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McCauley SR, Clark SD, Leach SB, Quest BW, Streeter RM. Evaluation of taurine and carnitine concentrations in whole blood, plasma, skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle in dogs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2024. [PMID: 38432690 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Little is known about how plasma and whole blood taurine and plasma carnitine correlate to concentrations in skeletal and cardiac muscle and the effects of diet in dogs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation among plasma, skeletal and cardiac muscle carnitine and taurine and whole blood taurine and determine the effect of diet. The study protocol was approved by the Pet Food Solutions Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Thirty-three mixed-breed hounds and 32 beagles were evaluated at Day 0 then removed from their baseline diet and randomized to a test diet: high animal protein, grain-inclusive (HA-GI), low animal protein, grain-free (LA-GF), low animal protein, grain-inclusive (LA-GI), or high animal protein, grain-free (HA-GF). Blood was drawn every 30 days and endomyocardial (mixed breeds only) and skeletal muscle biopsies were collected at Days 0 and 180. The correlations between plasma and whole blood taurine, or plasma carnitine and skeletal and cardiac muscle concentrations were weak (p < 0.01-0.05). Mixed-breed hounds had increased (p = 0.029) whole blood taurine compared to beagles. Plasma taurine was lower with diet HA-GF, (p = 0.009) however, all diets had increased taurine from Day 0 and were, on average within the laboratory reference range. Dogs fed the HA-GI diet had increased cardiac muscle carnitine esters (p = 0.014). Increased carnitine esters were also appreciated in cardiac muscle in all diets from Day 0 to 180 (p = 0.0001). On Day 180 mixed-breed hounds had increased skeletal total carnitine (p < 0.001) compared to all time points and breeds. This study observed no correlation between plasma, whole blood, skeletal and cardiac muscle taurine concentrations but noted some effects between time, breed and diet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stacey B Leach
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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Axiak‐Bechtel SM, Leach SB, Newton‐Northup JR, Milner RJ, Fox‐Alvarez SA, Fagman LI, Young KA, Tate DJ, Wright ZM, Chretin JD, Allen JW, Yoshimoto SK, Selting KA, Flesner BK, White CR, Mills T, Aherne M, Bergman PJ, Qi L, Gruber KA, Callahan MF. Safety of TCMCB07, a melanocortin-4 antagonist peptide, in dogs with naturally occurring cachexia. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:2344-2355. [PMID: 37897303 PMCID: PMC10658582 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The melanocortin 4 antagonist TCMCB07 is safe and effective in reversing cachexia caused by sepsis or cancer in rodents. The safety and pharmacokinetics of TCMCB07 are demonstrated in healthy beagle dogs. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to investigate the safety, peak plasma concentrations, and potential for efficacy of TCMCB07 in pet dogs with naturally occurring cachexia over a 4-week time period. ANIMALS Fourteen dogs with cachexia of any underlying cause, except cancer of the oral cavity or gastrointestinal tract, were eligible for enrollment with informed client consent. METHODS This study was a prospective, 1-armed open-label trial. Physical examination, complete blood count, chemistry panel, and owner-assessed quality of life surveys were checked at weeks 1, 2, and 4. Due to potential for bradycardia and hypotension, Holter monitoring and blood pressure evaluations were scheduled at pre-enrollment and week 4. RESULTS Fourteen dogs completed the trial. Significant changes detected included increased mean body weight (18.6-19.5 kg, P < .02), increased body condition score (median Tufts 5-point thin dog scale score P < .004 and WSAVA muscle condition score P < .02) and increased mean blood urea nitrogen (21.79-30.43 mg dL-1 , P < .004). On quality of life surveys, pet owners perceived their dog appeared to be panting less (P < .002) and that the general health improved (P < .03). Four dogs had a change in coat pigmentation. The peak plasma concentration of TCMCB07 in cachectic dogs was similar to that in healthy beagle dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE TCMCB07 was safe and has potential efficacy in pet dogs with cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stacey B. Leach
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | | | - Rowan J. Milner
- Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Stacey A. Fox‐Alvarez
- Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Lana I. Fagman
- Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Kaylee A. Young
- Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Deborah J. Tate
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | | | - John D. Chretin
- VCA West Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Present address:
VCA Veterinary Specialists of the ValleyWoodland HillsCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Sean K. Yoshimoto
- VCA West Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Present address:
VCA Animal Specialty and Emergency CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Kimberly A. Selting
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Present address:
Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Illinois Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
