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Kutscher A, Kalenczuk P, Shahadha M, Grünzner S, Obst F, Gruner D, Paschew G, Beck A, Howitz S, Richter A. Fabrication of Chemofluidic Integrated Circuits by Multi-Material Printing. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:699. [PMID: 36985107 PMCID: PMC10052728 DOI: 10.3390/mi14030699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Photolithographic patterning of components and integrated circuits based on active polymers for microfluidics is challenging and not always efficient on a laboratory scale using the traditional mask-based fabrication procedures. Here, we present an alternative manufacturing process based on multi-material 3D printing that can be used to print various active polymers in microfluidic structures that act as microvalves on large-area substrates efficiently in terms of processing time and consumption of active materials with a single machine. Based on the examples of two chemofluidic valve types, hydrogel-based closing valves and PEG-based opening valves, the respective printing procedures, essential influencing variables and special features are discussed, and the components are characterized with regard to their properties and tolerances. The functionality of the concept is demonstrated by a specific chemofluidic chip which automates an analysis procedure typical of clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine. Multi-material 3D printing allows active-material devices to be produced on chip substrates with tolerances comparable to photolithography but is faster and very flexible for small quantities of up to about 50 chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kutscher
- Institute of Semiconductors and Microsystems, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Paula Kalenczuk
- Institute of Semiconductors and Microsystems, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Mohammed Shahadha
- Institute of Semiconductors and Microsystems, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Grünzner
- Institute of Semiconductors and Microsystems, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Franziska Obst
- Institute of Semiconductors and Microsystems, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Denise Gruner
- Institute of Semiconductors and Microsystems, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Georgi Paschew
- Institute of Semiconductors and Microsystems, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anthony Beck
- Institute of Semiconductors and Microsystems, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Steffen Howitz
- GeSiM—Gesellschaft für Silizium-Mikrosysteme mbH, Bautzner Landstrasse 45, D-01454 Radeberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Richter
- Institute of Semiconductors and Microsystems, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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Miura H, Bon V, Senkovska I, Ehrling S, Bönisch N, Mäder G, Grünzner S, Khadiev A, Novikov D, Maity K, Richter A, Kaskel S. Spatiotemporal Design of the Metal-Organic Framework DUT-8(M). Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2207741. [PMID: 36349824 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Switchable metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) change their structure in time and selectively open their pores adsorbing guest molecules, leading to highly selective separation, pressure amplification, sensing, and actuation applications. The 3D engineering of MOFs has reached a high level of maturity, but spatiotemporal evolution opens a new perspective toward engineering materials in the 4th dimension (time) by t-axis design, in essence exploiting the deliberate tuning of activation barriers. This work demonstrates the first example in which an explicit temporal engineering of a switchable MOF (DUT-8, [M1 M2 (2,6-ndc)2 dabco]n , 2,6-ndc = 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate, dabco = 1,4diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, M1 = Ni, M2 = Co) is presented. The temporal response is deliberately tuned by variations in cobalt content. A spectrum of advanced analytical methods is presented for analyzing the switching kinetics stimulated by vapor adsorption using in situ time-resolved techniques ranging from ensemble adsorption and advanced synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiments to individual crystal analysis. A novel analysis technique based on microscopic observation of individual crystals in a microfluidic channel reveals the lowest limit for adsorption switching reported so far. Differences in the spatiotemporal response of crystal ensembles originate from an induction time that varies statistically and widens characteristically with increasing cobalt content reflecting increasing activation barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Miura
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Nippon Steel Corporation, 20-1 Shintomi, Futtsu, Chiba, 293-8511, Japan
| | - Volodymyr Bon
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Irena Senkovska
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ehrling
- 3P INSTRUMENTS GmbH & Co. KG, Branch office Leipzig, Bitterfelder Str. 1-5, 04129, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nadine Bönisch
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gerrit Mäder
- Fraunhofer Institute of Materials and Beam Technology, Wintergerbstr. 28, 01277, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Grünzner
- Professur Mikrosystemtechnik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Azat Khadiev
- P23 group, Petra III Synchrotron, DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dmitri Novikov
- P23 group, Petra III Synchrotron, DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kartik Maity
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Richter
- Professur Mikrosystemtechnik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Kaskel
