1.4 × 10-8) using multi-omics gene mapping strategies in diabetes-relevant tissues. We identified additional loci that were ancestry-specific (e.g., PRKCA from African ancestry individuals, p = 1.7 × 10-8) and sex-specific (TEX29 locus in males only, p = 3.0 × 10-8). Further, we implemented multi-phenotype gene-burden tests on whole-exome sequence data from 6,590 White and 2,309 Black ARIC participants. Eleven genes across different rare variant aggregation strategies were exome-wide significant only in multi-ancestry analysis. Four out of 11 genes had notable enrichment of rare predicted loss of function variants in African ancestry participants despite smaller sample size. Overall, 8 out of 15 loci/genes were implicated to influence these biomarkers via glycemic pathways. This study illustrates improved locus discovery and potential effector gene discovery by leveraging joint patterns of related biomarkers across entire allele frequency spectrum in multi-ancestry analyses. Most of the loci/genes we identified have not been previously implicated in studies of type 2 diabetes, and future investigation of the loci/genes potentially acting through glycemic pathways may help us better understand risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashree Ray
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Sowmya Venkataraghavan
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Adrienne Tin
- School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | - Bing Yu
- Department of Epidemiology, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX
| | - Nilanjan Chatterjee
- Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Elizabeth Selvin
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, & Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Priya Duggal
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
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Ray D, Venkataraghavan S, Zhang W, Leslie EJ, Hetmanski JB, Weinberg SM, Murray JC, Marazita ML, Ruczinski I, Taub MA, Beaty TH. Pleiotropy method reveals genetic overlap between orofacial clefts at multiple novel loci from GWAS of multi-ethnic trios. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009584. [PMID: 34242216 PMCID: PMC8270211 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on epidemiologic and embryologic patterns, nonsyndromic orofacial clefts- the most common craniofacial birth defects in humans- are commonly categorized into cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) and cleft palate alone (CP), which are traditionally considered to be etiologically distinct. However, some evidence of shared genetic risk in IRF6, GRHL3 and ARHGAP29 regions exists; only FOXE1 has been recognized as significantly associated with both CL/P and CP in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). We used a new statistical approach, PLACO (pleiotropic analysis under composite null), on a combined multi-ethnic GWAS of 2,771 CL/P and 611 CP case-parent trios. At the genome-wide significance threshold of 5 × 10-8, PLACO identified 1 locus in 1q32.2 (IRF6) that appears to increase risk for one OFC subgroup but decrease risk for the other. At a suggestive significance threshold of 10-6, we found 5 more loci with compelling candidate genes having opposite effects on CL/P and CP: 1p36.13 (PAX7), 3q29 (DLG1), 4p13 (LIMCH1), 4q21.1 (SHROOM3) and 17q22 (NOG). Additionally, we replicated the recognized shared locus 9q22.33 (FOXE1), and identified 2 loci in 19p13.12 (RAB8A) and 20q12 (MAFB) that appear to influence risk of both CL/P and CP in the same direction. We found locus-specific effects may vary by racial/ethnic group at these regions of genetic overlap, and failed to find evidence of sex-specific differences. We confirmed shared etiology of the two OFC subtypes comprising CL/P, and additionally found suggestive evidence of differences in their pathogenesis at 2 loci of genetic overlap. Our novel findings include 6 new loci of genetic overlap between CL/P and CP; 3 new loci between pairwise OFC subtypes; and 4 loci not previously implicated in OFCs. Our in-silico validation showed PLACO is robust to subtype-specific effects, and can achieve massive power gains over existing approaches for identifying genetic overlap between disease subtypes. In summary, we found suggestive evidence for new genetic regions and confirmed some recognized OFC genes either exerting shared risk or with opposite effects on risk to OFC subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashree Ray
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DR); (THB)
| | - Sowmya Venkataraghavan
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Wanying Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth J. Leslie
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline B. Hetmanski
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Seth M. Weinberg
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey C. Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Mary L. Marazita
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ingo Ruczinski
- Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Margaret A. Taub
- Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Terri H. Beaty
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DR); (THB)