| | - Brian K. Flesner
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Present address:
Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Carrie R. White
- VCA Family and Oahu Veterinary Specialty CenterPearl CityHawaiiUSA
| | - Tracy Mills
- VCA Clinical StudiesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Michael Aherne
- Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | | | - LeAnn Qi
- TCI Peptide TherapeuticsColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Kenneth A. Gruber
- TCI Peptide TherapeuticsColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Department of Medical Pharmacology & Physiology and the Dalton Cardiovascular Research CenterUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Michael F. Callahan
- Department of Medical Pharmacology & Physiology and the Dalton Cardiovascular Research CenterUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
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Martin EA, Solomon JA, Karnia JJ, Leach SB. Budd-Chiari-like syndrome in a dog secondary to a gunshot wound treated with balloon angioplasty and endovascular stent placement. J Vet Cardiol 2023; 48:46-53. [PMID: 37433242 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
A 6-year-old female spayed Chihuahua mix presented with chronic recurrent ascites. Computed tomographic angiography revealed an isolated stenosis of the caudal vena cava secondary to a metallic foreign body, resulting in Budd-Chiari-like syndrome. Balloon angioplasty and endovascular stent placement successfully resolved the obstruction with long-term resolution of ascites.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Martin
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 1600 East Rollins, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - J A Solomon
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - J J Karnia
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 1600 East Rollins, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - S B Leach
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 1600 East Rollins, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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Morey AGN, Lamb KE, Karnia JJ, Wiggen KE, Lyons BM, Nafe LA, Leach SB. N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide, cardiac troponin-I, and point-of-care ultrasound in dogs with cardiac and noncardiac causes of nonhemorrhagic ascites. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:900-909. [PMID: 37060291 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonhemorrhagic ascites (NHA) can be caused by cardiac diseases (cNHA) and noncardiac diseases (ncNHA). N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), cardiac troponin-I (cTnI), and point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) may differentiate between cNHA and ncNHA. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES We compared NT-proBNP and cTnI concentrations as well as POCUS findings in dogs presented with cNHA and ncNHA. ANIMALS Dogs (n = 60) were enrolled based on identification of NHA with an effusion packed cell volume < 10%. METHODS Blood samples were collected and POCUS was performed on all dogs. Dogs were diagnosed with cNHA (n = 28) or ncNHA (n = 32) based on echocardiography. The cNHA group was subdivided into cardiac non-pericardial disease (n = 17) and pericardial disease (n = 11). RESULTS The NT-proBNP concentration (median; range pmol/L) was significantly higher in the cNHA group (4510; 250-10 000) compared to the ncNHA group (739.5; 250-10 000; P = .01), with a sensitivity of 53.8% and specificity of 85.7% using a cut-off of 4092 pmol/L. The NT-proBNP concentrations were significantly higher in the cardiac non-pericardial disease group (8339; 282-10 000) compared with the pericardial disease group (692.5; 250-4928; P = .002). A significant difference in cTnI concentration (median; range ng/L) between the cNHA group (300; 23-112 612) and ncNHA group (181; 17-37 549) was not detected (P = .41). A significantly higher number of dogs had hepatic venous and caudal vena cava distension in the cNHA group compared to the ncNHA group, respectively (18/28 vs 3/29, P < .0001 and 13/27 vs 2/29, P < .001). Gall bladder wall edema was not significantly different between groups (4/28 vs 3/29, P = .74). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE NT-proBNP concentration and POCUS help distinguish between cNHA and ncNHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice G N Morey
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | | | - James J Karnia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Kelly E Wiggen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Bridget M Lyons
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Laura A Nafe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Stacey B Leach
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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Lim S, Leach SB. ECG of the Month. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:1-4. [PMID: 35482561 DOI: 10.2460/javma.21.01.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stacey B Leach
- 1BluePearl Pet Hospital, New Braunfels, TX.,2Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