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute of Materials and Beam Technology, Wintergerbstr. 28, 01277, Dresden, Germany
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Busek M, Nøvik S, Aizenshtadt A, Amirola-Martinez M, Combriat T, Grünzner S, Krauss S. Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE)-Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) (PMMA) Hybrid Devices for Active Pumping PDMS-Free Organ-on-a-Chip Systems. Biosensors (Basel) 2021; 11:162. [PMID: 34069506 PMCID: PMC8160665 DOI: 10.3390/bios11050162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) has been used in microfluidic systems for years, as it can be easily structured and its flexibility makes it easy to integrate actuators including pneumatic pumps. In addition, the good optical properties of the material are well suited for analytical systems. In addition to its positive aspects, PDMS is well known to adsorb small molecules, which limits its usability when it comes to drug testing, e.g., in organ-on-a-chip (OoC) systems. Therefore, alternatives to PDMS are in high demand. In this study, we use thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) films thermally bonded to laser-cut poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) sheets to build up multilayered microfluidic devices with integrated pneumatic micro-pumps. We present a low-cost manufacturing technology based on a conventional CO2 laser cutter for structuring, a spin-coating process for TPE film fabrication, and a thermal bonding process using a pneumatic hot-press. UV treatment with an Excimer lamp prior to bonding drastically improves the bonding process. Optimized bonding parameters were characterized by measuring the burst load upon applying pressure and via profilometer-based measurement of channel deformation. Next, flow and long-term stability of the chip layout were measured using microparticle Image Velocimetry (uPIV). Finally, human endothelial cells were seeded in the microchannels to check biocompatibility and flow-directed cell alignment. The presented device is compatible with a real-time live-cell analysis system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Busek
- Hybrid Technology Hub, Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1110, 0317 Oslo, Norway; (S.N.); (A.A.); (M.A.-M.); (T.C.); (S.K.)
- Chair of Microsystems, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Steffen Nøvik
- Hybrid Technology Hub, Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1110, 0317 Oslo, Norway; (S.N.); (A.A.); (M.A.-M.); (T.C.); (S.K.)
- Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1080, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Aleksandra Aizenshtadt
- Hybrid Technology Hub, Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1110, 0317 Oslo, Norway; (S.N.); (A.A.); (M.A.-M.); (T.C.); (S.K.)
| | - Mikel Amirola-Martinez
- Hybrid Technology Hub, Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1110, 0317 Oslo, Norway; (S.N.); (A.A.); (M.A.-M.); (T.C.); (S.K.)
| | - Thomas Combriat
- Hybrid Technology Hub, Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1110, 0317 Oslo, Norway; (S.N.); (A.A.); (M.A.-M.); (T.C.); (S.K.)
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1048, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stefan Grünzner
- Chair of Microsystems, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Stefan Krauss
- Hybrid Technology Hub, Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1110, 0317 Oslo, Norway; (S.N.); (A.A.); (M.A.-M.); (T.C.); (S.K.)
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950, 0424 Oslo, Norway
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Beck A, Obst F, Busek M, Grünzner S, Mehner PJ, Paschew G, Appelhans D, Voit B, Richter A. Hydrogel Patterns in Microfluidic Devices by Do-It-Yourself UV-Photolithography Suitable for Very Large-Scale Integration. Micromachines (Basel) 2020; 11:E479. [PMID: 32370256 PMCID: PMC7281684 DOI: 10.3390/mi11050479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The interest in large-scale integrated (LSI) microfluidic systems that perform high-throughput biological and chemical laboratory investigations on a single chip is steadily growing. Such highly integrated Labs-on-a-Chip (LoC) provide fast analysis, high functionality, outstanding reproducibility at low cost per sample, and small demand of reagents. One LoC platform technology capable of LSI relies on specific intrinsically active polymers, the so-called stimuli-responsive hydrogels. Analogous to microelectronics, the active components of the chips can be realized by photolithographic micro-patterning of functional layers. The miniaturization potential and the integration degree of the microfluidic circuits depend on the capability of the photolithographic process to pattern hydrogel layers with high resolution, and they typically require expensive cleanroom equipment. Here, we propose, compare, and discuss a cost-efficient do-it-yourself (DIY) photolithographic set-up suitable to micro-pattern hydrogel-layers with a resolution as needed for very large-scale integrated (VLSI) microfluidics. The achievable structure dimensions are in the lower micrometer scale, down to a feature size of 20 µm with aspect ratios of 1:5 and maximum integration densities of 20,000 hydrogel patterns per cm². Furthermore, we demonstrate the effects of miniaturization on the efficiency of a hydrogel-based microreactor system by increasing the surface area to volume (SA:V) ratio of integrated bioactive hydrogels. We then determine and discuss a correlation between ultraviolet (UV) exposure time, cross-linking density of polymers, and the degree of immobilization of bioactive components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Beck
- Institut für Halbleiter- und Mikrosystemtechnik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01187 Dresden, Germany; (A.B.); (M.B.); (S.G.); (P.J.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Franziska Obst
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (F.O.); (D.A.); (B.V.)
