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Rawat S, Martiniani S. Element-wise and Recursive Solutions for the Power Spectral Density of Biological Stochastic Dynamical Systems at Fixed Points. ArXiv 2023:arXiv:2305.19890v3. [PMID: 38235067 PMCID: PMC10793474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Stochasticity plays a central role in nearly every biological process, and the noise power spectral density (PSD) is a critical tool for understanding variability and information processing in living systems. In steady-state, many such processes can be described by stochastic linear time-invariant (LTI) systems driven by Gaussian white noise, whose PSD is a complex rational function of the frequency that can be concisely expressed in terms of their Jacobian, dispersion, and diffusion matrices, fully defining the statistical properties of the system's dynamics at steady-state. Here, we arrive at compact element-wise solutions of the rational function coefficients for the auto- and cross-spectrum that enable the explicit analytical computation of the PSD in dimensions n=2,3,4. We further present a recursive Leverrier-Faddeev-type algorithm for the exact computation of the rational function coefficients. Crucially, both solutions are free of matrix inverses. We illustrate our element-wise and recursive solutions by considering the stochastic dynamics of neural systems models, namely Fitzhugh-Nagumo (n=2), Hindmarsh-Rose (n=3), Wilson-Cowan (n=4), and the Stabilized Supralinear Network (n=22), as well as an evolutionary game-theoretic model with mutations (n=5, 31).
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2
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Vita JA, Fuemmeler EG, Gupta A, Wolfe GP, Tao AQ, Elliott RS, Martiniani S, Tadmor EB. ColabFit exchange: Open-access datasets for data-driven interatomic potentials. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:154802. [PMID: 37861121 DOI: 10.1063/5.0163882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Data-driven interatomic potentials (IPs) trained on large collections of first principles calculations are rapidly becoming essential tools in the fields of computational materials science and chemistry for performing atomic-scale simulations. Despite this, apart from a few notable exceptions, there is a distinct lack of well-organized, public datasets in common formats available for use with IP development. This deficiency precludes the research community from implementing widespread benchmarking, which is essential for gaining insight into model performance and transferability, and also limits the development of more general, or even universal, IPs. To address this issue, we introduce the ColabFit Exchange, the first database providing open access to a large collection of systematically organized datasets from multiple domains that is especially designed for IP development. The ColabFit Exchange is publicly available at https://colabfit.org, providing a web-based interface for exploring, downloading, and contributing datasets. Composed of data collected from the literature or provided by community researchers, the ColabFit Exchange currently (September 2023) consists of 139 datasets spanning nearly 70 000 unique chemistries, and is intended to continuously grow. In addition to outlining the software framework used for constructing and accessing the ColabFit Exchange, we also provide analyses of the data, quantifying the diversity of the database and proposing metrics for assessing the relative diversity of multiple datasets. Finally, we demonstrate an end-to-end IP development pipeline, utilizing datasets from the ColabFit Exchange, fitting tools from the KLIFF software package, and validation tests provided by the OpenKIM framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Vita
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Eric G Fuemmeler
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Amit Gupta
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Gregory P Wolfe
- Center for Soft Matter Research, Department of Physics, New York University, New York, New York 10012, USA
| | - Alexander Quanming Tao
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Ryan S Elliott
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Stefano Martiniani
- Center for Soft Matter Research, Department of Physics, New York University, New York, New York 10012, USA
- Simons Center for Computational Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10012, USA
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, New York 10112, USA
| | - Ellad B Tadmor
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Golinski AW, Schmitz ZD, Nielsen GH, Johnson B, Saha D, Appiah S, Hackel BJ, Martiniani S. Predicting and Interpreting Protein Developability Via Transfer of Convolutional Sequence Representation. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:2600-2615. [PMID: 37642646 PMCID: PMC10829850 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Engineered proteins have emerged as novel diagnostics, therapeutics, and catalysts. Often, poor protein developability─quantified by expression, solubility, and stability─hinders utility. The ability to predict protein developability from amino acid sequence would reduce the experimental burden when selecting candidates. Recent advances in screening technologies enabled a high-throughput (HT) developability dataset for 105 of 1020 possible variants of protein ligand scaffold Gp2. In this work, we evaluate the ability of neural networks to learn a developability representation from a HT dataset and transfer this knowledge to predict recombinant expression beyond observed sequences. The model convolves learned amino acid properties to predict expression levels 44% closer to the experimental variance compared to a non-embedded control. Analysis of learned amino acid embeddings highlights the uniqueness of cysteine, the importance of hydrophobicity and charge, and the unimportance of aromaticity, when aiming to improve the developability of small proteins. We identify clusters of similar sequences with increased recombinant expression through nonlinear dimensionality reduction and we explore the inferred expression landscape via nested sampling. The analysis enables the first direct visualization of the fitness landscape and highlights the existence of evolutionary bottlenecks in sequence space giving rise to competing subpopulations of sequences with different developability. The work advances applied protein engineering efforts by predicting and interpreting protein scaffold expression from a limited dataset. Furthermore, our statistical mechanical treatment of the problem advances foundational efforts to characterize the structure of the protein fitness landscape and the amino acid characteristics that influence protein developability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W. Golinski