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Quest BW, Leach SB, Garimella S, Konie A, Clark SD. Incidence of Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy Diagnosed at Referral Institutes and Grain-Free Pet Food Store Sales: A Retrospective Survey. Front Anim Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2022.846227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is considered a predominantly inherited disease in dogs. Recent reports suggest an increased incidence of DCM in atypical breeds eating grain-free and/or legume-rich diets. Emerging communications have noted that there is an apparent increase in the DCM incidence rate in the United States (US). However, little data regarding the incidence of DCM are currently available. To address the gap in the literature, this project examines the DCM incidence rate, over time, by retrospective polling of veterinary cardiologists across the US. Further, grain-free brick-and-mortar pet food market share data from 2011 to 2019 were presented. Fourteen US hospitals, out of 88 that were contacted to participate, provided all cardiology canine cases and of those, which specifically were diagnosed as DCM cases, for as many years as were available (1–20 years, average 8.1 years). This included a total of 68,297 canine patients evaluated by a cardiologist. Of the hospitals that participated, three provided age and breed data. A Poisson regression analysis revealed a statistically significant positive trend in the Mixed Breed group (P = 0.025, RC = 0.082), indicating that this group of dogs had an increased trend of DCM diagnoses over the past 15 years. However, there was no correlation (P = 0.16) for the Mixed Breed group and grain-free pet food sales data. The average incidence rate of DCM, amongst referral cases seen in the participating hospitals, was 3.90% (range 2.53–5.65%), while grain-free diet sales increased from 2011 to 2019. Nationally, the data did not support a significant change in percent DCM over time, from 2000 to 2019. There was no significant correlation between the national DCM incidence rate or the individual breed groups (P>0.05) in relation to the grain-free pet food sales. However, additional studies are necessary to understand whether regional factors contribute to increased DCM incidence rates within smaller cohorts.
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Townsend KS, Johnson PJ, LaCarrubba AM, Leach SB, Zinn MM, Kim DY, Johnson GC. Pathology in Practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 259:1-4. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.19.07.0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In collaboration with the American College of Veterinary Pathologists
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Affiliation(s)
- Kile S. Townsend
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Philip J. Johnson
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Alison M. LaCarrubba
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Stacey B. Leach
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Michael M. Zinn
- Department of Surgery and Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Dae Young Kim
- Department of Surgery and Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Gayle C. Johnson
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
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Funk LL, Rodriguez KT, Leach SB. Balloon valvuloplasty in 2 juvenile alpacas with severe valvular pulmonic stenosis. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:2069-2074. [PMID: 34101907 PMCID: PMC8295714 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Two juvenile alpacas, 1 male and 1 female, were presented for evaluation of grade V/VI bilateral basilar systolic heart murmurs. Both animals were ultimately diagnosed with severe valvular pulmonic stenosis and a small ventricular septal defect. Transvenous balloon valvuloplasty was performed in each animal using methods described in the dog. A double balloon technique was employed in the first case, with a balloon‐annulus ratio of ~1.55. For the second case, a high‐pressure dilatation balloon catheter with a balloon‐annulus ratio of ~1.33 was selected. Experience with both procedures indicates that balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty is technically feasible in alpacas using techniques extrapolated from those used in dogs. Furthermore, accepted criteria for procedural success were fulfilled for both alpacas, with more than a 50% reduction in the echocardiographically derived transpulmonic pressure gradient after intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan L Funk
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Health Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Kiira T Rodriguez
- University of Tennessee Veterinary Medical Center, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Stacey B Leach
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Health Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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Leach SB, Briggs M, Hansen L, Johnson GS. Prevalence, geographic distribution, and impact on lifespan of a dilated cardiomyopathy-associated RNA-binding motif protein 20 variant in genotyped dogs. J Vet Cardiol 2021; 40:119-125. [PMID: 34144877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The study objectives were to determine the prevalence and geographic distribution of a dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)-associated RNA-binding motif protein 20 (RBM20) variant in canine DNA samples submitted for testing and to evaluate the influence of the genotype on cardiac phenotype and lifespan. ANIMALS Samples from 2136 dogs including 1834 Standard Schnauzers (SSNZ), 266 Giant Schnauzers (GSNZ), and 36 dogs of other breeds. METHODS The University of Missouri Canine Genetics Laboratory's sample-accession spreadsheet and Orthopedic Foundation for Animals' database were retrospectively reviewed for samples submitted for RBM20 genotyping from November, 2013, through May, 2018. Data analyzed included breed, date of birth, RBM20 genotype (homozygous wild-type, heterozygous variant [HET], or homozygous variant [HOM]), geographic origin of submission, pedigree, cardiac phenotype, and date of death or current age if alive. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The RBM20 variant was only detected in SSNZ and GSNZ. A total of 389 SSNZ were variant-positive (prevalence = 21.2%), with 361 HET (19.7%) and 28 HOM (1.5%). Of the HOM SSNZ, DCM was confirmed in 26 of 28 (92.9%), with the remainder lost to follow-up. The median lifespan of HOM SSNZ (3.06 years) was significantly shorter than that for HET (15.11 years) and wild-type (15.18 years) SSNZ. Twenty-six GSNZ were variant-positive (prevalence = 9.8%), with 23 HET (8.6%) and three HOM (1.1%). Nine GSNZ belonged to one family, including the three HOM GSNZ that all had DCM. CONCLUSIONS The HOM genotype is associated with DCM and premature death in SSNZ and GSNZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Leach
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 1600 East Rollins, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
| | - M Briggs
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 1600 East Rollins, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - L Hansen
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Connaway Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - G S Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Connaway Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
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Axiak‐Bechtel SM, Leach SB, Scholten DG, Newton‐Northup JR, Johnson BJ, Durham HE, Gruber KA, Callahan MF. Pharmacokinetics and safety of TCMCB07, a melanocortin-4 antagonist peptide in dogs. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00777. [PMID: 34014033 PMCID: PMC8135083 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) antagonistic peptide TCMCB07 was developed for the treatment of cachexia. The objectives of this study were to examine pharmacokinetics and safety of TCMCB07 administered subcutaneously to healthy dogs. Dogs were treated with high- (2.25 mg kg-1 ) (n = 5) and low-dose TCMCB07 (0.75 mg kg-1 ) (n = 5) once daily for 28 days with a 14-day washout period between groups. Histamine levels, complete blood count, chemistry panel, blood pressure, 24-hour Holter recording, and pharmacokinetic parameters were monitored in the high-dose group. Physical examination changes were limited to weight gain and darkening of the coat color. There was no elevation of plasma histamine within 24 hours of injection but there was a significant elevation of plasma histamine across time. An approximately doubled eosinophil count and an approximately 25% increase, and then 25% decrease back to pre-treatment plasma phosphorous were also found, although both remained within the reference interval. Serial blood pressure and 24-hour Holter monitors revealed no clinically relevant changes. A difference was found in the AUC between dosing groups and a significant effect of dose, time, and interaction was noted for Vd . Low-dose TCMCB07 had a Cmax of 2.1 ug ml-1 at day 28, compared to high-dose TCMCB07 which had a Cmax 3.6 ug ml-1 at day 28. Once-daily subcutaneous administration of TCMCB07 was well-tolerated for up to 28 days in dogs when administered at doses one and three times (0.75 mg kg-1 and 2.25 mg kg-1 ) the predicted therapeutic dose and pharmacokinetic parameters are described. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) antagonistic peptide TCMCB07 is safe at both low and high doses in dogs. Therapy was tolerated well as determined by physical examination, clinical pathology, and cardiovascular parameters; darkening of the coat was noted with treatment and resolved with discontinuation. Pharmacokinetics are described and further study in the naturally occurring canine model is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M. Axiak‐Bechtel
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMOUSA
- Present address:
Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Stacey B. Leach
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMOUSA
| | - David G. Scholten
- TCI Peptide TherapeuticsColumbiaMOUSA
- Present address:
Department of PharmacologyFainberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoILUSA
| | | | - Brendan J. Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMOUSA
- TCI Peptide TherapeuticsColumbiaMOUSA
- Present address:
Wake Forest School of MedicineBowman Gray Center for Medical EducationWinston‐SalemNCUSA
| | - H. E. Durham
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMOUSA
- Present address:
Southwest Florida Veterinary SpecialistsBonita SpringsFLUSA
| | - Kenneth A. Gruber
- TCI Peptide TherapeuticsColumbiaMOUSA
- Department of Medical Pharmacology & Physiology and the Dalton Cardiovascular Research CenterUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMOUSA
