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Liu Y, Pujals S, Stals PJM, Paulöhrl T, Presolski SI, Meijer EW, Albertazzi L, Palmans ARA. Catalytically Active Single-Chain Polymeric Nanoparticles: Exploring Their Functions in Complex Biological Media. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:3423-3433. [PMID: 29457449 PMCID: PMC5997400 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic single-chain polymeric nanoparticles (SCPNs) are intriguing, bioinspired architectures that result from the collapse or folding of an individual polymer chain into a nanometer-sized particle. Here we present a detailed biophysical study on the behavior of dynamic SCPNs in living cells and an evaluation of their catalytic functionality in such a complex medium. We first developed a number of delivery strategies that allowed the selective localization of SCPNs in different cellular compartments. Live/dead tests showed that the SCPNs were not toxic to cells while spectral imaging revealed that SCPNs provide a structural shielding and reduced the influence from the outer biological media. The ability of SCPNs to act as catalysts in biological media was first assessed by investigating their potential for reactive oxygen species generation. With porphyrins covalently attached to the SCPNs, singlet oxygen was generated upon irradiation with light, inducing spatially controlled cell death. In addition, Cu(I)- and Pd(II)-based SCPNs were prepared and these catalysts were screened in vitro and studied in cellular environments for the carbamate cleavage reaction of rhodamine-based substrates. This is a model reaction for the uncaging of bioactive compounds such as cytotoxic drugs for catalysis-based cancer therapy. We observed that the rate of the deprotection depends on both the organometallic catalysts and the nature of the protective group. The rate reduces from in vitro to the biological environment, indicating a strong influence of biomolecules on catalyst performance. The Cu(I)-based SCPNs in combination with the dimethylpropargyloxycarbonyl protective group showed the best performances both in vitro and in biological environment, making this group promising in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiliu Liu
- Laboratory
for Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and Institute for Complex
Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University
of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sílvia Pujals
- Institute
for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Carrer de Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patrick J. M. Stals
- Laboratory
for Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and Institute for Complex
Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University
of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Paulöhrl
- Laboratory
for Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and Institute for Complex
Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University
of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Stanislav I. Presolski
- Laboratory
for Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and Institute for Complex
Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University
of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - E. W. Meijer
- Laboratory
for Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and Institute for Complex
Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University
of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Albertazzi
- Institute
for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Carrer de Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anja R. A. Palmans
- Laboratory
for Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and Institute for Complex
Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University
of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Liu Y, Pauloehrl T, Presolski SI, Albertazzi L, Palmans ARA, Meijer EW. Modular Synthetic Platform for the Construction of Functional Single-Chain Polymeric Nanoparticles: From Aqueous Catalysis to Photosensitization. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:13096-105. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b08299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiliu Liu
- Institute for Complex Molecular
Systems, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Pauloehrl
- Institute for Complex Molecular
Systems, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Stanislav I. Presolski
- Institute for Complex Molecular
Systems, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Albertazzi
- Institute for Complex Molecular
Systems, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Anja R. A. Palmans
- Institute for Complex Molecular
Systems, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - E. W. Meijer
- Institute for Complex Molecular
Systems, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Presolski SI, van der Weegen R, Wiesfeld JJ, Meijer EW. Efficient Routes to A3B-Type meso-(4-Carboxyphenyl) Porphyrin Derivatives. Org Lett 2014; 16:1864-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol500182z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav I. Presolski
- Institute
for Complex Molecular
Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rob van der Weegen
- Institute
for Complex Molecular
Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jan J. Wiesfeld
- Institute
for Complex Molecular
Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - E. W. Meijer
- Institute
for Complex Molecular
Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Rodionov VO, Presolski SI, Gardinier S, Lim YH, Finn MG. Benzimidazole and Related Ligands for Cu-Catalyzed Azide–Alkyne Cycloaddition. J Am Chem Soc 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ja400176a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Presolski SI, Mamidyala SK, Manzenrieder F, Finn M. Resin-supported catalysts for CuAAC click reactions in aqueous or organic solvents. ACS Comb Sci 2012; 14:527-30. [PMID: 22946559 DOI: 10.1021/co300076k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition click reaction is a valuable process for the synthesis of libraries of drug candidates, derivatized polymers and materials, and a wide variety of other functional molecules. In some circumstances, the removal of the copper catalyst is both necessary and inconvenient. We describe here two immobilized forms of a Cu-binding ligand that has been shown to accelerate triazole formation under many different conditions, using different resin supports that are appropriate for aqueous or organic solvents. Copper leaching from these resins was modest, allowing them to be reused in many reaction/filtration cycles without recharging with metal ion. The utility of this catalyst form was demonstrated in the convenient synthesis of 20 N-acetylgalactosamine derivatives for biological testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav I. Presolski