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Zachary D. Schmitz
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Gregory H. Nielsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Bryce Johnson
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Diya Saha
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Sandhya Appiah
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Benjamin J. Hackel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Stefano Martiniani
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
- Center for Soft Matter Research, Department of Physics, New York University, New York, NY 10003
- Simons Center for Computational Physical Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY 10003
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Martiniani S, Casiulis M. When you can’t count, sample! Pap Phys 2023. [DOI: 10.4279/pip.150001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In statistical mechanics, measuring the number of available states and their probabilities, and thus the system’s entropy, enables the prediction of the macroscopic properties of a physical system at equilibrium. This predictive capacity hinges on the knowledge of the a priori probabilities of observing the states of the system, given by the Boltzmann distribution. Unfortunately, the successes of equilibrium statistical mechanics are hardto replicate out of equilibrium, where the a priori probabilities of observing states are, in general, not known, precluding the naı̈ve application of common tools. In the last decade, exciting developments have occurred that enable direct numerical estimation of the entropy and density of states of athermal and non-equilibrium systems, thanks to significant methodological advances in the computation of the volume of high-dimensional basins of attraction. Here, we provide a detailed account of these methods, underscoring the challenges present in such estimations, recent progress on the matter, and promising directions for future work.
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Anzivino C, Casiulis M, Zhang T, Moussa AS, Martiniani S, Zaccone A. Estimating random close packing in polydisperse and bidisperse hard spheres via an equilibrium model of crowding. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:044901. [PMID: 36725501 DOI: 10.1063/5.0137111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We show that an analogy between crowding in fluid and jammed phases of hard spheres captures the density dependence of the kissing number for a family of numerically generated jammed states. We extend this analogy to jams of mixtures of hard spheres in d = 3 dimensions and, thus, obtain an estimate of the random close packing volume fraction, ϕRCP, as a function of size polydispersity. We first consider mixtures of particle sizes with discrete distributions. For binary systems, we show agreement between our predictions and simulations using both our own results and results reported in previous studies, as well as agreement with recent experiments from the literature. We then apply our approach to systems with continuous polydispersity using three different particle size distributions, namely, the log-normal, Gamma, and truncated power-law distributions. In all cases, we observe agreement between our theoretical findings and numerical results up to rather large polydispersities for all particle size distributions when using as reference our own simulations and results from the literature. In particular, we find ϕRCP to increase monotonically with the relative standard deviation, sσ, of the distribution and to saturate at a value that always remains below 1. A perturbative expansion yields a closed-form expression for ϕRCP that quantitatively captures a distribution-independent regime for sσ < 0.5. Beyond that regime, we show that the gradual loss in agreement is tied to the growth of the skewness of size distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Anzivino
- Department of Physics "A. Pontremoli," University of Milan, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Mathias Casiulis
- Center for Soft Matter Research, Department of Physics, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | - Tom Zhang
- Center for Soft Matter Research, Department of Physics, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | | | - Stefano Martiniani
- Center for Soft Matter Research, Department of Physics, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | - Alessio Zaccone
- Department of Physics "A. Pontremoli," University of Milan, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Ro S, Guo B, Shih A, Phan TV, Austin RH, Levine D, Chaikin PM, Martiniani S. Model-Free Measurement of Local Entropy Production and Extractable Work in Active Matter. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 129:220601. [PMID: 36493452 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.220601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Time-reversal symmetry breaking and entropy production are universal features of nonequilibrium phenomena. Despite its importance in the physics of active and living systems, the entropy production of systems with many degrees of freedom has remained of little practical significance because the high dimensionality of their state space makes it difficult to measure. Here we introduce a local measure of entropy production and a numerical protocol to estimate it. We establish a connection between the entropy production and extractability of work in a given region of the system and show how this quantity depends crucially on the degrees of freedom being tracked. We validate our approach in theory, simulation, and experiments by considering systems of active Brownian particles undergoing motility-induced phase separation, as well as active Brownian particles and E.coli in a rectifying device in which the time-reversal asymmetry of the particle dynamics couples to spatial asymmetry to reveal its effects on a macroscopic scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghan Ro
- Department of Physics, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Buming Guo
- Center for Soft Matter Research, Department of Physics, New York University, New York 10003, USA
| | - Aaron Shih
- Center for Soft Matter Research, Department of Physics, New York University, New York 10003, USA
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York 10003, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Trung V Phan