| | - Mathias Busek
- Institut für Halbleiter- und Mikrosystemtechnik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01187 Dresden, Germany; (A.B.); (M.B.); (S.G.); (P.J.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Stefan Grünzner
- Institut für Halbleiter- und Mikrosystemtechnik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01187 Dresden, Germany; (A.B.); (M.B.); (S.G.); (P.J.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Philipp J. Mehner
- Institut für Halbleiter- und Mikrosystemtechnik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01187 Dresden, Germany; (A.B.); (M.B.); (S.G.); (P.J.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Georgi Paschew
- Institut für Halbleiter- und Mikrosystemtechnik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01187 Dresden, Germany; (A.B.); (M.B.); (S.G.); (P.J.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Dietmar Appelhans
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (F.O.); (D.A.); (B.V.)
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (F.O.); (D.A.); (B.V.)
- Chair Organic Chemistry of Polymers, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Richter
- Institut für Halbleiter- und Mikrosystemtechnik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01187 Dresden, Germany; (A.B.); (M.B.); (S.G.); (P.J.M.); (G.P.)
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Busek M, Kolanowski T, Grünzner S, Steinfelder C, Guan K, Sonntag F. Microfluidic system for enhanced cardiac tissue formation. Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/cdbme-2017-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractHereby a microfluidic system for cell cultivation is presented in which human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes were cultivated under perfusion. Besides micro-perfusion this system is also capable to produce well-defined oxygen contents, apply defined forces and has excellent imaging characteristics. Cardiomyocytes attach to the surface, start spontaneous beating and stay functional for up to 14 days under perfusion. The cell motion was subsequently analysed using an adapted video analysis script to calculate beating rate, beating direction and contraction or relaxation speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Busek
- Fraunhofer IWS Dresden, Winterbergstraße 28, 01277 Dresden, Germany
| | - Tomasz Kolanowski
- TU Dresden, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Grünzner
- Fraunhofer IWS Dresden & TU Dresden Institute of manufacturing technology, George-Bähr-Straße 3c 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Kaomei Guan
- TU Dresden, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Sonntag
- Fraunhofer IWS Dresden, Winterbergstraße 28, 01277 Dresden, Germany
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Steege T, Busek M, Grünzner S, Lasagni AF, Sonntag F. Closed-loop control system for well-defined oxygen supply in micro-physiological systems. Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/cdbme-2017-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractTo improve cell vitality, sufficient oxygen supply is an important factor. A deficiency in oxygen is called Hypoxia and can influence for example tumor growth or inflammatory processes. Hypoxia assays are usually performed with the help of animal or static human cell culture models. The main disadvantage of these methods is that the results are hardly transferable to the human physiology. Microfluidic 3D cell cultivation systems for perfused hypoxia assays may overcome this issue since they can mimic the in-vivo situation in the human body much better. Such a Hypoxia-on-a-Chip system was recently developed. The chip system consists of several individually laser-structured layers which are bonded using a hot press or chemical treatment. Oxygen sensing spots are integrated into the system which can be monitored continuously with an optical sensor by means of fluorescence lifetime detection.Hereby presented is the developed hard- and software requiered to control the oxygen content within this microfluidic system. This system forms a closed-loop control system which is parameterized and evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Steege
- Fraunhofer IWS Dresden, Winterbergstraße 28, 01277 Dresden, Germany
| | - Mathias Busek
- Fraunhofer IWS Dresden, Winterbergstraße 28, 01277 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Grünzner
- Fraunhofer IWS Dresden & TU Dresden Institute of manufacturing technology, George-Bähr-Straße 3c, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andrés Fabían Lasagni