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Zhang W, Venkataraghavan S, Hetmanski JB, Leslie EJ, Marazita ML, Feingold E, Weinberg SM, Ruczinski I, Taub MA, Scott AF, Ray D, Beaty TH. Detecting Gene-Environment Interaction for Maternal Exposures Using Case-Parent Trios Ascertained Through a Case With Non-Syndromic Orofacial Cleft. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:621018. [PMID: 33937227 PMCID: PMC8085423 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.621018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two large studies of case-parent trios ascertained through a proband with a non-syndromic orofacial cleft (OFC, which includes cleft lip and palate, cleft lip alone, or cleft palate alone) were used to test for possible gene-environment (G × E) interaction between genome-wide markers (both observed and imputed) and self-reported maternal exposure to smoking, alcohol consumption, and multivitamin supplementation during pregnancy. The parent studies were as follows: GENEVA, which included 1,939 case-parent trios recruited largely through treatment centers in Europe, the United States, and Asia, and 1,443 case-parent trios from the Pittsburgh Orofacial Cleft Study (POFC) also ascertained through a proband with an OFC including three major racial/ethnic groups (European, Asian, and Latin American). Exposure rates to these environmental risk factors (maternal smoking, alcohol consumption, and multivitamin supplementation) varied across studies and among racial/ethnic groups, creating substantial differences in power to detect G × E interaction, but the trio design should minimize spurious results due to population stratification. The GENEVA and POFC studies were analyzed separately, and a meta-analysis was conducted across both studies to test for G × E interaction using the 2 df test of gene and G × E interaction and the 1 df test for G × E interaction alone. The 2 df test confirmed effects for several recognized risk genes, suggesting modest G × E effects. This analysis did reveal suggestive evidence for G × Vitamin interaction for CASP9 on 1p36 located about 3 Mb from PAX7, a recognized risk gene. Several regions gave suggestive evidence of G × E interaction in the 1 df test. For example, for G × Smoking interaction, the 1 df test suggested markers in MUSK on 9q31.3 from meta-analysis. Markers near SLCO3A1 also showed suggestive evidence in the 1 df test for G × Alcohol interaction, and rs41117 near RETREG1 (a.k.a. FAM134B) also gave suggestive significance in the meta-analysis of the 1 df test for G × Vitamin interaction. While it remains quite difficult to obtain definitive evidence for G × E interaction in genome-wide studies, perhaps due to small effect sizes of individual genes combined with low exposure rates, this analysis of two large case-parent trio studies argues for considering possible G × E interaction in any comprehensive study of complex and heterogeneous disorders such as OFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanying Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sowmya Venkataraghavan
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jacqueline B. Hetmanski
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Elizabeth J. Leslie
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Mary L. Marazita
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine and Clinical and Translational Science, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Eleanor Feingold
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Seth M. Weinberg
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine and Clinical and Translational Science, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Ingo Ruczinski
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Margaret A. Taub
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alan F. Scott
- Department of Genetic Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Debashree Ray
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Terri H. Beaty
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Ramakrishnan R, Patel MS, Gupte MD, Manickam P, Venkataraghavan S. An institutional outbreak of leptospirosis in Chennai, South India. J Commun Dis 2003; 35:1-8. [PMID: 15239298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of an outbreak of leptospirosis in a nurses' hostel in Chennai presented a challenge to identify and control the source of the outbreak. Sixty-nine residents and staff members were interviewed to assess exposure factors. Blood samples from the acute and convalescent patients were tested with the Microscopic Agglutination Test using the serovars prevalent in Chennai. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was conducted on serum and water samples. Based on preliminary investigation, control measures with standard hygienic measures were instituted. The attack rate was 35%. The epidemic curve suggested continuous or intermittent exposure to infection over a five-week period. Twenty residents (three asymptomatic) developed laboratory confirmed Leptospira icterohemorrhagiae. Residents collected water from an underground storage tank that was filled twice weekly from a mobile water tanker with a bucket on a rope, and the tank was usually left open. PCR tests confirmed the presence of leptospires from this water. Other control measures included cleaning the large backyard with its many stray dogs and rats, chlorinating water supplies, boiling drinking water and health education. No further cases occurred twelve days after implementing control measures. Access to clean water, not only for drinking but also for bathing, brushing and washing is essential to prevent water-borne outbreaks.
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Venkataraghavan S, Rajagopalan V, Srinivasan K. Study of doshic involvement in apasmara (epilepsy) and its utility. Anc Sci Life 1987; 6:138-47. [PMID: 22557563 PMCID: PMC3331419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/1986] [Accepted: 08/28/1986] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
68 cases of epilepsy are studied here for assessing the doshic dominance to understand prognosis with a view to supplement the treatment with some doshahara compounds or drugs. Most of the cases studied or vata or pitta dominant cases, thereby, requiring vatahara or pittahara treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Venkataraghavan