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Liu B, Leach SB, Pan W, Zheng F, Jia L, Zhou X, Li J. Preliminary Outcome of a Novel Edge-to-Edge Closure Device to Manage Mitral Regurgitation in Dogs. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:597879. [PMID: 33392290 PMCID: PMC7773927 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.597879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Veterinary management of mitral valve regurgitation due to mxyomatous valve disease in dogs is limited to medical treatments, which only postpones the onset of congestive heart failure or alleviates clinical symptoms. Most surgical procedures to manage this condition in humans require cardiopulmonary bypass and have a high risk of complications. Animals: Eight dogs with naturally occurring mitral valve regurgitation. Methods: Prospective observational study. All dogs were treated with a novel edge-to-edge transcatheter device named ValveClamp. The total surgical procedural time and total catheterization time were recorded. Echocardiographic variables measured pre- and post-procedure were compared using Wilcoxin-signed rank test with a P < 0.05 considered significant. Data were expressed as median and interquartile range and absolute numbers and percentages. Results: The procedural success rate was 100% and all the dogs survived without complications. The median (interquartile range) total surgical procedural time was 86.5 (76–96.2) minutes and catheterization time was 23.5 (22–33.8) minutes. Echocardiography revealed a significant reduction in mitral regurgitation severity in all dogs following the procedure based on both a reduced mitral regurgitant maximum jet area (P = 0.012) and a reduced mitral regurgitant maximum jet area to left atrial area (P = 0.018). Conclusion: The ValveClamp device is effective at reducing the severity of mitral regurgitation in dogs with naturally occurring myxomatous valve disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Stacey B Leach
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Wenzhi Pan
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangyu Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Liujun Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pre-Clinic Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, Fuwai Hospital National Cardiovascular Centre, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xueying Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Wiggen KE, Leach SB. What Is Your Diagnosis? J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 254:1155-1157. [PMID: 31039094 DOI: 10.2460/javma.254.10.1155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Jaffey JA, Wiggen K, Leach SB, Masseau I, Girens RE, Reinero CR. Pulmonary hypertension secondary to respiratory disease and/or hypoxia in dogs: Clinical features, diagnostic testing and survival. Vet J 2019; 251:105347. [PMID: 31492386 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.105347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is associated with substantial morbidity and if untreated, mortality. The human classification of PH is based on pathological, hemodynamic characteristics, and therapeutic approaches. Despite being a leading cause of PH, little is known about dogs with respiratory disease and/or hypoxia (RD/H)-associated PH. Therefore, our objectives were to retrospectively describe clinical features, diagnostic evaluations, final diagnoses and identify prognostic variables in dogs with RD/H and PH. In 47 dogs identified with RD/H and PH, chronic airway obstructive disorders, bronchiectasis, bronchiolar disease, emphysema, pulmonary fibrosis, neoplasia and other parenchymal disorders were identified using thoracic radiography, computed tomography, fluoroscopy, tracheobronchoscopy, bronchoalveolar lavage, and histopathology. PH was diagnosed using transthoracic echocardiography. Overall median survival was 276.0 days (SE, 95% CI; 216, 0-699 days). Dogs with an estimated systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (sPAP) ≥47mmHg (n=21; 9 days; 95% CI, 0-85 days) had significantly shorter survival times than those <47mmHg (n=16; P=0.001). Estimated sPAP at a cutoff of ≥47mmHg was a fair predictor of non-survival with sensitivity of 0.78 (95% CI, 0.52-0.94) and specificity of 0.63 (95% CI, 0.38-0.84). Phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitor administration was the sole independent predictor of survival in a multivariable analysis (hazard ratio: 4.0, P=0.02). Canine PH is present in a diverse spectrum of respiratory diseases, most commonly obstructive disorders. Similar to people, severity of PH is prognostic in dogs with RD/H and PDE5 inhibition could be a viable therapy to improve outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Jaffey
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Health Center, University of Missouri, 900 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - K Wiggen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Health Center, University of Missouri, 900 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - S B Leach
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Health Center, University of Missouri, 900 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - I Masseau
- Department of Science Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Canada
| | - R E Girens
