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Brülls SM, Cantatore V, Wang Z, Tam PL, Malmberg P, Stubbe J, Sarkar B, Panas I, Mårtensson J, Eigler S. Evidence for Electron Transfer between Graphene and Non-Covalently Bound π-Systems. Chemistry 2020; 26:6694-6702. [PMID: 32227533 PMCID: PMC7317416 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hybridizing graphene and molecules possess a high potential for developing materials for new applications. However, new methods to characterize such hybrids must be developed. Herein, the wet-chemical non-covalent functionalization of graphene with cationic π-systems is presented and the interaction between graphene and the molecules is characterized in detail. A series of tricationic benzimidazolium salts with various steric demand and counterions was synthesized, characterized and used for the fabrication of graphene hybrids. Subsequently, the doping effects were studied. The molecules are adsorbed onto graphene and studied by Raman spectroscopy, XPS as well as ToF-SIMS. The charged π-systems show a p-doping effect on the underlying graphene. Consequently, the tricationic molecules are reduced through a partial electron transfer process from graphene, a process which is accompanied by the loss of counterions. DFT calculations support this hypothesis and the strong p-doping could be confirmed in fabricated monolayer graphene/hybrid FET devices. The results are the basis to develop sensor applications, which are based on analyte/molecule interactions and effects on doping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen M. Brülls
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologyKemivägen 1041296GothenburgSweden
| | - Valentina Cantatore
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologyKemivägen 1041296GothenburgSweden
| | - Zhenping Wang
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität BerlinTakustraße 314195BerlinGermany
| | - Pui Lam Tam
- Department of Industrial and Materials ScienceChalmers University of TechnologyRännvägen 2A41296GothenburgSweden
| | - Per Malmberg
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologyKemivägen 1041296GothenburgSweden
| | - Jessica Stubbe
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität BerlinFabeckstraße 34/3614195BerlinGermany
| | - Biprajit Sarkar
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität BerlinFabeckstraße 34/3614195BerlinGermany
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
| | - Itai Panas
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologyKemivägen 1041296GothenburgSweden
| | - Jerker Mårtensson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologyKemivägen 1041296GothenburgSweden
| | - Siegfried Eigler
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität BerlinTakustraße 314195BerlinGermany
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2
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Amombo
Noa FM, Svensson Grape E, Brülls SM, Cheung O, Malmberg P, Inge AK, McKenzie CJ, Mårtensson J, Öhrström L. Metal-Organic Frameworks with Hexakis(4-carboxyphenyl)benzene: Extensions to Reticular Chemistry and Introducing Foldable Nets. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:9471-9481. [PMID: 32312041 PMCID: PMC7304877 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nine metal-organic frameworks have been prepared with the hexagon-shaped linker 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis(4-carboxyphenyl)benzene (H6cpb) by solvothermal reactions in dimethylformamide (dmf) or dimethylacetamide (dmac) with acetic acid or formic acid as modulators: [Bi2(cpb)(acetato)2(dmf)2]·2dmf CTH-6 forms a rtl-net; 2(H2NMe2)[Cu2(cpb)] CTH-7 forms a kgd-net; [Fe4(cpb)(acetato)2(dmf)4] CTH-8 and [Co4(cpb)(acetato)2(dmf)4] CTH-9 are isostructural and form yav-nets; 2(HNEt3)[Fe2(cpb)] CTH-10 and the two polymorphs of 2(H2NMe2)[Zn2(cpb)]·1.5dmac, Zn-MOF-888 and CTH-11, show kgd-nets; [Cu2(cpb)(acetato)2(dmf)2]·2dmf, CTH-12, forms a mixed coordination and hydrogen-bonded sql-net; and 2(H2NMe2)[Zn2(cpb)] CTH-13, a similarly mixed yav-net. Surface area values (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, BET) range from 34 m2 g-1 for CTH-12 to 303 m2 g-1 for CTH-9 for samples activated at 120 °C in dynamic vacuum. All compounds show normal (10-fold higher) molar CO2 versus N2 uptake at 298 K, except the 19-fold CO2 uptake for CTH-12 containing Cu(II) dinuclear paddle-wheels. We also show how perfect hexagons and triangles can combine to a new 3D topology laf, a model of which gave us the idea of foldable network topologies, as the laf-net can fold into a 2D form while retaining the local geometry around each vertex. Other foldable nets identified are cds, cds-a, ths, sqc163, clh, jem, and tfc covering the basic polygons and their combinations. The impact of this concept on "breathing" MOFs is discussed. I2 sorption, both from gas phase and from MeOH solution, into CTH-7 were studied by time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) on dried crystals. I2 was shown to have penetrated the crystals, as layers were consecutively peeled off by the ion beam. We suggest ToF-SIMS to be a method for studying sorption depth profiles of MOFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francoise M. Amombo
Noa
- Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Svensson Grape
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Steffen M. Brülls
- Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ocean Cheung
- Nanotechnology
and Functional Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Malmberg
- Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - A. Ken Inge
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Christine J. McKenzie
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University
of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Jerker Mårtensson
- Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars Öhrström
- Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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3