- Indian Institute of Panchakarma, P.O. Cheruthuruthy, Shornur – 679 531, India
| | - V. Rajagopalan
- Dr. A. Lakshmipathi Research Centre for Ayurveda (C. C. R. A. S), V. H. S. Campus, T. T. T. I. (Post), Madras – 600 113, India
| | - Kanchana Srinivasan
- Dr. A. Lakshmipathi Research Centre for Ayurveda (C. C. R. A. S), V. H. S. Campus, T. T. T. I. (Post), Madras – 600 113, India
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Venkataraghavan S, Sunderesan TP, Rajagopalan V, Srinivasn K. Constitutional study of cancer patients - its prognostic and therapeutic scope. Anc Sci Life 1987; 7:110-5. [PMID: 22557598 PMCID: PMC3331388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/1983] [Accepted: 04/20/1987] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
28 patients undergoing treatment for Cancer and 57 normal adults are studied for their Prakriti (constitution and temperature) to find out whether there is any difference in the prakriti pattern of Cancer patients when compared with that of normal volunteers. Pitta dominance is found in the prakriti pattern of Cancer patients followed by Kapha dominance. The prognostic therapeutic utility and scope of the knowledge of prakriti patterns are also discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Venkataraghavan
- Dr. A. Lakshimipathi Research Centre for Ayurveda, V.H.S. Medical Centre Campus TTTI Post, Madras - 600 113, India
| | - T. P. Sunderesan
- Dr. A. Lakshimipathi Research Centre for Ayurveda, V.H.S. Medical Centre Campus TTTI Post, Madras - 600 113, India
| | - V. Rajagopalan
- Dr. A. Lakshimipathi Research Centre for Ayurveda, V.H.S. Medical Centre Campus TTTI Post, Madras - 600 113, India
| | - Kanchana Srinivasn
- Dr. A. Lakshimipathi Research Centre for Ayurveda, V.H.S. Medical Centre Campus TTTI Post, Madras - 600 113, India
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Seshadri C, Shetty BR, Gowri N, Sitaraman R, Revathi R, Venkataraghavan S, Chari MV. Biochemical changes at different levels of parasitaemia in Plasmodium vivax malaria. Indian J Med Res 1983; 77:437-42. [PMID: 6347883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Shetty BR, Seshadri C, Sitaraman R, Rajagopalan V, Janaki K, Venkataraghavan S. Treatment of tropical eosinophilia with an ayurvedic compound - a clinical trial. Anc Sci Life 1983; 2:194-8. [PMID: 22556981 PMCID: PMC3336760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/1982] [Accepted: 11/15/1982] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of an Ayurvedic preparation consisting of Swasakutara, Curcuma longa (Haridra) and Withania somnifera (Asvagandha) is accessed in 12 patients of tropical eosinphilia. The modern control drug Hetrazan is used in another batch of 11 patients for comparison. The Ayurvedic compound causes complete relief of most of the clinical signs and symptoms associated with the disease and reduces E.S.R. significantly. However the drug has no effect on the level of circulating eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Ramakrishna Shetty
- Dr. A. Lakshmipathi Unit for Research in Indian Medicine (C.C.R.A.S) V.H.S. Medical Center, T.T.T.I. Post, Madras – 600 113, India.
| | - C. Seshadri
- Dr. A. Lakshmipathi Unit for Research in Indian Medicine (C.C.R.A.S) V.H.S. Medical Center, T.T.T.I. Post, Madras – 600 113, India.
| | - R. Sitaraman
- Dr. A. Lakshmipathi Unit for Research in Indian Medicine (C.C.R.A.S) V.H.S. Medical Center, T.T.T.I. Post, Madras – 600 113, India.
| | - V. Rajagopalan
- Dr. A. Lakshmipathi Unit for Research in Indian Medicine (C.C.R.A.S) V.H.S. Medical Center, T.T.T.I. Post, Madras – 600 113, India.
| | - K. Janaki
- Dr. A. Lakshmipathi Unit for Research in Indian Medicine (C.C.R.A.S) V.H.S. Medical Center, T.T.T.I. Post, Madras – 600 113, India.
| | - S. Venkataraghavan
- Dr. A. Lakshmipathi Unit for Research in Indian Medicine (C.C.R.A.S) V.H.S. Medical Center, T.T.T.I. Post, Madras – 600 113, India.
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Gowri N, Srinivasn K, Venkataraghavan S. Clinical study of ac-4-an ayurvedic compound preparation as an oral contraceptive. Anc Sci Life 1982; 2:79-83. [PMID: 22556958 PMCID: PMC3336709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/1982] [Accepted: 07/09/1982] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper the contraceptive effect of Ayush AC-4 an ayurvedic compound preparation is assessed. Totally 281 volunteers have been enrolled in the study. Tho menstrual cycles covered by the women ranged from 1-30. Tho result is moderately satisfactory. No toxic symptoms or severe aide-effects were noticed. The authors say that in tho light of the results obtained in this study, it may be desirable and feasible to make this compound preparation acceptablo like the other oral contraceptives.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Gowri
- Dr. A. Lakshimapathi Unit for Research in Indian Medicine (CCRAS) V. H. S. Medical Centre T. T. T. I Post, Madras - 600 113, India
| | - Kanchana Srinivasn
- Dr. A. Lakshimapathi Unit for Research in Indian Medicine (CCRAS) V. H. S. Medical Centre T. T. T. I Post, Madras - 600 113, India
| | - S. Venkataraghavan
- Dr. A. Lakshimapathi Unit for Research in Indian Medicine (CCRAS) V. H. S. Medical Centre T. T. T. I Post, Madras - 600 113, India
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Seshadri C, Shetty BR, Gowri N, Venkataraghavan S, Chari MV. Serum cholesterol and total lipids in Plasmodium vivax malaria--a preliminary study. Indian J Med Res 1981; 74:513-6. [PMID: 7040221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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