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Health Center, University of Missouri, 900 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - C R Reinero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Health Center, University of Missouri, 900 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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Jaffey JA, Leach SB, Kong LR, Wiggen KE, Bender SB, Reinero CR. Clinical efficacy of tadalafil compared to sildenafil in treatment of moderate to severe canine pulmonary hypertension: a pilot study. J Vet Cardiol 2019; 24:7-19. [PMID: 31405557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Canine pulmonary hypertension (PH) is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Tadalafil, a phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor used commonly in humans with PH, has not been evaluated in a clinical trial in dogs with naturally occurring PH. Our objectives were to compare the efficacy of tadalafil and sildenafil on PH assessed by peak tricuspid regurgitant flow velocity, estimated systolic pulmonary arterial pressure gradient, voluntary activity, quality of life, and safety profiles in dogs with moderate to severe PH. ANIMALS Twenty-three dogs with echocardiographic evidence of moderate to severe PH were enrolled. METHODS A prospective short-term, randomized, double-blinded pilot study was carried out. Dogs with PH were randomly allocated to receive sildenafil or tadalafil for 2 weeks and assessed via echocardiography, activity monitors, and owner-reported outcomes. RESULTS Collectively, phosphodiesterase-5 inhibition significantly decreased (improved) quality of life scores (p = 0.003) and visual analog score (p = 0.024) without significant between-treatment difference of these variables. Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibition did not significantly affect peak tricuspid regurgitant flow velocity (p = 0.056) or voluntary activity (p = 0.27). A total of 33% (7/21) of dogs experienced at least one adverse event during the study (tadalafil, n = 5; sildenafil, n = 2) with no significant difference between treatment type and incidence of adverse events (p = 0.36). DISCUSSION In this pilot study, phosphodiesterase-5 inhibition led to apparent improvement in quality of life scores without documenting superiority of tadalafil over sildenafil. CONCLUSION Tadalafil at a dose of 2 mg/kg once daily appears to be a viable alternative to sildenafil in dogs with moderate to severe PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Jaffey
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Health Center, University of Missouri, 900 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - S B Leach
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Health Center, University of Missouri, 900 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - L R Kong
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Health Center, University of Missouri, 900 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - K E Wiggen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Health Center, University of Missouri, 900 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - S B Bender
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, 1600 E Rollins, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, 134 Research Park Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA; Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, 800 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - C R Reinero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Health Center, University of Missouri, 900 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
The objectives of this study were to determine a breed-specific vertebral heart scale (VHS) range for the dachshund and compare results to the established reference range of 9.7 ± 0.5, calculate inter-observer variability, and correlate VHS with echocardiography. Fifty-one normal dachshunds had radiographs and an echocardiogram performed. Five observers measured VHS to the nearest 0.25 vertebra. The data was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance, Wilcoxon Rank Sum test, Mann-Whitney rank sum test, calculation of reference and confidence intervals, Spearman rank-order correlations, and generation of intra-class correlations and confidence intervals. P < .05 was considered significant. The median for right lateral VHS was significantly larger than left (10.3 [range 9.25–11.55] versus 10.1 [range, 8.7–11.31], p < .0001). VHS for females was significantly larger than for males (left: 10.56 [9.2–11.31] versus 9.74 [8.7–10.88] and right: 10.8 [9.5–11.55] versus 9.99 [9.25–10.8], p = .0002). Observer consistency was high with an intra-class correlation coefficient of 0.95. No significant correlation was found between left atrial echocardiographic parameters and VHS. Results indicate normal dachshunds have a median VHS above the published generic canine reference range, and VHS can be reliably performed by observers with varying degrees of clinical experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Birks
- R. Birks' present affiliation is Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts
- From the University of Missouri Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Deborah M. Fine
- D.M. Fine's present affiliation is Ali'i Veterinary Hospital, Kailua-Kona, Hawaii
- From the University of Missouri Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Stacey B. Leach
- From the University of Missouri Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Sarah E. Clay
- S.E. Clay's present affiliation is Chesapeake Veterinary Cardiology Associates, Louisville, Kentucky
- From the University of Missouri Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Bryan D. Eason
- B.D. Eason's present affiliation is BluePearl Veterinary Partners, St. Tacoma, Washington
- From the University of Missouri Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Lisa G. Britt
- L.G. Britt's present affiliation is All Creatures Teleradiology, LLC, Columbia, Missouri
- From the University of Missouri Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Kenneth E. Lamb