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Kaya I, Brülls SM, Dunevall J, Jennische E, Lange S, Mårtensson J, Ewing AG, Malmberg P, Fletcher JS. On-Tissue Chemical Derivatization of Catecholamines Using 4-( N-Methyl)pyridinium Boronic Acid for ToF-SIMS and LDI-ToF Mass Spectrometry Imaging. Anal Chem 2018; 90:13580-13590. [PMID: 30346141 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of small polar compounds with ToF-SIMS and MALDI-ToF-MS have been generally hindered by low detection sensitivity, poor ionization efficiency, ion suppression, analyte in-source fragmentation, and background spectral interferences from either a MALDI matrix and/or endogenous tissue components. Chemical derivatization has been a well-established strategy for improved mass spectrometric detection of many small molecular weight endogenous compounds in tissues. Here, we present a devised strategy to selectively derivatize and sensitively detect catecholamines with both secondary ion ejection and laser desorption ionization strategies, which are used in many imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) experiments. Chemical derivatization of catecholamines was performed by a reaction with a synthesized permanent pyridinium-cation-containing boronic acid molecule, 4-( N-methyl)pyridinium boronic acid, through boronate ester formation (boronic acid-diol reaction). The derivatization facilitates their sensitive detection with ToF-SIMS and LDI-ToF mass spectrometric techniques. 4-( N-Methyl)pyridinium boronic acid worked as a reactive matrix for catecholamines with LDI and improved the sensitivity of detection for both SIMS and LDI, while the isotopic abundances of the boron atom reflect a unique isotopic pattern for derivatized catecholamines in MS analysis. Finally, the devised strategy was applied, as a proof of concept, for on-tissue chemical derivatization and GCIB-ToF-SIMS (down to 3 μm per pixel spatial resolution) and LDI-ToF mass spectrometry imaging of dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine in porcine adrenal gland tissue sections. MS/MS using collision-induced dissociation (CID)-ToF-ToF-SIMS was subsequently employed on the same tissue sections after SIMS and LDI mass spectrometry imaging experiments, which provided tandem MS information for the validation of the derivatized catecholamines in situ. This methodology can be a powerful approach for the selective and sensitive ionization/detection and spatial localization of diol-containing molecules such as aminols, vic-diols, saccharides, and glycans along with catecholamines in tissue sections with both SIMS and LDI/MALDI-MS techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Kaya
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Gothenburg , Kemivägen 10 , 405 30 Gothenburg , Sweden.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry , Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal Hospital , House V3, 43180 Mölndal , Sweden.,The Gothenburg Imaging Mass Spectrometry (Go: IMS) Laboratory , University of Gothenburg and Chalmers University of Technology , Gothenburg 412 96 , Sweden
| | - Steffen M Brülls
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Chalmers University of Technology , 412 96 Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Johan Dunevall
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Gothenburg , Kemivägen 10 , 405 30 Gothenburg , Sweden.,The Gothenburg Imaging Mass Spectrometry (Go: IMS) Laboratory , University of Gothenburg and Chalmers University of Technology , Gothenburg 412 96 , Sweden
| | - Eva Jennische
- Institute of Biomedicine , University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg 413 90 , Sweden
| | - Stefan Lange
- Institute of Biomedicine , University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg 413 90 , Sweden
| | - Jerker Mårtensson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Chalmers University of Technology , 412 96 Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Andrew G Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Gothenburg , Kemivägen 10 , 405 30 Gothenburg , Sweden.,The Gothenburg Imaging Mass Spectrometry (Go: IMS) Laboratory , University of Gothenburg and Chalmers University of Technology , Gothenburg 412 96 , Sweden
| | - Per Malmberg
- The Gothenburg Imaging Mass Spectrometry (Go: IMS) Laboratory , University of Gothenburg and Chalmers University of Technology , Gothenburg 412 96 , Sweden.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Chalmers University of Technology , 412 96 Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - John S Fletcher
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Gothenburg , Kemivägen 10 , 405 30 Gothenburg , Sweden.,The Gothenburg Imaging Mass Spectrometry (Go: IMS) Laboratory , University of Gothenburg and Chalmers University of Technology , Gothenburg 412 96 , Sweden
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4
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Schaub TA, Brülls SM, Dral PO, Hampel F, Maid H, Kivala M. Organic Electron Acceptors Comprising a Dicyanomethylene-Bridged Acridophosphine Scaffold: The Impact of the Heteroatom. Chemistry 2017; 23:6988-6992. [PMID: 28370820 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Stable two-electron acceptors comprising a dicyanomethylene-bridged acridophosphine scaffold were synthesized and their reversible reduction potentials were efficiently tuned through derivatization of the phosphorus center. X-ray crystallographic analysis combined with NMR, UV/Vis, IR spectroscopic, and electrochemical studies, supported by theoretical calculations, revealed the crucial role of the phosphorus atom for the unique redox, structural, and photophysical properties of these compounds. The results identify the potential of these electron deficient scaffolds for the development of functional n-type materials and redox active chromophores upon further functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias A Schaub
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Chair of Organic Chemistry I, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Steffen M Brülls
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Chair of Organic Chemistry I, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Pavlo O Dral
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Frank Hampel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Chair of Organic Chemistry I, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harald Maid
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Chair of Organic Chemistry I, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Milan Kivala
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Chair of Organic Chemistry I, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
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