- Fraunhofer IWS Dresden & TU Dresden Institute of manufacturing technology, George-Bähr-Straße 3c, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Sonntag
- Fraunhofer IWS Dresden, Winterbergstraße 28, 01277 Dresden, Germany
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Schmieder F, Ströbel J, Rösler M, Grünzner S, Hohenstein B, Klotzbach U, Sonntag F. 3D printing – a key technology for tailored biomedical cell culture lab ware. Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/cdbme-2016-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractToday’s 3D printing technologies offer great possibilities for biomedical researchers to create their own specific laboratory equipment. With respect to the generation of ex vivo vascular perfusion systems this will enable new types of products that will embed complex 3D structures possibly coupled with cell loaded scaffolds closely reflecting the in-vivo environment. Moreover this could lead to microfluidic devices that should be available in small numbers of pieces at moderate prices. Here, we will present first results of such 3D printed cell culture systems made from plastics and show their use for scaffold based applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Schmieder
- 1Fraunhofer Institute for Material and Beam Technology IWS Dresden, Winterbergstr. 28, 01277 Dresden, Germany
| | - Joachim Ströbel
- 1Fraunhofer Institute for Material and Beam Technology IWS Dresden, Winterbergstr. 28, 01277 Dresden, Germany
| | - Mechthild Rösler
- 2Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Grünzner
- 3Fraunhofer Institute for Material and Beam Technology IWS Dresden and TU Dresden, Institute of manufacturing technology, George-Bähr-Str. 3c, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Bernd Hohenstein
- 2Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Udo Klotzbach
- 1Fraunhofer Institute for Material and Beam Technology IWS Dresden, Winterbergstr. 28, 01277 Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Sonntag
- 1Fraunhofer Institute for Material and Beam Technology IWS Dresden, Winterbergstr. 28, 01277 Dresden, Germany
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Abstract
AbstractIn this work a microfluidic cell cultivation device for perfused hypoxia assays as well as a suitable controlling unit are presented. The device features active components like pumps for fluid actuation and valves for fluid direction as well as an oxygenator element to ensure a sufficient oxygen transfer. It consists of several individually structured layers which can be tailored specifically to the intended purpose. Because of its clearness, its mechanical strength and chemical resistance as well as its well-known biocompatibility polycarbonate was chosen to form the fluidic layers by thermal diffusion bonding. Several oxygen sensing spots are integrated into the device and monitored with fluorescence lifetime detection. Furthermore an oxygen regulator module is implemented into the controlling unit which is able to mix different process gases to achieve a controlled oxygenation. First experiments show that oxygenation/deoxygenation of the system is completed within several minutes when pure nitrogen or air is applied to the oxygenator. Lastly the oxygen input by the pneumatically driven micro pump was quantified by measuring the oxygen content before and after the oxygenator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Busek
- 1Fraunhofer IWS Dresden, Winterbergstraße 28, 01277 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Grünzner
- 2Fraunhofer IWS Dresden & TU Dresden, Institute of manufacturing technology, Chair of Large Area Based Surface micro/nano-Structuring, George-Bähr-Straße 3c, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Tobias Steege
- 2Fraunhofer IWS Dresden & TU Dresden, Institute of manufacturing technology, Chair of Large Area Based Surface micro/nano-Structuring, George-Bähr-Straße 3c, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Udo Klotzbach
- 2Fraunhofer IWS Dresden & TU Dresden, Institute of manufacturing technology, Chair of Large Area Based Surface micro/nano-Structuring, George-Bähr-Straße 3c, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Sonntag
- 2Fraunhofer IWS Dresden & TU Dresden, Institute of manufacturing technology, Chair of Large Area Based Surface micro/nano-Structuring, George-Bähr-Straße 3c, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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