- K.E. Lamb's present affiliation is Lamb Consulting LLC, West Saint Paul, Minnesota
- From the University of Missouri Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is the most common myocardial disorder of dogs, typically affecting large and giant breeds. The purpose of this study was to describe the clinical features of DCM in standard schnauzers. Medical records for 15 standard schnauzers diagnosed with DCM were reviewed. The median age at diagnosis of DCM was 1.6 yr, with all dogs developing left-sided congestive heart failure (CHF). The median age of onset of CHF was 1.6 yr, and was significantly shorter in males (1.5 yr) than for females (2.35 yr). The median survival time after diagnosis of CHF was 22 days, and was shorter in males (13 days) than females (62 days). The occurrence of early onset DCM in multiple closely related standard schnauzers suggests a familial predisposition in this breed. Pedigree analysis confirmed common ancestry for all DCM affected dogs with a most likely autosomal recessive mode of inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W. Harmon
- From the Department of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri (S.B.L., M.W.H.); and Lamb Consulting, West St. Paul, Minnesota (K.E.L.)
| | - Stacey B. Leach
- From the Department of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri (S.B.L., M.W.H.); and Lamb Consulting, West St. Paul, Minnesota (K.E.L.)
| | - Kenneth E. Lamb
- From the Department of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri (S.B.L., M.W.H.); and Lamb Consulting, West St. Paul, Minnesota (K.E.L.)
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiac involvement is a common feature in muscular dystrophies. It presents as heart failure and/or arrhythmia. Traditionally, dystrophic cardiomyopathy is treated with symptom-relieving medications. Identification of disease-causing genes and investigation on pathogenic mechanisms have opened new opportunities to treat dystrophic cardiomyopathy with gene therapy. Replacing/repairing the mutated gene and/or targeting the pathogenic process/mechanisms using alternative genes may attenuate heart disease in muscular dystrophies. AREAS COVERED Duchenne muscular dystrophy is the most common muscular dystrophy. Duchenne cardiomyopathy has been the primary focus of ongoing dystrophic cardiomyopathy gene therapy studies. Here, we use Duchenne cardiomyopathy gene therapy to showcase recent developments and to outline the path forward. We also discuss gene therapy status for cardiomyopathy associated with limb-girdle and congenital muscular dystrophies, and myotonic dystrophy. EXPERT OPINION Gene therapy for dystrophic cardiomyopathy has taken a slow but steady path forward. Preclinical studies over the last decades have addressed many fundamental questions. Adeno-associated virus-mediated gene therapy has significantly improved the outcomes in rodent models of Duchenne and limb girdle muscular dystrophies. Validation of these encouraging results in large animal models will pave the way to future human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongping Yue
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri
| | | | - Stacey B Leach
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri
| | - Timothy L Domeier
- Department of Medical Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri
| | - Dongsheng Duan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri
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Eason BD, Leach SB, Kuroki K. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in a weimaraner. Can Vet J 2015; 56:1035-1039. [PMID: 26483577 PMCID: PMC4572817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) was diagnosed postmortem in a weimaraner dog. Syncope, ventricular arrhythmias, and sudden death in this patient combined with the histopathological fatty tissue infiltration affecting the right ventricular myocardium are consistent with previous reports of ARVC in non-boxer dogs. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy has not been previously reported in weimaraners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D. Eason
- Address all correspondence to Dr. Bryan D. Eason; e-mail:
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Nafe LA, Leach SB. Treatment of feline asthma with ciclosporin in a cat with diabetes mellitus and congestive heart failure. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 17:1073-6. [PMID: 25527351 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x14563342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A 5-year-old domestic shorthair cat that had been previously diagnosed with diabetes mellitus was presented for episodes of coughing and respiratory distress. Diagnostic testing revealed congestive heart failure secondary to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and concurrent asthma. All clinical signs and eosinophilic airway inflammation resolved with oral ciclosporin while the cat was concurrently receiving medications for treatment of heart failure (furosemide and enalapril). Ciclosporin should be considered for treatment of feline asthma in patients with concurrent diseases (eg, diabetes mellitus, severe heart disease) that may contraindicate use of oral glucocorticoid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Nafe
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Stacey B Leach
