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Twilton J, Johnson MR, Sidana V, Franke MC, Bottecchia C, Lehnherr D, Lévesque F, Knapp SMM, Wang L, Gerken JB, Hong CM, Vickery TP, Weisel MD, Strotman NA, Weix DJ, Root TW, Stahl SS. Quinone-mediated hydrogen anode for non-aqueous reductive electrosynthesis. Nature 2023; 623:71-76. [PMID: 37604186 PMCID: PMC10777621 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06534-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical synthesis can provide more sustainable routes to industrial chemicals1-3. Electrosynthetic oxidations may often be performed 'reagent-free', generating hydrogen (H2) derived from the substrate as the sole by-product at the counter electrode. Electrosynthetic reductions, however, require an external source of electrons. Sacrificial metal anodes are commonly used for small-scale applications4, but more sustainable options are needed at larger scale. Anodic water oxidation is an especially appealing option1,5,6, but many reductions require anhydrous, air-free reaction conditions. In such cases, H2 represents an ideal alternative, motivating the growing interest in the electrochemical hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) under non-aqueous conditions7-12. Here we report a mediated H2 anode that achieves indirect electrochemical oxidation of H2 by pairing thermal catalytic hydrogenation of an anthraquinone mediator with electrochemical oxidation of the anthrahydroquinone. This quinone-mediated H2 anode is used to support nickel-catalysed cross-electrophile coupling (XEC), a reaction class gaining widespread adoption in the pharmaceutical industry13-15. Initial validation of this method in small-scale batch reactions is followed by adaptation to a recirculating flow reactor that enables hectogram-scale synthesis of a pharmaceutical intermediate. The mediated H2 anode technology disclosed here offers a general strategy to support H2-driven electrosynthetic reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Twilton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mathew R Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Vinayak Sidana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mareena C Franke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | | | - Spring M M Knapp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Luning Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - James B Gerken
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Cynthia M Hong
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Thomas P Vickery
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Mark D Weisel
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Neil A Strotman
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Daniel J Weix
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Thatcher W Root
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Shannon S Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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Kozack CV, Tereniak SJ, Jaworski JN, Li B, Bruns DL, Knapp SMM, Landis CR, Stahl SS. Benzoquinone Cocatalyst Contributions to DAF/Pd(OAc) 2-Catalyzed Aerobic Allylic Acetoxylation in the Absence and Presence of a Co(salophen) Cocatalyst. ACS Catal 2021; 11:6363-6370. [PMID: 34422447 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Palladium(II)-catalyzed allylic acetoxylation has been the focus of extensive development and investigation. Methods that use molecular oxygen (O2) as the terminal oxidant typically benefit from the use of benzoquinone (BQ) and a transition-metal (TM) cocatalyst, such as Co(salophen), to support oxidation of Pd0 during catalytic turnover. We previously showed that Pd(OAc)2 and 4,5-diazafluoren-9-one (DAF) as an ancillary ligand catalyze allylic oxidation with O2 in the absence of cocatalysts. Herein, we show that BQ enhances DAF/Pd(OAc)2 catalytic activity, nearly matching the performance of reactions that include both BQ and Co(salophen). These observations are complemented by mechanistic studies of DAF/Pd(OAc)2 catalyst systems under three different oxidation conditions: (1) O2 alone, (2) O2 with cocatalytic BQ, and (3) O2 with cocatalytic BQ and Co(salophen). The beneficial effect of BQ in the absence of Co(salophen) is traced to synergistic roles of O2 and BQ, both of which are capable of oxidizing Pd0 to PdII The reaction of O2 generates H2O2 as a byproduct, which can oxidize hydroquinone to quinone in the presence of PdII NMR spectroscopic studies, however, show that hydroquinone is the predominant redox state of the quinone cocatalyst in the absence of Co(salophen), while inclusion of Co(salophen) maintains oxidized quinone throughout the reaction, resulting in better reaction performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin V. Kozack
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Stephen J. Tereniak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jonathan N. Jaworski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Bao Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - David L. Bruns
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Spring M. M. Knapp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Clark R. Landis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Salazar CA, Thompson BJ, Knapp SMM, Myers SR, Stahl SS. Multichannel gas-uptake/evolution reactor for monitoring liquid-phase chemical reactions. Rev Sci Instrum 2021; 92:044103. [PMID: 34243469 PMCID: PMC8051960 DOI: 10.1063/5.0043007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The design of a headspace pressure-monitoring reactor for measuring the uptake/evolution of gas in gas-liquid chemical transformations is described. The reactor features a parallel setup with ten-reactor cells, each featuring a low working volume of 0.2-2 ml, a pressure capacity from 0 to 150 PSIa, and a high sensitivity pressure transducer. The reactor cells are composed of commercially available disposable thick-walled glassware and compact monolithic weld assemblies. The software interface controls the reactor temperature while monitoring pressure in each of the parallel reactor cells. Reactions are easy to set up and yield high-density gas uptake/evolution data. This instrument is especially well suited to acquire quantitative time-course data for reactions with small quantities of gas consumed or produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase A. Salazar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53719, USA
| | - Blaise J. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53719, USA
| | - Spring M. M. Knapp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53719, USA
| | - Steven R. Myers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53719, USA
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53719, USA
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Beach NJ, Knapp SMM, Landis CR. A reactor for high-throughput high-pressure nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Rev Sci Instrum 2015; 86:104101. [PMID: 26520969 DOI: 10.1063/1.4932676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The design of a reactor for operando nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) monitoring of high-pressure gas-liquid reactions is described. The Wisconsin High Pressure NMR Reactor (WiHP-NMRR) design comprises four modules: a sapphire NMR tube with titanium tube holder rated for pressures as high as 1000 psig (68 atm) and temperatures ranging from -90 to 90 °C, a gas circulation system that maintains equilibrium concentrations of dissolved gases during gas-consuming or gas-releasing reactions, a liquid injection apparatus that is capable of adding measured amounts of solutions to the reactor under high pressure conditions, and a rapid wash system that enables the reactor to be cleaned without removal from the NMR instrument. The WiHP-NMRR is compatible with commercial 10 mm NMR probes. Reactions performed in the WiHP-NMRR yield high quality, information-rich, and multinuclear NMR data over the entire reaction time course with rapid experimental turnaround.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Beach
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53719, USA
| | - S M M Knapp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53719, USA
| | - C R Landis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53719, USA
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Knapp SMM, Zakharov LN, Tyler DR. Dichlorido(η(6)-p-cymene)(eth-oxy-diphenyl-phosphane)ruthenium(II). Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2012; 68:m1465. [PMID: 23468692 PMCID: PMC3588727 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536812045461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The title compound, [RuCl2(C10H14)(C14H15OP)], is an RuII complex in which an η6-p-cymene ligand, two chloride anions and the P atom of an ethoxydiphenylphosphane ligand form a piano-stool coordination environment about the central RuII atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spring M M Knapp
- Department of Chemistry, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, USA
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