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton 08544, New Jersey, USA
| | - Robert H Austin
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton 08544, New Jersey, USA
| | - Dov Levine
- Department of Physics, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Paul M Chaikin
- Center for Soft Matter Research, Department of Physics, New York University, New York 10003, USA
| | - Stefano Martiniani
- Center for Soft Matter Research, Department of Physics, New York University, New York 10003, USA
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York 10003, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
- Simons Center for Computational Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York 10003, USA
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Cavagna A, Chaikin PM, Levine D, Martiniani S, Puglisi A, Viale M. Vicsek model by time-interlaced compression: A dynamical computable information density. Phys Rev E 2021; 103:062141. [PMID: 34271646 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.103.062141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Collective behavior, both in real biological systems and in theoretical models, often displays a rich combination of different kinds of order. A clear-cut and unique definition of "phase" based on the standard concept of the order parameter may therefore be complicated, and made even trickier by the lack of thermodynamic equilibrium. Compression-based entropies have been proved useful in recent years in describing the different phases of out-of-equilibrium systems. Here, we investigate the performance of a compression-based entropy, namely, the computable information density, within the Vicsek model of collective motion. Our measure is defined through a coarse graining of the particle positions, in which the key role of velocities in the model only enters indirectly through the velocity-density coupling. We discover that such entropy is a valid tool in distinguishing the various noise regimes, including the crossover between an aligned and misaligned phase of the velocities, despite the fact that velocities are not explicitly used. Furthermore, we unveil the role of the time coordinate, through an encoding recipe, where space and time localities are both preserved on the same ground, and find that it enhances the signal, which may be particularly significant when working with partial and/or corrupted data, as is often the case in real biological experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cavagna
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy.,Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - P M Chaikin
- Center for Soft Matter Research, Department of Physics, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | - D Levine
- Department of Physics, Technion-IIT, 32000 Haifa, Israel
| | - S Martiniani
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - A Puglisi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy.,Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - M Viale
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy.,Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Golinski AW, Mischler KM, Laxminarayan S, Neurock NL, Fossing M, Pichman H, Martiniani S, Hackel BJ. High-throughput developability assays enable library-scale identification of producible protein scaffold variants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2026658118. [PMID: 34078670 PMCID: PMC8201827 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2026658118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins require high developability-quantified by expression, solubility, and stability-for robust utility as therapeutics, diagnostics, and in other biotechnological applications. Measuring traditional developability metrics is low throughput in nature, often slowing the developmental pipeline. We evaluated the ability of 10 variations of three high-throughput developability assays to predict the bacterial recombinant expression of paratope variants of the protein scaffold Gp2. Enabled by a phenotype/genotype linkage, assay performance for 105 variants was calculated via deep sequencing of populations sorted by proxied developability. We identified the most informative assay combination via cross-validation accuracy and correlation feature selection and demonstrated the ability of machine learning models to exploit nonlinear mutual information to increase the assays' predictive utility. We trained a random forest model that predicts expression from assay performance that is 35% closer to the experimental variance and trains 80% more efficiently than a model predicting from sequence information alone. Utilizing the predicted expression, we performed a site-wise analysis and predicted mutations consistent with enhanced developability. The validated assays offer the ability to identify developable proteins at unprecedented scales, reducing the bottleneck of protein commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Golinski
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Katelynn M Mischler
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Sidharth Laxminarayan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Nicole L Neurock
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Matthew Fossing
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Hannah Pichman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Stefano Martiniani
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Benjamin J Hackel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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9
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Martiniani S, Lemberg Y, Chaikin PM, Levine D. Correlation Lengths in the Language of Computable Information. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 125:170601. [PMID: 33156672 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.170601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Computable information density (CID), the ratio of the length of a losslessly compressed data file to that of the uncompressed file, is a measure of order and correlation in both equilibrium and nonequilibrium systems. Here we show that correlation lengths can be obtained by decimation, thinning a configuration by sampling data at increasing intervals and recalculating the CID. When the sampling interval is larger than the system's correlation length, the data becomes incompressible. The correlation length and its critical exponents are thus accessible with no a priori knowledge of an order parameter or even the nature of the ordering. The correlation length measured in this way agrees well with that computed from the decay of two-point correlation functions g_{2}(r) when they exist. But the CID reveals the correlation length and its scaling even when g_{2}(r) has no structure, as we demonstrate by "cloaking" the data with a Rudin-Shapiro sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Martiniani