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Gandolfi B, Daniel RJ, O'Brien DP, Guo LT, Youngs MD, Leach SB, Jones BR, Shelton GD, Lyons LA. A novel mutation in CLCN1 associated with feline myotonia congenita. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109926. [PMID: 25356766 PMCID: PMC4214686 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Myotonia congenita (MC) is a skeletal muscle channelopathy characterized by inability of the muscle to relax following voluntary contraction. Worldwide population prevalence in humans is 1∶100,000. Studies in mice, dogs, humans and goats confirmed myotonia associated with functional defects in chloride channels and mutations in a skeletal muscle chloride channel (CLCN1). CLCN1 encodes for the most abundant chloride channel in the skeletal muscle cell membrane. Five random bred cats from Winnipeg, Canada with MC were examined. All cats had a protruding tongue, limited range of jaw motion and drooling with prominent neck and proximal limb musculature. All cats had blepharospasm upon palpebral reflex testing and a short-strided gait. Electromyograms demonstrated myotonic discharges at a mean frequency of 300 Hz resembling the sound of a ‘swarm of bees’. Muscle histopathology showed hypertrophy of all fiber types. Direct sequencing of CLCN1 revealed a mutation disrupting a donor splice site downstream of exon 16 in only the affected cats. In vitro translation of the mutated protein predicted a premature truncation and partial lack of the highly conserved CBS1 (cystathionine β-synthase) domain critical for ion transport activity and one dimerization domain pivotal in channel formation. Genetic screening of the Winnipeg random bred population of the cats' origin identified carriers of the mutation. A genetic test for population screening is now available and carrier cats from the feral population can be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gandolfi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri – Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Rob J. Daniel
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri – Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Dennis P. O'Brien
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri – Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ling T. Guo
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | | | - Stacey B. Leach
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri – Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Boyd R. Jones
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - G. Diane Shelton
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Leslie A. Lyons
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri – Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D Eason
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Fine DM, Shin JH, Yue Y, Volkmann D, Leach SB, Smith BF, McIntosh M, Duan D. Age-matched comparison reveals early electrocardiography and echocardiography changes in dystrophin-deficient dogs. Neuromuscul Disord 2011; 21:453-61. [PMID: 21570848 PMCID: PMC3298689 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The absence of dystrophin in the heart leads to Duchenne cardiomyopathy. Dystrophin-deficient dogs represent a critical model to translate novel therapies developed in mice to humans. Unfortunately, little is known about cardiophysiology changes in these dogs. We performed prospective electrocardiographic and echocardiographic examinations at 3, 6 and 12 months of age in four normal and three affected dogs obtained from the same litter. Affected dogs showed growth retardation and serum creatine kinase elevation. Necropsy confirmed cardiac dystrophin deficiency and histopathology. Q/R ratio elevation and diastolic left ventricular (LV) internal diameter reduction were the most consistent findings in affected dogs at all ages. At 6 and 12 months, dystrophic dogs also showed significant reduction of PR intervals, LV end diastolic/systolic volumes and systolic LV internal diameters. Epicardial and endocardial slope times were significantly reduced in affected dogs at 12 months. These results establish the baseline for evaluating experimental therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah M. Fine
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jin-Hong Shin
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, The University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Yongping Yue
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, The University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Dietrich Volkmann
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Stacey B. Leach
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Bruce F. Smith
- Scott-Ritchey Research Center and the Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Mark McIntosh
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, The University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Dongsheng Duan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, The University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Leach SB, Fine DM, Schutrumpf RJ, Britt LG, Edward Durham H, Christiansen K. Coil embolization of an aorticopulmonary fistula in a dog. J Vet Cardiol 2010; 12:211-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Leach SB, Coates JR, Nagy J. What is your diagnosis? Occipitoatlantoaxial malformation and spinal cord compression secondary to intervertebral disk degeneration and herniation. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010; 236:955-6. [PMID: 20433392 DOI: 10.2460/javma.236.9.955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stacey B Leach
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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