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla,
California 92037, United States
| | - Sreeman K. Mamidyala
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla,
California 92037, United States
| | - Florian Manzenrieder
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla,
California 92037, United States
| | - M.G. Finn
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla,
California 92037, United States
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Abstract
The copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction is widely used for the connection of molecular entities of all sizes. A protocol is provided here for the process with biomolecules. Ascorbate is used as reducing agent to maintain the required cuprous oxidation state. Since these convenient conditions produce reactive oxygen species, five equivalents of a copper-binding ligand is used with respect to metal. The ligand both accelerates the reaction and serves as a sacrificial reductant, protecting the biomolecules from oxidation. A procedure is also described for testing the efficiency of the reaction under desired conditions for purposes of optimization, before expensive biological reagents are used.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vu Phong Hong
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - M.G. Finn
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
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Presolski SI, Hong V, Cho SH, Finn M. Tailored ligand acceleration of the Cu-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction: practical and mechanistic implications. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:14570-6. [PMID: 20863116 PMCID: PMC2956586 DOI: 10.1021/ja105743g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tris(heterocyclemethyl)amines containing mixtures of 1,2,3-triazolyl, 2-benzimidazoyl, and 2-pyridyl components were prepared for ligand acceleration of the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction. Two classes of ligands were identified: those that give rise to high reaction rates in coordinating solvents but inhibit the process when used in excess relative to copper and those that provide for fast catalysis in water and are not inhibitory in excess. Several "mixed" ligands were identified that performed well under both types of conditions. Kinetics measurements as a function of ligand:metal ratio and catalyst concentration were found to be consistent with an active Cu(2)L formulation. Since strongly bound chelating agents are not always the most effective, achieving optimal rates requires an assessment of the potential donor molecules in the reaction mixture. Simple rules are provided to guide the user in the choice of effective ligands and reaction conditions to suit most classes of substrates, solvents, and concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav I. Presolski
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Vu Hong
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - So-Hye Cho
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - M.G. Finn
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Hong
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA), Fax: (+1)858-784-8850
| | - Stanislav I. Presolski
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA), Fax: (+1)858-784-8850
| | - Celia Ma
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA), Fax: (+1)858-784-8850
| | - M. G. Finn
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA), Fax: (+1)858-784-8850
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Abstract
The experimental rate law for the Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction was found to vary in complex ways with concentration, the presence of chloride ion, and the presence of accelerating ligands. Several examples of discontinuous ("threshold behavior") kinetics were observed, along with a decidedly nonlinear correlation of electronic substituent parameter with the rate of CuAAC reaction with p-substituted arylazides. The previously observed tendency of the CuAAC reaction to provide ditriazoles from a conformationally constrained 1,3-diazide was found to be affected by a class of polybenzimidazole ligands introduced in the accompanying article. Various lines of evidence suggest that the standard tris(triazolylmethyl)amine ligand binds less strongly to Cu(I) than its benzimidazole analogues. On the basis of these observations, it is proposed that (a) a central nitrogen donor provides electron density at Cu(I) that assists the cycloaddition reaction, (b) the three-armed motif bearing relatively weakly coordinating heterocyclic ligands serves to bind the metal with sufficient strength while providing access to necessary coordination site(s), (c) at least two active catalysts or mechanisms are operative under the conditions studied, and (d) pendant acid or ester arms in the proper position can assist the reaction by speeding the protiolysis step that cleaves the Cu-C bond of a Cu.triazolyl intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin O Rodionov
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Abstract
Tris(2-benzimidazolylmethyl)amines have been found to be superior accelerating ligands for the copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction. Candidates bearing different benzimidazole N-substituents as well as benzothiazole and pyridyl ligand arms were evaluated by absolute rate measurements under relatively dilute conditions by aliquot quenching kinetics and by relative rate measurements under concentrated conditions by reaction calorimetry. Benzimidazole-based ligands with pendant alkylcarboxylate arms proved to be advantageous in the latter case. The catalyst system was shown to involve more than one active species, providing a complex response to changes in pH and buffer salts and the persistence of high catalytic rate in the presence of high concentrations of coordinating ligands. The water-soluble ligand (BimC4A)3 was found to be especially convenient for the rapid and high-yielding synthesis of several functionalized triazoles with 0.01-0.5 mol % Cu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin O Rodionov
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Presolski SI, Zorba A, Thamattoor DM, Tippmann EM, Platz MS. Corrigendum to ‘A search for dichlorocarbene ether solvent interactions’. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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