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
- Center for Soft Matter Research, Department of Physics, New York University, New York 10003, USA
| | - Yuval Lemberg
- Department of Physics, Technion-IIT, 32000 Haifa, Israel
| | - Paul M Chaikin
- Center for Soft Matter Research, Department of Physics, New York University, New York 10003, USA
| | - Dov Levine
- Department of Physics, Technion-IIT, 32000 Haifa, Israel
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Abstract
Machine learning techniques are being increasingly used as flexible non-linear fitting and prediction tools in the physical sciences. Fitting functions that exhibit multiple solutions as local minima can be analysed in terms of the corresponding machine learning landscape. Methods to explore and visualise molecular potential energy landscapes can be applied to these machine learning landscapes to gain new insight into the solution space involved in training and the nature of the corresponding predictions. In particular, we can define quantities analogous to molecular structure, thermodynamics, and kinetics, and relate these emergent properties to the structure of the underlying landscape. This Perspective aims to describe these analogies with examples from recent applications, and suggest avenues for new interdisciplinary research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Ballard
- University Chemical Laboratories, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Ritankar Das
- University Chemical Laboratories, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Stefano Martiniani
- University Chemical Laboratories, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Dhagash Mehta
- Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, University of Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Levent Sagun
- Mathematics Department, Courant Institute, New York University, NY, USA
| | | | - David J Wales
- University Chemical Laboratories, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
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11
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Martiniani S, Schrenk KJ, Stevenson JD, Wales DJ, Frenkel D. Structural analysis of high-dimensional basins of attraction. Phys Rev E 2016; 94:031301. [PMID: 27739758 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.94.031301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We propose an efficient Monte Carlo method for the computation of the volumes of high-dimensional bodies with arbitrary shape. We start with a region of known volume within the interior of the manifold and then use the multistate Bennett acceptance-ratio method to compute the dimensionless free-energy difference between a series of equilibrium simulations performed within this object. The method produces results that are in excellent agreement with thermodynamic integration, as well as a direct estimate of the associated statistical uncertainties. The histogram method also allows us to directly obtain an estimate of the interior radial probability density profile, thus yielding useful insight into the structural properties of such a high-dimensional body. We illustrate the method by analyzing the effect of structural disorder on the basins of attraction of mechanically stable packings of soft repulsive spheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Martiniani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - K Julian Schrenk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob D Stevenson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- Microsoft Research Limited, 21 Station Road, Cambridge CB1 2FB, United Kingdom
| | - David J Wales
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Daan Frenkel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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12
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Martiniani S, Schrenk KJ, Stevenson JD, Wales DJ, Frenkel D. Turning intractable counting into sampling: Computing the configurational entropy of three-dimensional jammed packings. Phys Rev E 2016; 93:012906. [PMID: 26871142 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.93.012906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present a numerical calculation of the total number of disordered jammed configurations Ω of N repulsive, three-dimensional spheres in a fixed volume V. To make these calculations tractable, we increase the computational efficiency of the approach of Xu et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 245502 (2011)10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.245502] and Asenjo et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 098002 (2014)10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.098002] and we extend the method to allow computation of the configurational entropy as a function of pressure. The approach that we use computes the configurational entropy by sampling the absolute volume of basins of attraction of the stable packings in the potential energy landscape. We find a surprisingly strong correlation between the pressure of a configuration and the volume of its basin of attraction in the potential energy landscape. This relation is well described by a power law. Our methodology to compute the number of minima in the potential energy landscape should be applicable to a wide range of other enumeration problems in statistical physics, string theory, cosmology, and machine learning that aim to find the distribution of the extrema of a scalar cost function that depends on many degrees of freedom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Martiniani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - K Julian Schrenk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob D Stevenson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- Microsoft Research Ltd, 21 Station Road, Cambridge CB1 2FB, United Kingdom
| | - David J Wales
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Daan Frenkel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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Martiniani S, Anderson AY, Law C, O'Regan BC, Barolo C. New insight into the regeneration kinetics of organic dye sensitised solar cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:2406-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc17100g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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